Franz Boas

252

Born in Minden, Westphalia, Franz Boas showed an early interest in both nature and natural sciences. He studied at the universities of Heidelberg, Bonn, and Kiel, and finally got his Ph. . in physics with a !inor in geography fro! the "niversity of Kiel in #$$#. Boas wor%ed in Baffinland, &anada, fro! #$$' to #$$(, while fro! #$$) to #$$*+ he conducted field research in several !useu!s on the ,orth Pacific &oast of ,orth -!erica. He was also an i!portant part of a pro.ect involving the cultures of ,ative -!ericans which lasted al!ost one year. Franz Boas was the !ost i!portant figure in /0th century ,orth -!erican anthropology. He laid down the four1field structure of the discipline around cultural, physical, linguistic and archaeological disciplines pertaining to the -!erican 2ndian. He also trained !any professional anthropologists. Boas !ade !e!orable contributions to the changes in i!!igrant head for! undercut eugenics argu!ents and lessened the significance of anthropometric !easures of race. 3he archaeological wor%s of Franz Boas were al!ost cursory. While studying culture, his theoretical contributions dealt with the criti4ue of evolution. He destroyed the rationalist theories of hu!an nature. His historical particularism, his insistency on stringent ethnographic !ethod, and his stress on 5the native point of view6 were pivotal to the develop!ent of !odern anthroplogy. Franz Boas oversaw the &olu!bia -nthropology epart!ent for !ore than four decades. Boas died on /# ece!ber, #7(/. He was $( years old when he died. He was widely considered to be one of the greatest and !ost influential anthropologists ever. #8 -nthropology is the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural develop!ent, biological characteristics, and social custo!s and beliefs of hu!an%ind. /8 -rchaeological is an ad.ective that !eans of or pertaining to archaeology. '8 &ontributions is a noun that !eans the act of contributing. (8 9ugenics is the study of or belief in the possibility of i!proving the 4ualities of the hu!an species or a hu!an population,. )8-nthropo!etric !eans the !easure!ent of the size and proportions of the hu!an body. *83heoretical !eans of, pertaining to, or consisting in theory. :89volution !eans any process of for!ation or growth. $8Particularis! !eans e;clusive attention or devotion to one<s own particular interests. 78Pivotal !eans of, pertaining to, or serving as a pivot. #082nfluential !eans having or e;erting influence, especially great influence.

Werner Heisenburg 344 Werner Karl Heisenberg was born on ece!ber ), #70#, in W=rzburg, >er!any, the son of -ugust and -nnie Wec%lein Heisenberg. -s a boy Heisenberg began playing the piano early and was playing !aster compositions by the age of thirteen. 2t was his father<s commitment to acade!ic learning, however, that led hi! to pursue the science he loved. He graduated fro! the "niversity of Munich, where his father was professor of >ree%

language and literature. Heisenberg was also a regular hi%er and an eager student of classical literature and philosophy. He a!azed fa!ily and friends when he taught hi!self calculus and tried to publish a scientific paper as a teen. 9ven though his strongest interest in life was science, !usic was a lifeti!e companion for hi!. - hard wor%er, Heisenberg wor%ed on a far! for three su!!ers in order to pay for his tuition to the "niversity of Munich. -t the university, where he enrolled in #7/0, Heisenberg soon established close contact with -rthur ?o!!erfield, a chief figure in early !odern physics. -fter !ore hard wor% he received his doctorate in Munich in #7/'. Fro! there Heisenberg, on a @oc%efeller grant, went to the ,iels Bohr 2nstitute in &openhagen, en!ar%, where he eagerly studied the !ost creative and up1to1date thoughts on ato!ic theory. -fter World War 22 Heisenberg did !uch to reorganize scientific research. 2n the early #7)0s he wor%ed toward the of a Aunified theory of funda!ental particles,A stressing the role of symmetry principles. 3his theory was discussed at length at an international conference in #7)$. He presented his thought on this sub.ect in the introduction to the "nified Field 3heory of 9le!entary Particles. 2n #7)) and #7)* Heisenberg wrote and published Physics and PhilosophyB 3he @evolution in Modern ?cience. He also published the autobiographical Physics and Beyond, as well as several boo%s dealing with the philosophical and cultural significance of atomic and nuclear physics. Heisenberg retired in #7:0. His health began to fail in #7:', and shortly thereafter he beca!e seriously ill, dying on February #, #7:*, in Munich, >er!any.

Linus Pauling 252 Cinus &arl Pauling was born in Portland, Dregon, on February /$, #70#. He received his early education in Dregon, finishing in #7// with a bachelor<s degree in che!ical engineering fro! Dregon -gricultural &ollege in &orvallis E now Dregon ?tate "niversity. -lready he was drawn to the challenge of how and why particular ato!s for! bonds with each other to create !olecules with uni4ue structures. 2n the early #7'0s Pauling too% over the teaching of fresh!an che!istry at &altech. His !odern theoretical approach to che!istry, charis!atic lecturing style, and energetic show!anship !ade hi! a very popular professor. He also told students about his current research, giving the! insight into the professional che!ist<s wor%. 2n #7(: he put his new approach to che!ical education into >eneral &he!istry, a te;tboo% that greatly influenced the teaching of che!istry worldwide by redirecting it fro! its traditional, purely e!pirical basis into the new Ache!ical bond approach.A President Ford awarded hi! the ,ational Medal of ?cience in #7:), and in #7$7 the ,ational ?cience Board presented hi! with the Fannevar Bush -ward in recognition of his outstanding contributions to science, technology, and society. ,ine biographies and three anthologies of his writings and speeches have been published thus far, and a two1volu!e collection of !any of his !ost i!portant scientific publications was published in /00/. Following Pauling<s death at the age of 7' at his ranch near Big ?ur on the &alifornia coast, a !e!orial service was held at ?tanford Me!orial &hurch in Palo -lto on -ug. /7.