Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, students able to: Analyze the dc biasing of single stage BJT amplifier circuit. Ca Calculates cu ates DC C voltages o tages a and d DC C currents. cu e ts Calculates maximum output voltage, VO(max).

Chapter 4 : DC Analysis of BJT

Norsabrina Sihab Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang Tel : 04-3823355 Email : norsabrina@ppinang norsabrina@ppinang.uitm.edu.my uitm edu my

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Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

Definitions
Biasing refers to the DC voltages applied to a transistor in order to t turn it on so th that t it can amplify lif th the AC signal. i l The DC input establishes an operating or quiescent point called the Q-point point. In DC analysis all capacitor act as open circuit.

DC biasing circuits (contd)

Proper biasing circuit which it operate in linear region and circuit have centered Q-point or midpoint biased Improper biasing cause Distortion in the output signal Produce limited or clipped at output signal
Vi Vo

DC Biasing circuits
1. 2. 3. 4 4. 5.
Fixed-bias circuit Emitter-stabilized bias circuit Voltage divider bias circuit Emitter Follower circuit Voltage feedback
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Linear operation for an inverting amplifier

Non-linear operation for an inverting amplifier

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

1) Fixed Fixed-bias bias circuit

1) Fixed-bias circuit - DC analysis

Input Loop Output Loop

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The collector current is given by:
I C = I B (2)

KVL at loop 1: +VCC IBRB VBE = 0 Solving for the base current: V V BE I B = CC (1) RB
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KVL at loop 2 :

VCC I C RC VCE = 0
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VCE = VCC I C RC (3)

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

Load Line for FixedFixed-bias circuit

From equation (3) :

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

Circuit Values Affect the QQ-Point

VCE = VCC I C RC (3)

The end points of the load line are:

I C sat =

VCC RC

VCE = 0V

VCE sat = VCC

I C =0 A

Increasing level of IB Increasing level of RC

The Q-point is the particular operating point: where the value of RB sets the value of IB where IB and the load line intersect that sets the values of VCE and IC
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Decreasing value of VCC

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Updated May 2011

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Determine Q-point Q point

Example : Q point at midway between cut-off and saturation

Example
Determine a) IBQ and ICQ, b) VCEQ, c) VB and VC, d) VBC

ICsat

ICQ

Q-point

VCEQ
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VCE(Cut-off)
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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

2) EmitterEmitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit

Adding a resistor (RE) to improve the stability that is DC bias current and voltage remain closer to where they set even t temperature t change. h

2) EmitterEmitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit DC Analysis

I Input t Loop L O t tL Output Loop

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1
KVL at loop p1: KVL at loop 2 :

+ VCC - I B R B - VBE - I E R E = 0
Since IE = (+1)I ) B:

+ VCC I C R C VCE I E R E = 0
Since IE IC:

VCC - I B R B - ( + 1)I B R E VBE = 0

Solving for IB:

VCE = VCC I C (R C + R E ) - -(2)

Also:

VE = I E R E VC = VCE + VE = VCC - I C R C VB = VCC I B R B = VBE + VE

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VCC - VBE IB = (1) R B + ( + 1)R E

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Load Line for EmitterEmitter-bias circuit

From equation (2) :

Example
Determine a) IB, b) IC, c) VCE, d) VC, e) VE, f) VB, g) VBC

VCE = VCC I C (R C + R E ) - -(2)

The end points of the load line are:

I Csat =

VCC RC + RE

VCE = 0V

VCE = VCC

I C =0 A

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

3) Voltage Divider Bias

This is a very stable bias circuit. circuit The currents and voltages are almost independent of variations in . There are two ways of analyzing the voltage divider bias circuit :1. Exact analysis 2. Approximate analysis l i
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3a) Exact Analysis

Step 1 : Redraw circuit Step 3 : Replace thevenin equiv. circuit

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Step 2 : Find thevenin equiv. equiv circuit

Step 4 : A St Apply l KVL to t determine d t i IB and VCE VTh VBE IB = RTh + ( + 1)RE

VCE = VCC I C (RC + RE )

RTh = R1 R2
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VTh = VR2 =

R2VCC R1 + R2
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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Example Exact Analysis

Determine VCE and IC

3b) Approximate analysis

Used for circuit that have a very small IB due to large resistance between base and ground. ground If Ri R2, IB < I2. So approx. I1 I2 Testing RE 10R2. If satisfied:
VB = R 2 VCC R1 + R 2

VE = VB VBE

IE =

VE RE

Apply KVL at output loop:

VCE = VCC - I C R C - I E R E
IE IC VCE = V CC -I C (R C + R E )
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Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Example Approx. Analysis

Determine VCE and IC

4) DC Bias with Voltage Feedback

Another way to improve the stability of a bias circuit is to add a feedback path from collector to base. In this bias circuit the Q-point is only slightly dependent on the transistor beta, .

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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4) DC Bias with Voltage Feedback (contd)

KVL at input loop:

4) DC Bias with Voltage Feedback (contd)

RC I B RB VBE I E RE = 0 VCC I C
Where IB IC, so approx approx.: :

KVL at output loop: IERE + VCE + ICRC VCC = 0 Since IC IC as IB=0 and IC = IB: IC( (RC + RE) + VCE VCC =0

= IC + I B IC IC

IC I E

Knowing IC = IB and IE IC, the loop equation becomes:

VCC B RC I B RB VBE I B RE = 0
Solving for IB:
IB =
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Solving for VCE: VCE = VCC IC(RC + RE)

VCC VBE RB + (RC + RE )

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Example
Determine IB and VC

MISCELLANEOUS BIAS CONFIGURATION

1) COLLECTOR FEEDBACK Determine ICQ, VCEQ, VB, VC, VE and VBC
Vcc = +20V

680k CB Vi

CB2 Vo

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Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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MISCELLANEOUS BIAS CONFIGURATION

2) Common Collector Determine VCEQ and IE

MISCELLANEOUS BIAS CONFIGURATION

3) Common Base Determine VCB, IB and VCE

CB Vi
E C

Co Vo

EE

CC

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 4 DC Analysis of BJT

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T2 Apr 2010 1b

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011