( 6 ) 10. (a) A 2-wire a.c. distributor is loaded as shown.

Both power factors are referred to the voltages at the respective load points. The resistance and reactance for go and return wires of the sections are as indicated. If the voltage at the far end, B, is 400V, calculated the voltage at the supply end, S and the phase angle between the voltages at the two ends. 8
S (0.1+j0.15) A (0.15+j0.2) 40A p.f 0.76(lag) 50A p.f 0.86(lag) B

Ex/EE/T/225/77/2009

BACHELOR

OF

ELECTRICAL ENGG. EXAMINATION, 2009

(2nd Year - 2nd Semester) POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Time : Three hours Full Marks : 100 (50 marks for each part) Use a separate answer script for each part. PART-I Answer any three questions. 1. (a) Explain why hydro power stations are generally connected to the grid through long distance transmission lines at extra high voltage. State the different transmission voltage levels adopted in India. Explain the difference in the working principles between an impulse and a reaction type hydro-turbine. 10 (b) The variation of the load over the 24 hours of a day is as given below. Draw the load-duration curve: Hour Load(MW) 2. 0-4 20 4-8 40 8-12 80 12-16 16-20 20-24 60 100 80 6 (a) Describe with suitable sketches the (i) fuel-ash and (ii) the air-flue gas circuit in a coal-fired thermal power station. Discuss the functions of (i) air pre-heater, (ii) induced draft fan and (iii) the slurry pump. 8 (b) A 100 MW coal-fired station uses coal of calorific value 6400 kCal/kg. The thermal, mechanical and electrical efficiencies of the plant are respectively 30%, 85% and 92%. [ Turn over

(b) Answer any four : (i) Write down the formula for optimum line voltage of a 3-phase system of transmission. Describe the symbols used.

(ii) Draw wiring diagram of a lamp that can be controlled from two switches located at two different locations. (iii) Name the types of fuses. Which of these can be used to break large current. (iv) Name the disconnecting devices used in power supply systems. Which of these are capable of breaking fault current. (v) Name the main methods of earthing. State the dimensions of one earth electrode. (vi) Define pitch diameter and lay of the stranded conductor. 42

( 2 ) Determine annual consumption of coal in the plant assuming an average load factor of 60%. 8 3. (a) State the difference between a fissile and a fertile nuclear fuel. Name some of the fuels of each type. Explain how a fertile material changes into a fissile material in a nuclear reactor. 8 (b) What is a breeder reactor? How does it differ from an ordinary power reactor? Discuss the role played by the moderator and the control rods in a nuclear reactor. 8 4. (a) Discuss why gas-turbine power plants are often used in big power utilities, though they are generally suitable for supplying small loads for short durations only. Explain, with layout diagrams, the difference between open cycle and closed cycle gas-turbine plants and the measures taken to improve the plant efficiency. Name the main fuels used in such plants. 8 (b) What is meant by combined cycle generation? Discuss how it affects overall performance of the plant. With suitable layout diagram, briefly describe the different types of combined cycle generation systems. 8 5. (a) Explain, stating reasons for classifying power plants into base-load and peak-load type. Discuss the purpose served by each type. Define the terms (i) load factor and (ii) diversity factor. 8 (b) A power utility decides to set up one nuclear power and one thermal power plant. The power consumption pattern of the consumers over a period of 1 year is known to be linear with a peak of 650 MW and a minimum of 50 MW. The estimated cost of generation in the two plants are as follows:

( 5 ) (b) State the factors on which selection of busbar system depend. Draw single line diagrams of the following busbar systems : (i) Sectionalised ring busbar (ii) Sectionalised duplicate busbars (iii) Duplicate busbars with breaker and a half scheme. (iv) Main and transfer bus system. 9. 8

(a) A 2-wire distributor with an interconnector is loaded as shown. It is fed from both ends with 240V d.c. The section resistances indicated are those of go and return wires. Locate the point where the load voltage is minimum and find its value. 8
0.05

P
0.06

A
0.06 100A

B
0.08 50A

C
0.04 40A

D
0.04 30A

E
0.04 60A

(b) (i)

An electric supply company provided a single phase supply to a domestic consumer. Show with a neat diagram the various accessories required for the supply from the supplier's terminal upto consumer's two sub-mains. 4

(ii) Name different systems of sub-circuit wiring. Explain any one with the help of a diagram. 4

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( 4 ) 7. (a) A 2-wire d.c. distributor of length 1 metre is loaded uniformly with 'i' amp per metre. It is fed at one end and has a resistance of 'r' ohm per metre of double run. Derived expression for the voltage drop at the far end and total loss in the distributor. 8 (b) A 250m, 2-wire d.c. distributor AB is loaded uniformly at 1.5 A per meter. It is supplied at A and B from a substation by feeders of length 400m and 500m respectively. The area of cross-section of the feeder conductors is twice that of the distributor conductors. Calculate current fed by each feeder and the minimum load voltage, if the voltage at the substation is maintained at 440V and the resistance of each conductor of the 8 distributor is 2104 ohm per metre. 8. (a) Determine the most economical cross-section of the conductors for a 3-phase, 3-wire, 220 kV, 40km long transmission line required to supply the following daily load cycle : 250 MW at power factor 0.86 (leg) for 10 hrs. 200 MW at power factor 0.90 (lag) for 8 hrs. 150 MW at power factor 0.95 (lag) for the rest 6 hrs. The line shall be used for 355 days in a year. The cost per km of the line completely erected is Rs.(9+4a)105, where 'a' is the area of cross-section of each conductor is cm2. The rate interest and depreciation is 18% and the cost of energy is Rs. 1.20 per unit. The resistivity of conductor material is 2.31 -cm. 8 6.

( 3 ) Nuclear : Rs. 8 lac + Rs. 20000 per MW + Rs. 13 per MWh, and Coal : Rs. 5 lac + Rs. 16000 per MW + Rs. 15 per MWh,

For minimum overall cost of generation, determine the (i) optimum MW rating of each plant

(ii) total MWh produced by each plant over one year and (iii) average cost of generation per MWh for the utility.

PART-II Answer any three questions. Two marks are reserved for neatness. (a) State with justification the effect of supply voltage of a transmission system on the efficiency of transmission and the volume of conductor material required considering a 3-phase, 3-wire system for transmitting a fixed amount of power over a fixed distance. Assume conductor material and current density remain unaltered. 8 (b) Compare the quantity of conductor material required in an overhead transmission under the following systems : (i) D.C. 3 wire, mid-point of the supply system is earthed,

(ii) A.C. 3-phase, 3-wire system, neutral point is earthed. State the assumptions which are necessary for this comparation. 8

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