M361K (56225) Midterm 2 Solutions 1.

(10 points) Show that

n=0

1/((n + 1)(n + 2)) = 1.

Solution: Observe that 1 1 1 = , (n + 1)(n + 2) n+1 n+2 so the partial sums telescope:
k

n=0

1 = (n + 1)(n + 2)

n=0

1 1 n+1 n+2

=1

1 . k+2

Hence

n=0

1 1 1 = lim = lim 1 (n + 1)(n + 2) k n=0 (n + 1)(n + 2) k k+2

= 1.

2. (10 points) Show that the series

n=2

1/(n log n) diverges.

Solution: Recall the Cauchy test for convergence: if a1 a2 0, then the k series k=0 2 a2k converges. Since x log x n=1 an converges if and only if the series is increasing and positive on (1, ), we have 1 1 > > > 0. 2 log 2 3 log 3 Moreover, the sum

k=1

2k = 2k log 2k

k=1

1 k log 2

diverges (one can see this, for example, by another application of the Cauchy test). Hence the sum n=2 1/(n log n) diverges. 3. Suppose that {an }n0 is a sequence in R. Let = lim supn .
n

|an |. Assume that <

n=0

(a) (8 points) Prove the Cauchy-Hadamard theorem: show the series verges if |z | < 1 and diverges if |z | > 1.

an z n con-

Midterm 2 Solutions

Solution: Recall the root test: if = lim supn |xn |1/n , then the series n=1 xn converges when < 1 and diverges when > 1. When we apply this criterion n to the series n=0 an z , we nd lim sup |an z n |1/n = lim sup |an |1/n |z | = |z |.
n n

Hence

n=0

an z n converges when |z | < 1 and diverges when |z | > 1.

n=1

(b) (2 points) Show that if |z | < 1, then the series

nan z n1 converges.

n1 n Solution: The series converges if and only if n=1 nan z n=1 nan z converges (multiply the original series by z ), and the latter converges when |z | < 1, where = lim supn |nan |1/n < 1. Now, limn n1/n = 1 (the binomial theorem gives the bound 0 (n1/n 1)2 2/(n 1) for n > 1). This implies that = lim supn |an |1/n = . To see the rst equality, note that if 0 < < 1, there exists m > 0 so that 1 < n1/n < 1 + when n m. This implies that lim supn (1 + ).

4. (10 points) Show that if f : R R is continuous and f (R) Q, then f is constant. Solution: Suppose x, y R so that f (x) = f (y ). Without loss of generality, assume f (x) < f (y ) and x < y (replace f by f if necessary). Since R \ Q is dense in R, there exists C (R \ Q) (f (x), f (y )). By the intermediate value theorem, there exists t (x, y ) so that f (t) = C . This contradicts the assumption f (R) Q, so f (x) = f (y ). Hence f is constant. 5. (a) (8 points) Show that if f : X Y is uniformly continuous and {xn }nN is a Cauchy sequence in X , then {f (xn )}nN is a Cauchy sequence in Y . Solution: Let > 0. Since f is uniformly continuous, there exists > 0 so that d(x, y ) < implies d(f (x), f (y )) < . Since {xn } is Cauchy, there exists N 0 so that for all n1 , n2 N , we have d(xn1 , xn2 ) < . This implies d(f (xn1 ), f (xn2 )) < for all n1 , n2 N , so {f (xn )} is Cauchy. (b) (2 points) Show that the function f (x) = x1 is not uniformly continuous on (0, ). Solution: The sequence dened by xn = 1/n is a Cauchy sequence, since it converges to 0. However, f (xn ) = n. The sequence {n} is not Cauchy, since there are no two terms xm and xn with m = n so that |xm xn | < 1. Hence f cannot be uniformly continuous on (0, ).