Vibro Compaction of reclaimed land TC 17 workshop Madrid Keller Grundbau GmbH

ITS NOT THE VIEW; ITS THE VISION.

Dr.-Ing. Jimmy Wehr M.Sc.

Research and Development Keller Holding GmbH

Contents
Introduction

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Deep Vibro Techniques Vibro Compaction principles and depth vibrators quality control of vibro compaction
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Rolling Average

Summary

Introduction
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Deep Vibro Techniques:

flexible solutions for soil improvement mainly used under foundations of structures that are to be constructed on soils of low bearing capacity

Deep Vibro Techniques

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Vibro Compaction
compaction of granular soils with negligible fines content by rearrangement of the soil particles into a denser state

Vibro Replacement
construction of load bearing columns made from gravel or crushed stones in cohesive soils with high fines content

Structural Foundation Elements

injected stone columns (ISC) vibro concrete columns (VCC)

Limits of application for Deep Vibro Techniques VC of reclaimed land

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Limits of application for Deep Vibro Techniques VC of reclaimed land

Variation of fines content with friction ratio
(Suzuki et al. 1995)

Fines Content: FC < 15% Friction Ratio: Rf < 1 %

Vibro Compaction: Kellers depth vibrators

in 1934 and today: S 700

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Depth vibrator and the vibro process VC of reclaimed land

Extension tube

Flexible coupling Water or air supply Electric motor Eccentric Weight Nose Cone

Vibro compaction process in granular soil VC of reclaimed land

A B B

Penetration

Compaction

Backfilling + Finishing

Vibro Compaction: density of the soil

Under the influence of the induced vibration, the soil particles within the zone of influence are rearranged and compacted.

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h
before after

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Vibro Compaction
Vibrator after compaction

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Vibrator in a compaction crater

Vibro Compaction: effectiveness

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Increase of the load bearing capacity (increase of the angle of internal friction) Decrease of settlements (increase of the coefficient of compressibility) Decrease of permeability (reduction of the pore space)

Vibro Compaction : Palm Island, Dubai

view from space

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Vibro Compaction : Palm Island, Dubai

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Vibro Compaction : Palm Island, Dubai

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compaction point

Vibro Compaction - recommendations

compaction dependent on soil, equipment and method the achieved compaction can be proved easily and cheap with soundings e.g. Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) preliminary tests recommended for major projects

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Vibro Compaction: Quality Control

specified in Eurocode EN 14731

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During compaction a number of different site and production parameters are automatically recorded (time, depth, penetration/pullout speed, pull down force) After compaction Determination of the density: cone penetration tests load tests

Cone Penetration Test (CPT):

principles

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Cone Penetration Test (CPT):

principles

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Penetration at 2cm/s

Real-Time readings on computer screen

Sand

Clay
Buried Crust

Clay

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Compaction Control
Cone penetration test point resistance [MN/m]

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before after

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depth [m]

Rolling Average
Cone Penetration Test: Extreme/peak values averaged over 1m
Point resistance [MN/m]

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thin layers of cohesive soil with interbedded layers result in a large scatter of the cone resistance Peak values will be smoothed!

0.5 0.5

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Depth [m]

1.00

Summary
vibro compaction: classical geotechnical procedure to solve a wide range of static, dynamic and seismic foundation problems by the direct densification of granular soil Variation of fines content with friction ratio: Fines Content: FC < 15% Friction Ratio: Rf < 1 % quality control specfied in EN 14371 during and after compaction (e.g. Cone Penetration Test CPT) Cone Penetration Test: Rolling Average to average extreme /peak values over 1 m

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Thanks for your attention