The fruit bodies of Ganoderma have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 4,000 years. Ganoderma as nutriceuticals are used as a remedy to treat more than 20 different illnesses which include migraine and headache, hypertension, arthritis, bronchitis, asthma, anorexia, gastritis, dysmenorrhoea, constipation, lupus erythematosis, hepatitis, leukopenia, cardiovascular problems and cancer
The fruit bodies of Ganoderma have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 4,000 years. Ganoderma as nutriceuticals are used as a remedy to treat more than 20 different illnesses which include migraine and headache, hypertension, arthritis, bronchitis, asthma, anorexia, gastritis, dysmenorrhoea, constipation, lupus erythematosis, hepatitis, leukopenia, cardiovascular problems and cancer
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The fruit bodies of Ganoderma have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 4,000 years. Ganoderma as nutriceuticals are used as a remedy to treat more than 20 different illnesses which include migraine and headache, hypertension, arthritis, bronchitis, asthma, anorexia, gastritis, dysmenorrhoea, constipation, lupus erythematosis, hepatitis, leukopenia, cardiovascular problems and cancer
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Author : Dr. K. Perumal, M.Sc.,Ph.D Deputy Director (R& D and Admin) Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai 600 113. Email:energy@mcrc.murugappa.org Web: amm-mcrc.org
Technical Assistants : Mr. V. Karuppuraj, Research Fellow
Financial Support : Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Ministry of Science & Technology, Block-2, 7 th Floor C.G.O Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi- 110 003
Publisher :Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai 600 113. Email:energy@mcrc.murugappa.org Web: amm-mcrc.org
Year of Publishing : April 2009 2 Contents Page No. 1. Introduction 3 2. Occurrence of Ganoderma lucidum 4 3. Imported technology on Ganoderma lucidum 5 4. Production of Ganoderma lucidum 7 5. MCRC technology on Cultivation of Ganoderma 8 6. Market potential of Ganoderma lucidum 12 7. Technology Transfer 12
3 Indigenous Technology on Organic Cultivation of Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)
1. INTRODUCTION Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst., is a small white rot basidiomycetous fungus that grows on decaying logs and tree stumps. The fruit bodies of Ganoderma have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 4,000 years. Ganoderma as nutriceuticals are used as a remedy to treat more than 20 different illnesses which include migraine and headache, hypertension, arthritis, bronchitis, asthma, anorexia, gastritis, haemorrhoids, hypercholesterolaemia, nephritis, dysmenorrhoea, constipation, lupus erythematosis, hepatitis, leukopenia, cardiovascular problems and cancer including leukaemia (Table 1). It is believed to be the oldest mushroom used in medicine and is one of the most respected medicinal mushrooms, today. The 4 Chinese have always regarded the mushroom as having special properties. Table 1. Potential application of Ganoderma based products AREA OF APPLICATION APPLICATION Anti-carcinogenic Anticancer, Antitumor Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory, Anti- mutagenic Pharmaceutical Cardioprotective Food Polysaccharide Dietary supplements
Triterpines
2. OCCURRENCE The fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum occur in six different colors such as Chinese red, bright yellow and white. Initial fruiting bodies of Ganoderma is white, turns into yellow shades and finally into varnished, reddish to reddish brown shade, 5 quite beautiful and distinctive. The red variety of Ganoderma lucidum is most commonly used for nutraceutical purposes and commercially cultivated in China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and North America. While Ganoderma lucidum is an annual, and does not grow more than once a year like some polypores, its fruiting body is quite tough and can last for months. Ganoderma known as a magical mushroom is also known as Reishi or Ling zhi which means "herb of spiritual potency". Reishi had been added to the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium. Once rare and expensive, this mushroom is now effectively cultivated and is readily available. 3. IMPORTED TECHNOLOGY ON CULTIVATION OF GANODERMA Ganoderma lucidum is commercially cultivated on wood logs for the production of fruit body otherwise called basidiomata or fruit body. Scientists have attempted artificial cultivation of Reishi initially in 1937 and mass production was achieved in 1971 6 by cultivating the spawn in sawdust containing pots. Worldwide, the fruit body of Ganoderma is cultivated by the following three methods such as 1) wood log cultivation (the most popular method), 2) Pot or bottle cultivation and 3) Tank cultivation. Over the past 30 years, numerous studies have been made to find the best method to create high-quality Ganoderma lucidum. These observations have shown that the best method to obtain high- quality Ganoderma lucidum is through the wood log method. However, the wood log method of cultivation has limitations, as it requires certain specific variety of tree logs, which have to be seasoned and prepared, which is expensive. Extensive time is required for fruit body harvest (5-12 months). These drawbacks can be overcome by the method developed by MCRC for the artificial cultivation of Ganoderma. A description of the cultivation method is discussed below. 7 The schematic diagram of production of Ganoderma lucidum Ganoderma lucidum
Base spawn development
Mother Spawn development
Bed spawns development
Collection and procurement of cellulosic raw material
Mushroom bed Preparation
Erection of mushroom cropping sheds
Maintenance of mushroom beds in the cropping shed
Harvest of mushroom fruit body 8 4. INDIGENOUS MCRC TECHNOLOGY ON CULTIVATION OF GANODERMA Scientists of Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre (MCRC), Taramani, Chennai Tamilnadu have achieved a breakthrough by successfully growing and harvesting fruit bodies/ basidiocarps of Ganoderma lucidum on lignocellulosic agrowastes within 35- 40 days. According to Dr K. Perumal, Principal investigator of the DBT sponsored project on mushroom pigment, the technology of Ganoderma production had been a secret in many countries like Japan, Korea and China from information available harvest takes place in 180 - 360 days. In India, National Research Centre for Mushroom, Solan, have achieved successfully grown Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) using combinations of various types of sawdust, other nutrients- supplements and environmental conditions in five months in a laboratory scale.
9 At MCRC the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum was explored by utilizing sugar cane bagasse, wood shavings, saw dust, paddy husk, banana leaves, dried moringa stems and paddy straw. Among these raw materials, sugarcane bagasse added with other natural supplements and maintained at suitable temperature and humidity had resulted in an optimum production of fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum within a period of 35-40 days (Table 2). The nutraceutical properties of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum is summarized in table 3. Table 2. Comparison of wood log method and MCRC method of Ganoderma cultivation S.N o Particulars Wood log method Organic method (MCRC) 1 Substrate Moisture Hardwood logs Agriculture residues 2 Temperature ( 0 C) 28 25 30 3 Humidity (%) 85 - 90 85 - 90 5 Spawn run ( Days) 28 14 6 Appearance of Primordia (2mm) Days 90 10 15 7 Primordium maturation ( Days) 9 11 5 7 8 Development of Basidiocarp ( days) 14 7 9 10 11 12 1 st Harvest ( days) Bio-efficency (%) Subsequent harvest (days) Total Bio-efficiency 180 - 360 NA 90 48 35-36 45 7 48 10 Table. 3.The typical assay of Ganoderma lucidum powder. 1. Polysaccharides : 28-30%
2. Triterpenoids : 0.9 - 1.2%
3. Protein : 18- 19.0% of dry weight.
4 Carbohydrate : 10- 12 (Glucose 11.1%)
5 Metals : 10.2% of dry weight (K, Mg and Ca being the major components) 6. Organic Germanium : 489 g/g
Patent: MCRC has filed a patent on the Cost effective process of artificial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum basidiomata on sugarcane bagasse using polythene bags on 30 th December 2005 in the Patent Office, Government of India, IPR Buildings, Chennai (1969 / CHE/ 2005). 11 5. MARKET POTENTIAL OF GANODERMA Medicinal Mushrooms, value added products have a world trade of about $ 4 billion and till now it has been dominated by China, Japan and Korea. Out of the total global production of about 6000 tonnes of Ganoderma, China alone produced over 4000 tonnes. The USA is the biggest market for medicinal mushrooms and their products. The fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum is sold in the market @Rs.600 to 700 / kg. We estimate with faster growing cycle and lower input cost production through our technology, the production cost will be in the order of Rs. 200 per kg.
6. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER The technology on cultivation of fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum shall be transferred to national and international entrepreneurs and the production of Ganoderma fruiting body have huge market potential. MCRC can provide assistance in setting-up of a plant for production of fruit bodies of 12 Ganoderma lucidum and the cost estimates for setting up the unit in India. The potential licensee of our technology should be able to undertake a market study, at their cost and establish the market. We anticipate there will be a gestation period of one year to develop the market.
For More Information, Contact: The Chairman Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre (MCRC) Taramani, Chennai 600113 Fax 091-44-22430369 E Mail: energy@mcrc.murugappa.org, MurugappanMV@cumi.murugappa.com Web: amm-mcrc.org