TITLE Drag force in flow over body

OBJECTIVE To measure the drag coefficient CD, over the range of velocities in the test section for hemispherical (open end facing flow and open end facing downstream).

INTRODUCTION The drag force on an object is produced by the velocity of a liquid or gas approaching the object. Drag force is dependent upon the drag coefficient of the object and the geometry of the object. For some objects, the drag coefficient is independent of the object's dimensions. However, for other shapes of objects, the drag coefficient is dependent on the dimensions and may be additionally dependent on the Reynolds number. Our experiment had drag coefficients for open end facing upstream and open end facing downstream. In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment such as air or water. It is used in the drag equation, where a lower drag coefficient indicates the object will have less

aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag. The drag coefficient is always associated with a particular surface area. The drag coefficient of any object comprises the effects of the two basic contributors to fluid dynamic drag: skin friction and form drag. The drag coefficient of a lifting air foil or hydrofoil also includes the effects of lift-induced drag. The drag coefficient of a complete structure such as an aircraft also includes the effects of interference drag.

THEORY Drag is the component of force on a body acting parallel to the direction of relative motion. The drag force (FD), was written in the functional form FD = f1 (d, V, , ). Application of the Buckingham Pi theorem resulted in two dimensionless parameters that written in function form as

= f(

(1.0)

Note that d2 is proportional to the cross-sectional area (A = d2/4) and therefore we could write

= f(

(1.1)

Although Eq. 1.1 was obtained for sphere, the form of equation is valid for incompressible flow over anybody; the characteristic length used in the Reynolds Number depends on body shape. The drag coefficient, CD, anybody defined as

CD

. (1.2)

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 1. The diameter of hemispherical is measured. This measurement will be used to calculate the Reynolds Number and projected area of hemisphere. 2. The hemispherical body is fitted to the balance arm, open end facing flow first then open end facing downstream. 3. The inclined gage is set to zero, and balance the arm. The reading from drag scale is taken as an error. 4. The blower fan is switch on and set the velocity to 8m/s. 5. Balanced the arm again and reading was taken from the drag scale. The reading must be minus with an error. 6. The velocity is increased to 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 m/s, and step 5 is repeated. 7. Then change the hemispherical body to open end facing downstream. 8. Then step 3 to 6 is repeated and data were taken. 9. After done the streamlined body experiment, then placed only the connecting rod into wind tunnel. 10. Then step 3 to 6 is repeated and data are taken. 11. Reynolds no. and coefficient of drag of streamline object and hemispherical are calculated. 12. The Graph of Reynolds no. vs. drag coefficient is sketch for both hemispherical and streamline object.

APPARATUS

Figure 1: Wind tunnel

Figure 2: Open end facing upstream

Figure 3: Open end facing downstream

Figure 4: Connecting rod

CD,
1.3

NET

VS VELOCITY

1.25

1.2 CD, NET 1.15 1.1 1.05 0 5 10 15 VELOCITY (M/S) 20 25

Graph 1: CD, NET vs Velocity (m/s)

Cd vs Re
1.3

1.25

1.2

Cd
1.15 1.1 1.05 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000

Re

Graph 2: CD, NET vs Re

SAMPLE CALCULATION

Velocity = 8 m/s Properties of air at 1 atm pressure at 25o C = 1.184 Kg/m3 , = 1.84910-5 Kg/m.s , D = 0.065m

Reynolds number, Re =
=

Area, A = = = 3.318 10-3 m2

= 33298
Drag coefficient (CD) for open end facing upstream, CD

= = 1.5114
Drag coefficient (CD) for open end facing downstream, CD

= = 0.3977
CD NET = (CD for open end facing upstream) (CD for open end facing downstream) = 1.5114 - 0.3977 = 1.1137

Percentage error CD for open end facing upstream, CD, theory = 1.2 CD, exp = 1.5883 (average)

Percentage error, % = = = 24.45 % 100%

100%

Percentage error CD for open end facing downstream, CD, theory = 0.4 CD, exp = 0.3831 (average)

Percentage error, % = = = 4.41 % 100%

100%