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ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Zn2+(aq) + H2(g).
K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
K+ + H2O(l)
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
2K[Cr(OH)4](aq) + 3H2.
Na[Cr(OH)4](aq).
Na[Al(OH)4](aq)
[Al(OH)4]-(aq)
Exercise 15.2
1. a. The conjugate acids of :
Cl- is HCl
CO32- is HCO3NH3 is NH4+
ClO4- is HClO4
SO32- is HSO3b. The conjugate bases of :
HF is FHSO4- is SO42NH4+ is NH3.
HPO42- is PO43H3O+ is H2O
2. The chemical equation between ion HPO42- with water as follows :
a. Base : HPO42- + H2O
b. Acid : HPO42- + H2O
base
b. HSO4-(aq) + NH3(aq)
Base
Acid
c. HF(aq) + H2O(l)
Acid
base
CO32-(aq) + HF(aq)
conjugate base
conjugate acid
SO42-(aq) + NH4+(aq)
conjugate base
conjugate acid
H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
conjugate acid
conjugate base
2NaOH (aq)
a. Kw = [H+] [OH-]
[H+]=
Kw
1 10 14
= 6.25 x 10-8
=
[OH ] 1.6 10 7
b. pH = -log [H+]
= -log (6.25 x 10-8)
= 8-log 6.25 pH is more than7 so, the water of swimming pool is basic.
2. Hitung Konsentrasi:
a. 5.0 x 10-3 mol L-1 HNO3
HNO3(g) H+ (aq) + NO3-(aq)
[H+] = [NO3-] = 5.0 x 10-3 mol L-1
= [H+] [OH-]
Kw
Kw
1,0 10 14
[OH ] =
=
= 2,0 x 10-12 mol L-1
[H + ]
5,0 10 3
-
HCl(g)
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-] =
Kw
1,0 10 14
= 6,6 x 10-15
+ =
[H ]
1,5
KOH(s)
= [H+] [OH-]
[H+] =
Kw
10 14
= 4 x 10-14
=
[OH ]
0,25
= [H+] [OH-]
[H+] =
Kw
10 14
=
= 8,33 x 10-14
[OH ] 12 10 2
Exercise 15.4
1. Calculate pH for:
a. 5.0 x 10-1 mol L-1 HCl
[H+] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol L-1
pH = -log [H+] = -log 5.0 x 10-1 = 1 log 5 = 0.3
b. 0.0065 mol L -1 KOH
[OH-] = 0.0065
Kw
= [H+] [OH-]
[H+]=
Kw
10 14
=
= 1.5 x 10-12
[OH ] 0.0065
= [H+] [OH-]
[H+]=
Kw
10 14
= 7.69 x 10-12
=
[OH ] 1.3 10 3
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-] =
Kw
10 14
= 3.16 x 10-11
+ =
[ H ] 3,16 10 4
b.
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-] =
Kw
10 14
= 7,9 x 10-3
+ =
[ H ] 1,2 10 12
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-] =
Kw
10 14
=
= 6,309 x 10-14
[ H + ] 0,15
heating
b.
H+(aq) + Br-(aq)
b. H2SO3(aq)
2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)
c. RbOH(aq)
Rb+(aq) + OH-(aq)
d. NaF (aq)
Na+(aq) + F- (aq)
Exercise 15.6
1. Ka expressions :
H+ + H2PO42-
a. H3PO4
Ka =
[ H + ][ H 2 PO4
[ H 3 PO4 ]
H+ + ClO-
b. HClO
[ H + ][ClO ]
Ka =
[ HClO ]
H+ + CO3-
c. HCO3
[ H + ][CO3 ]
Ka=
[ HCO3 ]
d. NH4+
Ka =
H+ + NH3
[ H + ][ NH 3 ]
[ NH ]
+
H+ + F-
[ H + ][ F ]
Ka =
[ HF ]
x x
x2
0,1 x
7,2.10-5 7,2.10-4x = x2
x2 + 7,2.10-4x 7,2.10-5 = 0
4
7
4
x12 = 7,2.10 5,184.10 + 2,88.10 =8,132.10-3
[H+] = x = 8,132.10-3
pH = -log [H+] = - log 8,132.10-3 = 2,080
Ka.M
1,8.10 5.0,1 =
1,8.10 6
= 1,34.10-3.
Exercise 15.7
1. The number of OH- ions that required in the reactions:
a. HNO3 + OH-
H2O + NO3-
H2O + F
H2O + SO42-
H2O + CH3COO-
PO43- + 3H2O
HCOO- + H2O
H2O + Na+
1 mole H+
b. Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
3H2O + Fe3+
3 mole H+
c. Ca(OH)2 + 2H+
2H2O + Ca2+
2 mole H+
3. Successive ionization equations of oxalic acid :
4.
H2C2O4(s) + H2O(l)
HC2O4-(s) + H3O+(l)
HC2O4-(aq) + H2O(l)
C2O42-(s) + H3O+(l)
Exercise 15.8
1. Persamaan Reaksi pada:
a. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
b. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
NaCO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)
d. 2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g)
Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l)
AlCl3(s) + 3H2O(l)
MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)
2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Exercise 15.9
1. Hydrolysis equations :
a. S2-(aq) + H2O(l)
HS-(aq)
b. CO32-(aq)
+ OH-(aq)
HCO3-(aq)
+ H2O(l)
+ H3O+(aq)
NH3(aq)
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + H3O+(aq)
+ H2O(l)
e. F- (aq) + H2O(l)
+ OH-(aq)
HF(aq)
+ OH-(aq)
H2SO4(aq)
+ OH-(aq)
HClO(aq)
+ OH-(aq)
CH3OH(aq)
+ H+(aq)
Exercise 15.10
1. a.
b.
2. HCl 0,15 M dan CaCO3 750mg
n CaCO3 = mass/ molar mass = 0.75g/100g mole-1 = 7.5.10-3 mole
2 HCl + CaCO3
I = 0.15
C= 0.015
CaCl2 + 2H2O
7.5.10-3
7.5.10-3
E= 0.135
7.5.10-3 0.015
7.5.10-3 0.015
The amount of gastric juice that could be netralized by 750mg CaCO3 is only
0,015 mol L-1
Exercise 15.11
1. The nature of the bonding and acid-base properties of the following oxides:
a. K2O has ionic bonding, its a basic oxide
b. Ga2O3 has ionic bonding, its a basic oxide
c. Br2O7 has covalent bonding, its a acidic oxide
the acid-base properties of K2O, Ga2O3, Br2O7
Elements
K
Formula of oxide
K2O
Formula of reaction with KOH
Ga
Ga2O3
Ga(OH)3
water
Formula of reaction with H2O+ K+
H2O + Ga3+
no reaction
strong acid
Formula of reaction with no reaction
no reaction
H2O+BrO4-
strong base
Acid-base properties
Moderately
Weakly basic
Weakly acidic
basic
Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding
Br
Br2O7
HBrO4
AlCl3(aq) +
b. KHCO3(s) + HNO3(aq)
3
H2(g)
2
c. Fe2O3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq)
Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
d. Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HF(aq)
BaF2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Al(OH)3(aq) +3Na(s)
K[Fe(OH)4] (aq)
K2[Zn(OH)4] (aq)
Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
HClO3 = ClO3-
HS- = S2-
NH4+ = NH3
H2O = OH-
HCO3- = H2CO3
HS- = H2S
[Fe(OH)(H2O)5]2+ = [Fe(H2O)6]+
N2H4 = N2H5
5. Ionization reactions:
a. HClO4(aq) + H2O(l)
b. LiOH(aq)
+ H2O(l)
c. HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l)
d. N2H4(aq) + H2O(l)
6. gambar diagram
a.
c.
b.
d.
7. Identify the Bronsted Lowry conjugate acid base pairs and predict wether the
reaction will occur to a small large extent for each following reaction :
a. H2C2O4(aq) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + HC2O4-(aq)
HCN(aq) + OH-(aq)
CH3COO-(aq) + HS-(aq)
HF(aq) + Cl-(aq)
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-]=
Kw
10 14
= 2.10-14
+ =
[H ]
0,5
Kw
Kw
10 14
=
= 1,66.10-12
[OH ] 6.10 3
[H+] =
gram
1,6
NaOH
Na+ + OH[OH ]=[NaOH]=[Na+]=0,16 mole L -1.
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
[H+]=
Kw
10 14
= 6,\25.10-14.
+ =
[ H ] 0,16
H+ + Cl-
0,096
0,096 0,096
Kw
[OH-]=
Kw
10 14
= 1,04.10-13 mole L -1.
+ =
[ H ] 0,096
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-]=
Kw
10 14
=
= 10-11
3
[H + ]
10
b.
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-]=
Kw
10 14
= 2,51.10-12.
+ =
[ H ] 3,98.10 3
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-]=
Kw
10 14
=
= 3,16.10-6
[ H + ] 3,16.10 9
= [H+] [OH-]
[OH-]=
Kw
10 14
= 0,012.
+ =
[ H ] 7,94.10 13
H+ + NO3-
H+ + NO2-.
(0,2-x)
[ H + ][OH ]
Ka=
[ HNO2 ]
4,5.10-4=
xx
(0,2 x )
x2
4,5.10 =
(0,2 x )
-4
x 2 + 4,5.10 4 x 9,5.10 5 = 0
x12 =
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
[H+]=[NO2-]=x = 9,26.10-3.
pH= -log 9,26.10-3= 3-log 9,26=2,033
[HNO2]= 0,2-x= 0,2 9,26.10-3= 0,190.
12. HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4 , NH4Cl, NaCl, Na2CO3, NH3, NaOH, Ba(OH)2
13. Answer:
a. The number of Hydrogen atom = 3
b. The number of acidic hydrogen atom = 2
c. There are 2 acidic hydrogen atoms in 1 mole acid, thats way, to netralize
1 mole acid required 2 mole hydroxide ions.
d.
H
O
H
H
O
O -2
O
C
C
C
+ 2OH
+ 2H2O
C
C
C
H
14.
15. a. Hydrolysis reaction : CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH + OH-
CO32- + H3O+
HCO3- as a base
HCO3- + H2O
H2CO3 + OH-
Cr(NO3)3
Cr3+ + H2O
Cr(OH)3 + 3H+.
c. Na3PO4= base;
3Na+ + PO43-.
Na3PO4
PO43- + 3H2O
d.
H3PO4 + 3OH-.
Na2SO4= netral.
2Na+ + SO42-.
Na2SO4
e. K2CO3 = base;
2K+ + CO32-
K2CO3
CO32- + H2O
H2CO3 + 2OH-
f. KCN = base
KCN
K+ + CN-
CN- + H2O
HCN + OH-
g. NH4Br= acid;
NH4Br
NH4+ + H2O
NH4+ + BrNH4OH + H+
2NH4+ + S2-.
NH4OH + H+
HS- + OH-
CO2(aq)
b. CO2(aq) + H2O(l)
H2CO3(aq)
c. H2CO3 + H2O
HCO3- + H3O+.
d. HCO3- + H2O
CO32- + H3O+
19. Given by : the mass of CaCO3 is 750 mg and the mass of Al(OH)3 is 200 mg
the concentration of HCl is 0,15 M
Asked : Chemical equation, and volume of gastric juice that could be
netralized.....?
a. CaCO3 + 2HCl
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl
CaCl2 + 2H2O
7.5.10-3
7.5.10-3
E= 0.135
7.5.10-3 0.015
7.5.10-3 0.015
The amount of gastric juice that could be netralized by 750mg CaCO3 is only
0,015 mol L-1
3HCl + Al(OH)3
AlCl3 + H2O
I = 0.15
C=
E=
The amount of gastric juice that could be netralized by 200mg Al(OH)3 is only
mol L-1
20. Arrangement of oxides in order of increasing acidity :
a. Na2O, Al2O3, P4O11, Cl2O7
b. K2O, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl2O7