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CHAPTER 2
SECTION

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1 Exchange with the Environment

National Science Education Standards
LS 1a, 1c

The Cell in Action

BEFORE YOU READ

After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions:

How do cells take in food and get rid of wastes? What is diffusion?

Where Do Cells Get the Materials They Need?

What would happen to a factory if its power were shut off or its supply of materials never arrived? What would happen if the factory couldnt get rid of its garbage? Like a factory, an organism must be able to get energy and raw materials and get rid of wastes. These jobs are done by an organisms cells. Materials move in and out of the cell across the cell membrane. Many materials, such as water and oxygen, can cross the membrane by diffusion.
STUDY TIP
Compare As you read, make a chart comparing diffusion and osmosis. In your chart, show how they are similar and how they are different.

What Is Diffusion?
The figure below shows what happens when dye is placed on top of a layer of gelatin. Over time, the dye mixes with the gelatin. Why does this happen? Everything, including the gelatin and the dye, is made of tiny moving particles. Particles tend to move from places where they are crowded to places where they are less crowded. When there are many of one type of particle, this is a high concentration. When there are fewer of one kind of particle, this is a low concentration. The movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is called diffusion.
At rst, the dye and the gelatin are separate from each other. Dye Gelatin

READING CHECK 1. Dene What is diffusion?

After a while, the particles in the dye move into the gelatin. This process is called diffusion.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

2. Identify How do dye particles move through the water?

TAKE A LOOK

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The Cell in Action

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Exchange with the Environment continued

DIFFUSION OF WATER

3. Apply Concepts Which of the following has a higher concentration of water molecules200 molecules of water, or a mixture of 300 molecules of water and 100 molecules of food coloring? Explain your answer.

Critical Thinking

Substances, such as water, are made up of particles called molecules. Pure water has the highest concentration of water molecules. This means that 100% of the molecules are water molecules. If you mix another substance, such as food coloring, into the water, you lower the concentration of water molecules. This means that water molecules no longer make up 100% of the total molecules. The figure below shows a container that has been divided by a membrane. The membrane is semipermeablethat is, only some substances can pass through it. The membrane lets smaller molecules, such as water, pass through. Larger molecules, such as food coloring, cannot pass through. Water molecules will move across the membrane. The diffusion of water through a membrane is called osmosis.
Osmosis
1
Pure water Water mixed with food coloring

Pure water

Water mixed with food coloring

TAKE A LOOK

4. Explain Why does the volume of liquid in the right-hand side of the container increase with time?

Pure water has Semipermeable membrane the highest concentration The concentration of water of water molecules molecules. in the mixture is lower.

Semipermeable membrane Over time, water molecules move into the water-food coloring mixture.

READING CHECK 5. Identify How does water move into and out of cells?

A cell membrane is a type of semipermeable membrane. This means that water can pass through the cell membrane, but most other substances cannot. The cells of organisms are surrounded by and filled with fluids. These fluids are made mostly of water. Water moves in and out of a cell by osmosis.

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The Cell in Action

Name
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Exchange with the Environment continued

How Do Small Particles Enter and Leave a Cell?

Small particles, such as sugars, can cross the cell membrane through passageways called channels. These channels in the cell membrane are made of proteins. Particles can travel through these channels by passive transport or by active transport. During passive transport, particles move through the cell membrane without using energy from the cell. During passive transport, particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport. During active transport, the cell has to use energy to move particles through channels. During active transport, particles usually move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.

READING CHECK 6. Identify What is needed to move particles from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration?

How Do Large Particles Enter and Leave a Cell?

Large particles cannot move across a cell membrane in the same ways as small particles. Larger particles must move in and out of the cell by endocytosis and exocytosis. Both processes require energy from the cell. Endocytosis happens when a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses it in a vesicle. A vesicle is a sac formed from a piece of cell membrane.
Endocytosis

1 The cell comes into contact with a particle.

2 The cell membrane begins to wrap around the particle.

3 Once the particle is completely surrounded, a vesicle pinches off.

TAKE A LOOK

7. Identify Label the vesicle in the gure.

Exocytosis happens when a cell uses a vesicle to move a particle from within the cell to outside the cell. Exocytosis is how cells get rid of large waste particles.
Exocytosis
1 Large particles that must leave the cell are packaged in vesicles.

2 The vesicle travels to the cell membrane and fuses with it.

3 The cell releases the particle to the outside of the cell.

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The Cell in Action

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Section 1 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
active transport the movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy diffusion the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density endocytosis the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell

NSES

LS 1a, 1c

exocytosis the process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane osmosis the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane passive transport the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

1. Compare How is endocytosis different from exocytosis? How are they similar?

2. Explain How is osmosis related to diffusion?

3. Compare What are the differences between active and passive transport?

4. Identify What structures allow small particles to cross cell membranes?

5. Apply Concepts Draw an arrow in the figure below to show the direction that

water molecules will move in.

semipermeable membrane water mixed with sugar pure water

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The Cell in Action

Cells, Heredity, and Classification Answer Key continued

organs, an organism must have tissues. Function is the purpose of a part, or the job the part does. Structure is the arrangement of parts in an organism. Specialization of cells means that, in multicellular organisms, different cells perform different functions to help keep the organism alive. An organ has to have two or more tissues. Tissues have to work together for an organ to do a job. The life span of a multicellular organism is not limited to the life span of any one of its cells.

2. No. Organs are made of tissues, so to have 3.

SECTION 2 CELL ENERGY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

4.

5.

chloroplasts glucose and oxygen cellular respiration, fermentation glucose and oxygen carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP) Plants and animals wouldnt have oxygen for cellular respiration. They couldnt use cellular respiration to get energy. 7. ATP

6.

Review 1. plant cells 2. Plant cells use carbon dioxide, water, and energy 3.

Chapter 2 The Cell in Action

SECTION 1 EXCHANGE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
1. the movement of particles from areas of high

4.

concentration to areas of low concentration

2. by diffusion 3. The 200 molecules of water have a higher

4. 5. 6. 7.

concentration of water because 100% of the molecules are water. Water moves into it by osmosis. by osmosis energy The vesicle in the third picture should be labeled.

5.

6.

Review 1. Both involve moving large particles across

2. 3.

4. 5.

the cell membrane. In endocytosis, particles move into the cell. In exocytosis, particles move out of the cell. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. During passive transport, particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. During active transport, particles move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. Active transport uses energy from the cell, and passive transport does not. channels An arrow should point from the pure water to the water mixed with sugar.

from the sun to make food by photosynthesis. Chloroplasts make food for the plant, and mitochondria break down the food to release energy. Each process gives the other the materials it needs. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose and produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and produces glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down food. Fermentation does not. Cellular respiration produces more energy than fermentation. No, if cells dont have enough oxygen, they break down glucose using fermentation. When you exercise, for example, your muscle cells use up oxygen quickly. When there is not enough oxygen left, the muscle cells use fermentation.

SECTION 3 THE CELL CYCLE

1. The cell must make a copy of its DNA. 2. binary fission 3. Chromatids are copies of chromosomes that 4. 5. 6. 7.

are held together at the centromere. interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis eight more prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase cell plate

Review 1. In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is on a single,

circular chromosome. The DNA of eukaryotes is stored on many chromosomes.

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Cells, Heredity, and Classification