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Experiment No.

Date:

Study of Exhaust Gas Analyzer and Catalytic Converter

Measurements of pollutants in exhaust gases: Pollutants are measured in gm /km or gm/ kWh .Principles used in measurement of these pollutants are described below: Measurement of CO concentration by Non-dispersive Infrared analyzer i. When infra-red (IR) light is passed through exhaust sample containg CO, Co2, H2O, NO2 & other gases IR light of specific wavelengths is absorbed of each gas. ii. The amount of absorption of particular wavelength is to proportional to the concentration of CO. The carbon- monoxide band is between 4.5 to 5 microns (um) while for co2 absorption band is between 4 to 4.5 microns. iii. The unabsorbed of this specific wavelength reaches the sensors and accordingly value is indicated on meter scale A schematic arrangement of NDIR analyzer is shown in figure.

Non-Dispersive Infra-Red Analyzer (NDIR)

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A wide band infrared radiation source consists of heated wire paced in quarts tube in the source black. This radiation enters the cell through quartz windows .the exhaust gas to be analyzed absorbs certain wavelength of infrared radiation energy causing a spectrum to be recorded on the detector. The percentage of radiation recorded absorbed is proportional to the molecular concentration of the component of interest in the sample of gas. By comparing the spectrum, a std. calibrated spectrum, so concentration can be calculate. Measurement of HC concentration When HC is heated in hydrogen flame, the high flame temperature generates ions. Concentration of ions thus generated is proportional to the concentration of HC percent in the sample. Concentration of ions produced current in an electric circuit which is calibrated to indicate correct value of HC on the meter scale. Gas analyzer for measurement of CO and HC is shown in fig.

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Measurement of NOx Concentration NOx at high temperature gets converted to NO when NO is brought in contact with Ozone (O3). Chemical reaction takes place and light of particular wavelength is emitted. The amount of light emitted from reaction is proportional to the concentration of NO. Light thus emitted is amplified and measured to give concentration of NOx present in exhaust. The equipment used is called NOx chemical analyzer. Emission Norms: Emission norms are the maximum prescribed level of CO, HC & NOx set by government, which a vehicle is permitted to emit from its exhaust while running. All the vehicle manufacturers are required to ensure that their vehicles do not exceed the permissible limits of pollutants in exhaust as laid down. Euro Norms: Euro norms are the permissible emission level for both petrol and diesel vehicles which have been implemented in European countries. Euro 1 norms were implemented from year 1992 and five such norms (Euro I to Euro V) planned for implementation in phased manner upto the year 2008 given in table below. European Petrol Vehicles Emission Norms [Euro I]
Regulation Effective From Petro Vehicles CO (gm/Kwh) HC (gm/Kwh) HC+NOx (gm/Kwh) NOx (gm/Kw h)

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4

1-7-1992 1-10-1995 1-1-2000 1-1-2005

2.72 2.2 1.3 1.0

0.2 0.1

0.97 0.5 -

0.15 0.08

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European Diesel Engine Emission Norms [Euro II]

Regulation Effective from CO (gm/Kwh) HC (gm/Kwh) HC+NOx (gm/Kwh) NOx (gm/Kwh)

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro V

1-7-1992 1-10-1995 1-1-2000 1-1-2005 2008

4.5 4.0 2.1 1.5 1.5

1.1 1.1 0.66 0.46 0.46

8.0 7.0 5.0 3.5 2.0

0.36/0.61 0.15 0.1 0.02 0.02

Indian (Bharat) norms:Emission norms for our country were worked out and implemented with effect from the year 1992. However, as per Supreme Court Ruling, EURO I norms were implemented in Delhi from 1st June 1999 as notified by Government Of India through Motor Vehicles Regulations(MVR). These norms were known as INDIAN 2000 (Bharat I) norms. These norms were extended to all motors subsequently. EURO II norms were implemented from the year 2002 known as Bharat II norms. Details are given in tables below. Indian Gasoline Vehicle Emission Norms
Effective from 1-4-91 (Based on reference mass) 1-4-96 (Based on engine cc) 1998 1-4-2000 (Bharat I) 2002 (Bharat II) CO (gm/kWh) 14.3 27.1 8.68 12.4 4.34 6.20 2.72 2.22 HC + NOx (gm/kWh) 2.0 2.9 3 - 4.36 1.5 2.18 0.97 0.5 Evaporative emission No regulation 2.0 2.0 2.0 Crankcase emission No regulation Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed

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(Based on reference mass)

Indian Two Wheeler Emission Norms CO HC HC + NOx Effective from (gm/km) (gm/km) (gm/km) 1-4-1991 12 - 30 8 -12 1-4-1996 1-4-2000 1-4-2005 4.5 2.0 1.5 3.6 2.0 1.5

Effective from 1-3-1990 1-4-1991 1-4-1996 1-4-2000 1-4-2005

Indian 3-Wheeler Emission Norms CO HC HC+NOx (gm/km) (gm/km) (gm/km) 12-30 8-12 6.75 5.4 4 2 2.25 2

Idling CO % 4.5% 4.5% 4.5% 4.5% -

Indian Diesel Engine Emission Norms Effective from CO(gm/km) HC(gm/km) NOx(gm/km) 1992 14 3.5 18 1996 11.2 2.4 14.4 2000 4.5 1.1 8 (Bharat I) 2002 4 1.1 7 (Bharat II)

Idling CO % 0.36/0.61 0.15

Above norms have to be followed by All Indian Automobile Manufacturers. Violation of these norms attracts penalty as per motor vehicle rules No. 115 and 116.

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Testing and certification authorities of Pollution norms for automobiles:Automobiles are required to be tested for mass emission tests at manufacturing stages and certification has to be done for emission levels within prescribed limit sets by the government of India by one of the following agencies in India :1. Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun. 2. Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune. 3. Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE), Ahmednagar. Exhaust gas oxidation The exhaust gas coming out of exhaust manifold is treated to reduce HC and CO emission. The following devices are used:i. After burner ii. Exhaust manifold reactor iii. Catalytic Convertor. Catalytic Convertor A catalytic convertor is a device which is placed in the vehicle exhaust system to reduce HC and CO by oxidizing catalysts and NO by reducing catalysts. The basic requirements of a catalytic convertor are:a. High surface area of the catalyst for better reaction. b. Good chemical stability to prevent any deterioration in performance. c. Low volume heat capacity to reach the operating temperatures. d. Physical durability with attrition resistance. e. Minimum pressure drop during the flow of exhaust gases through the catalyst bed, this will not increase back pressure of the engine. A typical catalytic convertor consists of a two separate elements, one for Nox and other for HC/CO emissions. The secondary air is injected a head of the first element. The flow in the convertor is axial. Oxidation Catalytic Reaction:CO, HC and from air are catalytically converted to CO2 & H2O. The catalyst are known to be effective noble metals like platinum & plutonium, copper, vanadium, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, etc.
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Reduction Catalytic Reactions:The primary concept is to offer the NO molecules an activation site, say nickel or copper grids in the presence of CO but not O2 which will cause oxidation to form N2 & CO2. The NO may react with metal molecules to form an oxide which then in turn , may react with CO to restore the metal molecule. Drawbacks of Catalytic Convertor:i. Owing to the exothermic reaction in the catalyst bed, the exhaust system is hotter than normal. ii. Cars equipped with such convertor should not used leaded fuel as lead destroys complete catalytic activity. iii. If the fuel contains sulphur (or diesel oil) emission of SO3 is increased.

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