Ministry of Education Of the Republic of Moldova Cahul State University B.P.Hasdeu !

!aculty of Philolo"y and History Modern #an"ua"e $epart%ent

Research paper
Some Difficulties of Translating English Phrasal verbs into Russian

&ritten by' (er)y *atalia +.!E!,--, Scientific advisor'Rotari .nna University lecturer

Cahul /-,0

Contents .ntroduction.............................................................................
Chapter I. History of Phrasal Verbs................................................. 1.1.Definition of Phrasal Verbs................................................. 1.2 The difference between types of Phrasal Verbs..................

1.3 Some notes on terminolo y................................................. 1.! "ri in of Vhrasal Verbs.......................................................

1.# Phrasal $o%ns..................................................................... 1.&'asic principles of translation of phrasal (erbs................... 1.) The f%nctions of the Phrasal Verbs...................................... 1.* The str%ct%re and meanin of Phrasal Verbs....................... 1.+ Classification of Phrasal Verbs............................................ 1.1, Cate ories of Phrasal (erbs............................................... 1.11 -.plorin Phrasal Verbs.................................................... 'iblio raphy................................................................... ........... /eferences...................................................................... ........... Chapter ... Phrasal verbs in use 2.1. The 'asic Str%ct%re of Phrasal Verbs................................. 2.2. Prepositions and Postpositions........................................... 2.3. Verbs with prepositions and no%ns..................................... 2.!. Verbs with Postpositions.................................................... 2.#. Practical translation............................................................ 2.&.-n lish Phrasal Verbs list...................................................

Concl%sion...................................................................... ........... 'iblio raphy................................................................... ...........

Introduction (his 1or2 is devoted to the basic points of theory of translation and the difficulties of translation of En"lish phrasal verbs to Russian. (he %ain purpose of the pro3ect is to e4plain the troubles that refer to the ob3ect of investi"ation and to "ive lists of Phrasal verbs and to e4plain their %eanin".(he basis of this research is the proble%s that students %ost often co%e across 1ith5 practical and theoretical value of the types of Phrasal verbs6 the structure and their role in the En"lish +ra%%ar ..n order to study the sub3ect of the pro3ect 1e used the follo1in" %ethods' 5biblio"raphical %ethod 5%ethod of investi"ation 5%ethod of descriptions5%ethod of analysis (heoretical value of the 1or2 lies in the research of the infor%ation and usa"e of the types of Phrasal verbs in the En"lish #an"ua"e. (ranslatin" of En"lish phrasal verbs is very i%portant part of the science of translation because it couldn7t be a real "ood correct translation 1ithout correct translatin" of the phrasal verbs. $iplo%a paper is devoted to a very current the%e about the translatin" of En"lish phrasal verbs to Russian. (he paper consists of three parts 1hich touch upon 8uestions of the history of translation in Russia and its develop%ent6 definition of the verb6 function of phrasal verb6 cate"ories6 basic structure6 list of phrasal verbs and etc.

(ranslation had the %ain social function. .t %ade possible inter5lin"uistic co%%unication of people. (he spreadin" of the 1ritten translation opened to people the 1ide access to cultural achieve%ents of other nations9 it %ade possible interaction and inter5enrich%ent of literature and culture. (he 2no1led"e of forei"n lan"ua"es let to read ori"inal boo2s6 but not everybody can earn at least one forei"n lan"ua"e. (ranslation is a very ancient 2ind of hu%an activity. :s soon as "roups of people 1ith different lan"ua"es 1ere born in hu%an history6 bilin"uals appeared and they helped to co%%unicate bet1een collectives of different lan"ua"es. &ith the develop%ent of the 1ritten lan"ua"e6 1ritten translators 3oin oral ones. (hey translated different te4ts of official6 reli"ious and business character. (he research 1or2 consist of t1o chapters. (he first contains the theoretical basis and "eneral notions of the 1or2. .n this chapter 1e tried to "ive a definition of Phrasal verb6 to analy)e it and to "ive a classification of Phrasal verbs. (he second chapter contains the Practical translation of Phrasal verbs6 #ist of Phrasal verbs and conclusion. .n this chapter 1e tried to sho1 the %eanin"s of Phrasal verbs 1ith different preposition.

Chapter I. History of Phrasal Verbs (his 1or2 is devoted to the basic points of theory of translation and the difficulties of translation of En"lish phrasal verbs to Russian. Russian is a part of the East Slavonic fa%ily of lan"ua"es and one of the si4 official lan"ua"es of the United *ations. Russian tradition of translation has a lon" history. &ritin"6 literature and translations 1ere introduced in ;ievan Rus in a relatively %ature for%. (he +ree2 priest Cyril and his brother Methodius 1ho created ne1 alphabet <no1 2no1n as Cyrillic= 1ere the first translators. :%on" their first translations fro% +ree2 1ere the *e1 (esta%ent6 the Psalter and the Prayer Boo2. :fter Rus e%braced Christianity in >??6 nu%erous translations 1ere %ade to "ive the converts access to the philosophical and ethical doctrines of the ne1 reli"ion and to the church7s rituals and custo%s. .n the ,@thcentury6 a "reat nu%ber of translations of predo%inantly nonreli"ious %aterial be"an to appear. Scholarly translations included topics in astrono%y and astrolo"y6 arith%etic and "eo%etry6 anato%y and %edicine6 as 1ell as description of various ani%als. (he ,?th century proved decisive in

the develop%ent of translation in Russia. Peter the +reat7s political refor%s "reatly e4panded Russia7s econo%ic and cultural contacts 1ith European countries6 and this created a de%and for nu%erous translations of scientific and technical te4ts6 as 1ell as 1or2s of fiction. (he ,>th century can be described as the "olden a"e of Russian translation. .f the previous a"e hade %ade translation a professional activity6 the nineteenth century raised this activity to the level of hi"h art. (he %ain fi"ures of translation of this period are *i2olai ;ara%)in and Aasily Bhu2ovs2y6 :le)ander Push2in and Mi2hail #er%ontov6 the t1o "reat Russian poets6 also played a %a3or role in the history of translation in Russia. :lthou"h translations occupied a relatively %odest place in their poetry6 they %ade a si"nificant contribution to the i%prove%ent of literary translation in Russia. . En"lish lan"ua"e co%es to all spheres of life and translation fro% En"lish to Russian and bac2 is very i%portant part of successful business and its develop%ent. (he Old En"lish ancestors of %odern phrasal verbs 1ere "enerally inseparable5prefi4 verbs6 althou"h so%e separable for% did e4ist. (he influences of the *or%an Con8uest and old *orse on Middle En"lish eroded Old En"lish Old Aerb synta46 and this cataly)ed the production of separable adverbial particles and the phrasal verb in Middle En"lish. .n Early Modern En"lish6 phrasal verbs "re1 rapidly in dra%atic and less for%al te4t6 1hile ne1 no%inal5derivative co%pounds and rules about prono%inal ob3ect place%ent arose. .n Present $ay En"lish6 phrasal verb are identifiable by particle %ove%ent6 stressed particles6 incapacity for adverb intervention in the verb phrase and translation. Preposition can be distin"uished because they cannot %ove6 they are unstressed6 and adverbs can intervene bet1een the verb and the prepositional phrase. 1.1. Definition of Phrasal Verbs The term phrasal (erb is commonly applied to two or three distinct b%t related constr%ctions in -n lish0 a (erb and a particle and1or a preposition co2occ%r formin a sin le semantic %nit. This semantic %nit cannot be %nderstood based %pon the meanin s of the indi(id%al parts in isolation3 b%t rather it m%st be ta4en as a whole. In other words3 the meanin is non2compositional and th%s %npredictable.516 Phrasal (erbs that incl%de a preposition are 4nown as prepositional (erbs and phrasal (erbs that incl%de a particle are also 4nown as particle (erbs. 7dditional alternati(e terms for phrasal verb are compo%nd (erb3 3 (erb2ad(erb combination3 (erb2particle

constr%ction3 two2part word1(erb3 and three2part word1(erb 8dependin on the n%mber of particles93 and m%lti2word (erb526 Examples: "ne can discern at least three main types of phrasal (erb constr%ctions dependin %pon whether the (erb combines with a preposition3 a particle3 or both.536The words constit%tin the phrasal (erb constr%ctions in the followin e.amples are in bold0 Verb+preposition prepositional phrasal !erbs" 5!60 a. :ho is loo4in after the 4ids; < after is a preposition that introd%ces the prepositional phrase after the kids. b. They pic4 on 'illy. < on is a preposition that introd%ces the prepositional phrase on Billy. c. I ran into an old friend. < into is a preposition that introd%ces the prepositional phrase into an old friend.5#6 d. She ta4es after her mother. < after is a preposition that introd%ces the prepositional phrase after her mother. e. Sam passes for a lin %ist. < for is a preposition that introd%ces the prepositional phrase for a linguist. f. =o% sho%ld stand by yo%r friend. < by is a preposition that introd%ces the prepositional phrase by your friend. Verb + particle particle phrasal !erbs" a. They bro% ht that %p twice. < up is a particle3 not a preposition. b. =o% sho%ld thin4 it o(er. < over is a particle3 not a preposition. c. :hy does he always dress down; < down is a particle3 not a preposition. d. =o% sho%ld not i(e in so >%ic4ly. < in is a particle3 not a preposition. e. :here do they want to han o%t; < out is a particle3 not a preposition. f. She handed it in. < in is a particle3 not a preposition. Verb + particle + preposition particle#prepositional phrasal !erbs" a. :ho can p%t %p with that; < up is a particle and with is a preposition.5&6 b. She is loo4in forward to a rest. < forward is a particle and to is a preposition. c. The other tan4s were bearin down on my panther. < down is a particle and on is a preposition. d. They were really teein off on me. < off is a particle and on is a preposition. e. :e loaded %p on ?o%ntain Dew and chips. < up is a particle and on is a preposition

f. S%san has been sittin in for me. < in is a particle and for is a preposition. 1.$ %he difference bet&een types of Phrasal Verbs The difference between these types of phrasal (erbs lies with the stat%s of the element8s9 that appear in addition to the (erb. :hen the element is a preposition3 it is the head of a f%ll prepositional phrase and the phrasal (erb is a th%s a prepositional phrasal verb. :hen the element is a particle3 it can not 8or no lon er9 be constr%ed as a preposition3 b%t rather it is a particle by (irt%e of the fact that it does not ta4e a complement5)6.@inally3 many phrasal (erbs are combined with both a preposition and a particle.The aspect of these types of phrasal (erbs that %nifies them %nder the sin le banner phrasal verb is the fact that their meanin cannot be %nderstood based %pon the meanin of their parts ta4en in isolation. :hen one pic4s on someone3 one is not selectin that person for somethin 3 b%t rather one is harassin them. :hen one han s o%t3 one is in no way act%ally han in from anythin . The meanin of the two or more words to ether is often drastically different from what one mi ht %ess it to be based %pon the meanin s of the indi(id%al parts in isolation. 7s a class3 particle phrasal (erbs belon to the same cate ory as the so2 called separable (erbs of other Aermanic lan %a es. They are commonly fo%nd in e(eryday3 informal speech as opposed to more formal -n lish and Batinate (erbs3 s%ch as to get together rather than to congregate3 to put off rather than to postpone 8or to deter93 or to do up rather than to fasten. 1.' (ome notes on terminolo)y The terminolo y of phrasal (erbs is inconsistent. ?odern theories of synta. tend to %se the term phrasal verbto denote particle (erbs onlyC they do not (iew prepositional (erbs as phrasal (erbs. 5*6The -@B1-SB literat%re 8-n lish as a forei n or second lan %a e93 in contrast3 tends to employ the term phrasal verb to encompass both prepositional and particle (erbs.5+6 The terminolo y %sed to denote the particle is also inconsistent. Sometimes it is called an ad(erb3 and at other times an intransiti(e prepositional phrase.51,6 The inconsistent %se of terminolo y in these areas is a so%rce of conf%sion abo%t what does and does not >%alify as a phrasal (erb and abo%t the stat%s of the particle or preposition. Concernin the history of the term phrasal verb3 Tom ?c7rth%r writes0

D...the term phrasal verb was first %sed by Bo an Pearsall Smith3 in Words and Idioms 81+2#93 in which he states that the "-D -ditor Henry 'radley s% ested the term to him.D The (al%e of this choice and its alternati(es 8incl%din separable verb for Aermanic lan %a es9 is debatable. In ori in the concept is based on translation lin %isticsC as many sin le2word -n lish and Batinate words are translatable by a phrasal (erb comple. in -n lish3 therefore the lo ic is that the phrasal (erb comple. m%st be a complete semantic %nit in itself. "ne sho%ld consider in this re ard that the act%al term phrasal verb s% ests that s%ch constr%ctions sho%ld form phrases . In most cases howe(er3 they clearly do $"T form phrases. Hence the (ery term phrasal verb is misleadin and a so%rce of conf%sion3 which has moti(ated some to reEect the term o%tri ht.5116 :hen a particle phrasal (erb is transiti(e 3 it can loo4 E%st li4e a prepositional phrasal (erb. This similarity is another so%rce of conf%sion3 since it obsc%res the difference between prepositional and particle phrasal (erbs. 7 simple dia nostic distin %ishes between the two3 howe(er. :hen the obEect of a particle (erb is a definite prono%n3 it can and %s%ally does precede the particle.5126In contrast3 the obEect of a preposition can ne(er precede the preposition05136 a. =o% can ban4 on S%san. < on is a preposition. b. F=o% can ban4 her on. < The obEect of the preposition cannot precede the preposition. a. =o% can ta4e on S%san. < on is a particle. b. =o% can ta4e her on. < The obEect of the particle (erb can precede the particle. a. He is ettin o(er the sit%ation. < over is a preposition. b. FHe is ettin it o(er. < The obEect of a preposition cannot precede the preposition. a. He is thin4in o(er the sit%ation. < over is a particle. b. He is thin4in it o(er. < The obEect of the particle (erb can precede the particle. The obEect of a preposition m%st follow the preposition3 whereas the obEect of the particle (erb can precede the particle especially if it is a definite prono%n3 since definite prono%ns are (ery li ht.

1.* +ri)in of Vhrasal Verbs Prepositions and ad(erbs can ha(e a literal meanin which is spatial or DorientationalD3 and then3 as happens with all words3 metaphorical meanin s de(elop that are systematic e.tensions from the ori inal core meanin .51#6?any (erbs in -n lish can interact with an ad(erb or a preposition3 and the (erb G preposition1ad(erb comple. is readily %nderstood when %sed in its literal sense. He walked across the square. She opened the shutters and looked outside. When he heard the crash, he looked up. The f%nction of the prepositional phrase1particle in s%ch cla%ses is to show the relationship between the action 8walked3 opened3 looked9 and the relati(e positionin 3 action or state of the s%bEect. -(en when s%ch prepositions appear alone and are hence ad(erbs1particles3 they ha(e a retrie(able prepositional obEect. Th%s3 He walked across clearly shows that the Dwal4in D is DacrossD a i(en area. In the case of He walked across the square3 across the square is a prepositional phrase 8with across as its head word9. In both cases3 the sin le2word1m%lti2word e.pression 8across and across the square9 is independent of the (erb. The action of the s%bEect 8walking9 is bein portrayed as ha(in happened in1at1on1o(er a certain location 8across the square9. Similarly in She opened the shutters and looked outside and When he heard the crash, he looked up3 outside is lo ically outside of! the house3 and up is similarly an adE%nct 8H upwards3 in an upwards direction3 he is looking in a direction that is higher than where his eyes were previously directed9. Phrasal (erbs are represented in many lan %a es by compo%nd (erbs. 7n intermediate state is in D%tch3 where de lamp aansteken 8to li ht the lamp9 becomes3 in a principal cla%se3 ik steek de lamp an 8I li ht the lamp9. 1., Phrasal -ouns 7n e.tension of the concept of phrasal verb is that of phrasal noun3 where a (erbGparticle comple. is nominaliIed. 51&6 The particle may come before or after the (erb. standby0 :e are 4eepin the old e>%ipment on standby3 in case of emer ency. back"up0 $eil can pro(ide technical bac4%p if yo% need it. onset0 The match was halted by the onset of rain. input0 Try to come to the meetin < weJd (al%e yo%r inp%t.

If the particle is in first place3 then the phrasal no%n is ne(er written with a hyphen3 if the particle comes second3 then there is sometimes a hyphen between the two parts of the phrasal no%n. The two cate ories ha(e different (al%es. Particle2(erb compo%nds in -n lish are of ancient de(elopment3 and are common to all Aermanic lan %a es3 as well as to Indo2-%ropean lan %a es in eneral. Those s%ch as onset tend to retain older %ses of the particlesC in "ld -n lish on1an had a wider domain3 which incl%ded areas which are now co(ered by at and in in -n lish. Some s%ch compo%nd no%ns ha(e a correspondin phrasal (erb b%t some do not3 partly beca%se of historical de(elopments. The modern -n lish (erbGparticle comple. set on e.ists3 b%t it means Dstart to attac4D 8set itself means start a process9. In modern -n lish there is no e.act (erbal phrase e>%i(alent to the older set on3 b%t rather (ario%s combinations which i(e different n%ances to the idea of startin a process3 s%ch as winter has set in3 set off on a #ourney3 set up the stand3 set out on a day trip3 etc. Verb2particle compo%nds are a more modern de(elopment in -n lish3 and foc%s more on the action e.pressed by the compo%ndC that is to say3 they are more o(ertly D(erbalD. 1.. /asic principles of translation of phrasal !erbs Translation is the transformation of the messa e of the so%rce lan %a e to the messa e of the translatin lan %a e. The e.act translation is impossible beca%se of a reat n%mber of lan %a es differences in the rammar and the n%mber of words3 besides3 the distinction of the c%lt%res can infl%ence the way of translatin and its res%lts. Translation is the art of re(elation. It ma4es the %n4nown 4nown. The translator has the fe(er and craft to reco niIe3 recreate and re(eal the wor4s of the other artist. Translation is an art between ton %es. Some translators tried to define the row of demands of which the ood translators sho%ld be. The @rench h%manist -.Dolet 81#,+ < 1#!&9 considered that a translator sho%ld 4eep the followin fi(e basic principles of translation0 1.To %nderstand the content of the translatin te.t and the intention of the a%thor perfectlyC 2.To 4now the lan %a e he translates from and the lan %a e he translates on perfectlyC 3.To a(oid the tendency to translate word for word3 beca%se it misrepresents the ori inal content and spoils the bea%ty of its formC !.To %se the translation the speech forms in eneral %seC #.To reprod%ce the eneral impression in correspondin 4ey3 prod%ced

by the ori inal3 by choosin and placin words correctly. In 1)+, the -n lishman 7. Tayler formed the followin re>%ests to the translation in his boo4 KThe principles of the translationL0 1.The translation sho%ld transfer the ideas of the ori inal completelyC 2.The style and way of the e.position sho%ld be the same as in the ori inalC 3.The translation sho%ld be read with the same easiness as the ori inal wor4s. The translation is the m%ltifaceted phenomenon and some aspects of it can be the s%bEects of the research of different sciences. In the frames of the science of translation psycholo ical3 literat%re critical3 ethno raphical and other points of translation as well as the history of translation in one or other co%ntry are bein st%died. 7ccordin to the s%bEect of research we %se the 4nowled e of the psycholo y of translation3 the theory of art and literary translation3 ethno raphical science of translation3 historical science of translation and so on. The main place in the modern translation belon s to lin %istic translation3 which st%dies the translation as lin %istic phenomenon. The different 4inds of translation complement each other and stri(e to detailed description of the acti(ity of the translation. The theory of translation p%ts forward the followin tas4s0 1.To open and describe the common lin %istic basis of translation3 that is to show which pec%liarities of lin %istic systems and re %larities of the lan %a e operation are the basis of the translatin process3 ma4e this process possible and determine its character and bordersC 2.To determine the translation as the s%bEect of the lin %istic research3 to show its difference from the other 4inds of lin %istic mediationC 3.To wor4 o%t the basis of classification of 4inds of the translatin acti(ityC !.To open the essence of the translatin e>%i(alence as the basis of the comm%nicati(e identity of the ori inal te.ts and the translationC #.To wor4 o%t the common principles and the pec%liarities of constr%ction of the pec%liar and special translation theories for the different combinations of lan %a esC &.To wor4 o%t the common principles of the scientific description of the translation process as actions of a translator of transformin the ori inal te.t to the translatin te.tC ).To open the infl%ence on the translatin process of pra matic and social lin %istic factorsC *.To determine the idea Kthe translatin normL and to wor4 o%t the principles. It is common 4nowled e that in order to pro(ide an ade>%ate translation3 the translator m%st be able to sense n%ances in the semantics of both the so%rce2lan %a e and tar et2lan %a e te.ts. -n lish phrasal (erbs 8e. . give up, break in, fall out9 are of reat

interest to me in this respect beca%se they possess >%ite a n%mber of semantic3 rammatical and stylistic pec%liarities3 sometimes ma4in their acc%rate translation into /%ssian diffic%lt. "f co%rse3 in dealin with the translation of s%ch le.ical %nits into his or her nati(e lan %a e3 the translator can cons%lt the appropriate bilin %al dictionary3 b%t what abo%t the profo%nd comprehension of why this or that phrasal (erb is translated only this and not any other way; To et a ood idea of -n lish phrasal (erbsJ semantic n%ances3 let %s first loo4 at their concept%al feat%res. In theory3 phrasal (erbs are enerally considered to be idiomatic combinations of a (erb and an ad(erbial particle. The e.act stat%s of the latter is still bein debated3 scholars bein di(ided on whether it is an ad(erb3 prepositional ad(erb3 postpositional prefi.3 special part of speech3 etc. Howe(er3 here we are interested only in the feat%res of ad(erbial particles. In eneral3 the main f%nction of phrasal (erbs is concept%al cate oriIation of reality in the spea4erJs mind. They denote not only actions or states as DordinaryD (erbs do3 b%t also specify their spatial3 temporal or other characteristics. This ability to describe actions or states more precisely3 (i(idly and emotionally is determined by the ad(erbial components of phrasal (erbs. 'y combinin with these elements3 (erbs of broader meanin are s%bEected to a re %lar and systematic m%ltiplication of their semantic f%nctions. :hile the -n lish (erb has no consistent str%ct%ral representation of aspect3 ad(erbial particles either impart an additional aspecti(e meanin to the base (erb 8e. . the d%rati(e (erb sit mer es with the particle down into the terminati(e phrasal (erb sit down9 or introd%ce a le.ical modification to its f%ndamental semantics. In most cases ad(erbial elements denote the eneral spatial direction of the action or e.press its >%alitati(e or >%antitati(e characteristics3 li4e be innin set out!, d%ration bum along!, completion think out!, intensity hurry up!, and so on. "b(io%sly3 s%ch semantic pec%liarities of -n lish phrasal (erbs m%st infl%ence the process of their translation into the /%ssian lan %a e3 which has a hi hly de(eloped system of (erbal prefi.es. In addition to their f%nction that is analo o%s to that of -n lish prefi.es3 /%ssian (erbal prefi.es resemble -n lish ad(erbial particles in their semantic f%nctions3 also indicatin (ario%s >%alities of actions and states. Bi4e ad(erbial particles in -n lish3 /%ssian prefi.es are le.ically stron . @or e.ample3 the /%ssian prefi. DMNO2D denotes 19 di(ision into parts 8$%&'$()*+,9C 29 distrib%tion3 direction of action in different directions 8$%-./0%+,&19C 39 action in re(erse 8$%-2*3*$(4%+,9C !9 termination of action or state 8MNOPQRSTU9C #9 intensification of action 8$%&561&%+,&19 5The ".ford /%ssian Dictionary6. Th%s3 in translation from -n lish into /%ssian3 the meanin of the -n lish ad(erbial component of the phrasal (erb is

mostly con(eyed by %sin the /%ssian prefi. that reflects the character of the described action or state most acc%rately. To a reater de ree3 this refers rather to n%ances of semantics than rammar. :hen dealin with translation of -n lish phrasal (erbs or pre2 analysis of their ad(erbial elementsJ meanin 3 one sho%ld always 4eep in mind their asto%ndin polysemy3 which sometimes borders on homonymy. Compare the followin 0 take in 7 8to recei(e sb in oneJs home with welcome3 as a %est9 and take in 89 8to decei(e sb9 :ongman ;ictionary of <hrasal =erbs!. It holds tr%e for /%ssian prefi.es as well3 the same ones renderin different shades of meanin in different %ses 8see e.amples abo(e9. That is why it seems almost impossible to create a consistent ri id system of le.ical correspondences between -n lish ad(erbial particles and /%ssian prefi.es3 witho%t enco%nterin n%mero%s debatable problems. Strictly spea4in 3 proper translation of -n lish phrasal (erbs to a hi h de ree depends on the conte.t in which they are %sed3 which s% ests the appropriate interpretation of the described action. Ha(in stated the specific characteristics of the action denoted by a certain phrasal (erb3 one can see4 a /%ssian co%nterpart prefi.3 which is the closest in renderin the same idea and meets the le.ical and rammatical re>%irements of translation into the tar et lan %a e. @or e.ample3 the sentence >?he attack had gone across the field, been held up by machine"gun fire from sunken road, encountered no resistance in the town, and reached the bank of the river>5-. Hemin way3 @ Way AouBll Cever Be6 sho%ld be translated asDE+%'% $%-4/$+F4%6%&, 3% 6GHG * IF6% 5$*(&+%3(46/3% 5G6/2/+3F2 (H3/2 & J($(K3(L 4F/2'*, 3/ 4&+$/+*6% (+5($% 4 H($(J/ * -%'(3M*6%&, 3% I/$/HG $/'*N. 7ccordin to the :ongman ;ictionary of <hrasal =erbs, in the abo(e conte.t the phrasal (erb hold up has the followin meanin 0 2. to delay 8sth or sb9. The /%ssian prefi. >5$*"> ade>%ately renders the idea that the attac4 was delayed E%st for a while. The sentences >?here was a little fire there. Cancy built it up, when it was already hot inside> 5:. @a%l4ner3 ?hat Ovening Sun6 ha(e the followin translation0DP (M%H/ /Q/ IF6* H($1M*/ GH6*,(3% *0 $%-JG6%, * 56%21 4&5F03G6(>. The ad(erbial particle %p in the phrasal (erb build up imparts the idea of increasin the siIe of the fire and shows the intensification of the action. 7ccordin to the definition i(en in the ".ford /%ssian Dictionary3 the most appropriate /%ssian prefi. sho%ld be >$%-">, indicatin the intensification of action. @or the sentence >?hree or four times while I was going through their envelopes, I was tempted to get up and make a formal protest to R.AoshotoD 5V. D. Salin er3 ;e ;aumier"SmithBs Blue <eriod6 the best translation wo%ld be >S '(HJ% 1 5$(&2%+$*4%6 *0 $%I(+F, 2/31 3/ $%- +%' * 5(J2F4%6( 4&'(M*+, * (I$%+*+,&1 &

(T*U*%6,3F2 5$(+/&+(2 ' 2(&,/ V()(+(>, as there is a proper semantic correspondence between the ad(erbial element thro% h in the phrasal (erb oin thro% h and the /%ssian prefi. >5$("> in the (erb DWMXYZNTMS[NPD3 both denotin e.ha%sti(e action. -n lish phrasal (erbs can be hi hly idiomatic3 their meanin s bein %npredictable from the s%m of their constit%entsJ meanin s 8e. .take in 8to decei(e93 lay down 8to b%ild93 let on 8to tell a secret9. In s%ch cases3 where the conte.t or professional e.perience fail to re(eal the sense of a phrasal (erb3 a ood e.planatory or bilin %al dictionary can be of reat help to the translator. @or e.ample3 for a person who is not a nati(e spea4er of -n lish3 in the sentence DHe li4ed to break in his assistants slowlyD neither the conte.t3 nor the ad(erbial element of the phrasal (erb hint at the real meanin of the combination break in.7ccordin to the Bon man Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs3 the phrasal (erb break in has the followin D%ne.pectedD meanin 0 !. to help 8smb9 to become acc%stomed 8to wor43 etc.9 . The /%ssian edition of this (ery dictionary 8E3H6*L&'*/ T$%-(4F/ H6%H(6F. E3H6("$G&&'*L &6(4%$,, /%ss4iy =aIy4 P%blishers3 ?oscow3 1++)9 treats this meanin in the same way0 !.[[X\STU 8]X^X2P.9 [ ]_MY 8`X[Xa MNRXTb S T.W.9. 7 thoro% h st%dy and conse>%ent %nderstandin of semantic correspondences in the -n lish and /%ssian (erbal systems can be >%ite a powerf%l tool in the translatorJs arsenal.

1.0 %he functions of the Phrasal Verbs Dancec Sin c Paintc Ai lec Chewc :hat are these words doin ; They are e.pressin action3 somethin that a person3 animal3 force of nat%re3 or thin can do. 7s a res%lt3 words li4e these are called action (erbs. There are three properties which characteriIe (erbs in -n lish 2 tense3 (oice3 and mood. The (oice of a (erb3 passi(e or acti(e3 e.presses whether the action is bein recei(ed by the s%bEect or bein done by the s%bEect. The two (oices may occ%r in any tense. The mood of a (erb e.presses the conditions %nder which an action or condition is ta4in place. In -n lish there are three moods22indicati(e3 s%bE%ncti(e3 or imperati(e. Indicati(e and s%bE%ncti(e can be in any tenseC imperati(e3 only in the present tense.

Verbs are also classified accordin to f%nction. 7ction (erbs show action or possession. 7ction (erbs are either transiti(e or intransiti(e. Bin4in (erbs show the condition of the s%bEect. 7%.iliary (erbs3 also called helpin (erbs3 are %sed with other (erbs to chan e the tense3 (oice3 or condition of the (erb. Conditional (erbs are (erbs conE% ated with co%ld3 wo%ld3 or sho%ld to show a possible condition. They may be in any tense. 7 (erb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of bein . The (erb is the heart of a sentence 2 e(ery sentence m%st ha(e a (erb. /eco niIin the (erb is often the most important step in %nderstandin the meanin of a sentence. In the sentence0 the do bit the man3 bit is the (erb and the word which shows the action of the sentence. In the sentence0 the man is sittin on a chair3 e(en tho% h the action doesnJt show m%ch acti(ity3 sittin is the (erb of the sentence. In the sentence0 she is a smart irl3 there is no action b%t a state of bein e.pressed by the (erb is. The word be is different from other (erbs in many ways b%t can still be tho% ht of as a (erb. dnli4e most of the other parts of speech3 (erbs chan e their form. Sometimes endin s are added 8learn 2 learned9 and sometimes the word itself becomes different 8teach2ta% ht9. The different forms of (erbs show different meanin s related to s%ch thin s as tense 8past3 present3 and f%t%re93 person 8first person3 second person3 third person93 n%mber 8sin %lar3 pl%ral9 and (oice 8acti(e3 passi(e9. Verbs are also often accompanied by (erb2li4e words called modals 8may3 co%ld3 sho%ld3 etc.9 and a%.iliaries 8do3 ha(e3 will3 etc.9 One of the %ost i%portant thin"s about verbs is their relationship to ti%e. .n En"lish the fourteen verb tenses e4press the ti%e or relative ti%e in 1hich an action or condition occurs. Aerbs tell if so%ethin" has already happened6 if it 1ill happen later6 or if it is happenin" no1. !or thin"s happenin" no16 1e use the present tense of a verb9 for so%ethin" that has already happened6 1e use the past tense9 and for so%ethin" that 1ill happen later6 1e use the future tense.C0D 1.1 %he structure and meanin) of Phrasal Verbs 7 phrasal (erb is a combination of a DsimpleD (erb 8consistin of one word9. 8@or e.ample0 come3 p%t3 o9 and a postpositions 8for e.ample0 in3 off3 %p93 representin semantic and syntactic %niform %nit. @or e.ample0 come in 2 to enter i(e %p 2 to cease. The phrasal (erb can be replaced by a DsimpleD (erb. It characteriIes a phrasal (erb as semantic %nity0 call %p < telephone come by < obtain p%t off < postpone

p%t %p with 2 tolerate.5+6 '%t this criterion is not common for all phrasal (erbs since the e>%i(alent of many phrasal (erbs is a word2combination0 brea4 down 2 stop f%nctionin ma4e %p 2 apply cosmetics ta4e off 2 of a plane 2 lea(e the ro%nd.51,6 The ne.t pec%liarity is idiomatic. The idiom is a combination of two or more words3 whose (al%e does not coincide with the (al%e of its components. ?any phrasal (erbs ha(e the (al%e which is impossible to ded%ce from the (al%es of its components. @or e.ample0 brin %p 2 ed%cate i(e %p 2 stop doin 3 %sin 3 etc. o off 2 e.plodeC rin come by 2 obtain. It is diffic%lt to define the meanin of an idiomatic (erb. So for e.ample the (erbs fall down and p%ll off3 on the one hand3 donJt possess any idiomatic (al%e. fall down 2 to fall p%ll off 2 to remo(e3 p%ll down '%t these (erbs ha(e also the followin dictionary (al%es. fall down 2 19 to admire 8to someone in power9 29 to fail3 %ns%ccessf%lly to terminate p%ll off 2 19 to achie(e3 despite diffic%lties 29 to win 8a priIe3 competition9 So3 the i(en property is not the core for phrasal (erbs. Sometimes the (al%e of a (erb can be ded%ced from its components. Some phrasal (erbs ha(e two and more (al%es3 one of which idiomatic3 others opposite which are easily ded%ced from their components. ?any lin %ists consider the ability of phrasal (erbs to form the passi(e (oice as one of their basic properties. @or e.ample0 Payments are limited to 1, e each month. This medicine m%st be meas%red o%t e.actly. The ne.t property of a phrasal (erb is the possibility to ha(e ad(erbial postpositions before and after a no%n %sed with the i(en (erb. @or obEect the final position bears the bi semantic loadin 3 therefore if addition does not bear the new or important information3 %s%ally it settles down interposition. @or e.ample0 Call him %p or call %p him 8not his sister9 If the obEect is e.pressed by se(eral words3 it3 most li4ely3 will be ta4in of a final position. @or e.ample0 He p%t on the coat he had bo% ht in Bondon. If the obEect is e.pressed by a prono%n3 it always is interposition. @or e.ample0 He too4 his coat and p%t it on.5116

1.2 Classification of Phrasal Verbs Aro%p (erb is (ery di(erse as to their compatibility3 as well as the added (al%e that they are or who they ac>%ire in the te.t. They can e.press the character of the transition from one state to another3 ind%cin action3 etc.3 b%t in all cases action is always a (al%e3 the prisoners in the (erb. Very lar e and di(erse ro%p of phrase (erbs e.press the mo(ement and at the same time describin it. Verbs of this ro%p often e.press not E%st the traffic and mo(e from one place to another. Therefore3 most of them %sed to Postpositions indicatin direction of mo(ement 8into3 o%t3 %p3 to9. @or e.ample0 stand up " stand upW go out " go, goW go into " enterW #ump into " #ump, leapW It sho%ld be noted cases where the phrasal (erb is termination3 or3 con(ersely3 the be innin of the mo(ement. @or e.ample0 get over " to end, away from anythingW #ump down " #umping off, #ump offW run out " run outW throw off, get off " to start something!W 7 (ery lar e ro%p consists of ro%p (erb3 e.pressin the transition obEect from one state to another3 or his mo(ement. In fact3 (erbs of motion obEectin to the transition from immobility or be innin of motion3 can be attrib%ted to this ro%p or be considered as an intermediate lin4. Aenerally3 the bo%ndaries between different ro%ps of phrase (erbs are (ery %nsteady in le.ical terms3 so it is not easy determined. @or e.ample0 8! move in X to take possession of a new place to live move towards " to go in the direction of something or someone! 9! to change oneBs opinion in the direction of. move off X to start a #ourneyW leave. The third ro%p belon s to ro%p (erb with semantic component DBac4 of chan e of an obEectD. @or e.ample0 stay behindW to remain at a distance behind something or someoneW keep behind W stay down X to remain at a lower level W remain ahead H to stay in a forward or leadin position The followin ro%p of (al%es is dominated by (erbal component Dima e ?o(ement D. @or e.ample0 walk away from X to leave something or someone! on footW

walk about Y around X to walk in a place without directionW spin along X to move forward easily a quite quickly with a rolling movementW frighten away Y off X to make somebody! leave through fear.5126

1.13 Cate)ories of Phrasal !erbs Considerin the syntactic indi(isible combinations of the (erb and a postpositions with perspecti(e bro% ht by postpositions in their (al%es I.-. 7nich4o( distin %ishes fi(e cate ories of s%ch combinations0 19 Combinations in which the postpositions has specifically spatial meanin 3 !or e4a%ple0 go in, come out, take away, bring, back. 29 Combinations in which the postpositions is an abstract deri(ed (al%e3 whose contact with the primary meanin is felt !or e4a%ple0 let a person down X fail himW come in X find a placeW bring out X eZposeW pull through X recoverW pick up X acquireW 39 7 combination in which only the postpositions %nderlines or s%pports the importance of the (erb. !or e4a%ple0 fall down, rise up, turn over, and circle roundW !9 7 combination of (al%es3 which donJt arise from the (al%es of (erbs and postpositions are not felt as emanatin from them3 and are semantically decomposable. !or e4a%ple0 come about X happen fall out X quarrel give up X abandon drop off X fall asleepW take in X deceiveW #9 7 combination in which the postpositions brin s le.ically specific h%e. The last bit postpositions brin s n%ance0 a9 perfecti(e0 eat %p H eat the holeC Carry o%t H e.ec%teC b9 terminati(e means not complete action and termination an %nfinished action0 Bea(e off wor4C Ai(e %p an attemptC c9 inchoati(e or incepti(e0 stri4e %p a t%ne3 li ht %p H be in smo4in C brea4 o%t H to start s%ddenly 8of (iolent e(ents9.

9 D%rati(e or lon er0 Ao on3 tal4 away3 str% le alon C d9 interacti(e3 or repeated. S%ch postpositions as a ain3 anew3 afresh3 sometimes bac4 and o(er endorsin the (erb form a combination with (al%e of the repetition of steps0 :rite a ain3 write anew3 and write afresh.... '%t the classification of (erb phrase is not absol%te. The bo%ndaries between the dischar es are not clearly established3 and the (erb in one case may apply to the second le(el3 and the other to the fo%rth. This may be d%e to the fact that the etymolo y of the (erb in time to re(eal all comple. and3 conse>%ently3 its (al%e is not deri(ed from his components. In addition3 there are always words that allow different interpretations. So3 this classification sho%ld be called conditional.5136 1.11 Explorin) Phrasal Verbs Phrasal (erbs can be partic%larly problematic for /%ssian learners of -n lish beca%se this type of le.ical %nit simply does not e.ist in /%ssian. This means that st%dents may be rel%ctant to %se phrasal (erbs when spea4in -n lish3 preferrin more familiar b%t formal (erbs. dnfort%nately3 this can ma4e them so%nd o(erly official to nati(e spea4ers of -n lish3 who fa(or phrasal (erbs in speech. @eelin comfortable when %sin phrasal (erbs ta4es time and practice3 b%t itJs worth the effort if yo% want to so%nd more nat%ral when spea4in -n lish. Verbs of this type sho%ld not be learn separately from %s%al (erbs or other (ocab%lary3 b%t rather assimilated alon with thematically connected le.is. @or e.ample3 yo%Jre st%dyin a simple topic li4e Kdaily ro%tineL yo% mi ht come across many %s%al (erbs 8 wash3 ha(e brea4fast3 br%sh oneJs teeth 9 pl%s se(eral phrasal (erbs 8 wa4e %p3 et %p3 p%t on 9. The latter sho%ld be learn as a sin le words or constr%ctions beca%se they act as one %nit li4e a sin le (erb in /%ssian. This iss%e of (erb G particle8 preposition or ad(erb9 constit%tin a sin le semantic %nit can be complicated in cases where the (erb is separated from its particle in the sentence3 for e.ample0 :hy donJt yo% s1itch the li ht on ; 8switchG on9. Here3 yo% ha(e to 4now that the preposition KonL is part of the phrasal (erb Kswitch onL. fnowin when a phrasal (erb can be split li4e this and when it cannot m%st be learnt. In /%ssian3 prefi.es are %sed to alter the meanin of (erbs3 as in0 E]PQgSTU3 EF]PQgSTU3 GHIH]PQgSTU. In some ways3 this can be compared to the %se of -n lish phrasal (erbs li4e0 Kswitch onL3 Kswitch offL and Kswitch overL. Here3 the difference is in the position

of the additional information2 at the be innin in /%ssian and after the (erb in -n lish. This pattern can also be obser(ed with (erbs of motion in both lan %a es. Phrasal (erbs in -n lish do not always follow lo ical patterns3 as is demonstrated in the f%nny e.ample below0 Put on means `N\h[NTU3 b%t put off does not mean Y`iTUcPut off means XTPXjSTU. (a2e off means Y`iTU b%t ta2e on means `N`iTU. This ets more complicated when we consider that these phrasal (erbs ha(e additional meanin s. Put<so%eone=off means Kto distract3 diss%ade from doin L3 ta2e off is also what an aeroplane does when lea(in the ro%nd and can be %sed in 7merican -n lish to mean Klea(e witho%t warnin L3 ta2e on can mean Kto ass%me the role ofL or Kto challen e someone in fi ht or competitionL. @or this reason3 it is recommended learnin phrasal (erbs if and when yo% find them in conte.t and with a limited meanin . Sittin down on the sofa with a list of 1,, phrasal (erbs3 each of of which may ha(e se(eral additional meanin s3 isnJt the best approach. To show how many phrasal (erbs can be created from E%st one simple (erb3below is a list of those with "et ' 19+et about 5 tra(el aro%nd8abo%t people and r%mo%rs9C 29+et across < con(ey a messa e1idea1point3 mo(e from one place to anotherC 39+et ahead < pro ress3 mo(e ahead of others3 ain an ad(anta eC !9+et alon" J comm%nicate well or be friends with3 to lea(eC #9+et around J et aro%nd to doin somethin 3 a(oid doin somethin C &9+et at < attac4 or ni le someone3 to mean 8Kdo yo% %nderstand what IJm ettin at;L9C )9+et a1ay J escapeC *9+et a1ay 1ith J a(oid blame for somethin 3 stealC +9+et bac2 J ret%rn3 et bac4 at8ta4e re(en e9C 1,9+et behind < not do wor4 on timeC 119+et by J ha(e E%st eno% h money to s%r(i(e3 ma4e ends meet3 to ed e past somethin or someoneC 129+et do1n J start wor43 to become depressed3 to boo ie or ha(e a ood dance3 climb downC 139+et for1ard J mo(e forward8%s%ally abo%t attac4in players in sports %atches=9 1!9+et in J arri(e8home3 to a station or airport93 enter a car or similar (ehicleC 1#9+et into J become interested in3 et into tro%ble1diffic%lties8be in9C 1&9+et off < step down from somethin 8chair93 lea(e8b%s3 plane9C

1)9+et on J step %p8chair93enter8b%s9C 1*9+et out 2lea(e8ho%se3car93 et o%t of3send o%tC 1+9+et over J o(ercome problems3 reco(er from illness3 climb

o(erC
2,9+et so%ethin" over 1ith J do somethin altho% h yo%

donJt want toC 219+et throu"h 2o(ercome diffic%lties3 physically mo(e thro% hC 229+et to J reachC 239+et to"ether J ather3 meet informallyC 2!9+et up J stand3 what yo% do in the mornin C 2#9+et up to J to do8Kwhat did yo% et %p last ni ht;L93 o %ntil.

/iblio)raphy
1.Bollinger, ;., 8[\8!, ?he <hrasal =erb in Onglish, Harvard

]niversity <ress, ^ambridge, Rass. 9. Bra_il, ;. @ `rammar of Speech ;. Bra_il. " aZford ]niversity <ress , 8[[b c. Brinton, :., 8[dd!, ?he ;evelopment of Onglish @spectual Systems, ^ambridge ]niversity <ress, ^ambridge. 7. ^omrie, B., 8[\e!, @spect, ^ambridge ]niversity <ress, ^ambridge. b. :ive, @. H., 8[eb!, ?he ;iscontinuous =erb in Onglish, Word 98f 79d"b8. e.E$3(6,J, S.P. g+*6*&+*'% &(4$/2/33(H( %3H6*L&'(H( 1-F'%. S.P.E$3(6,J. " h.f i$(&4/Q/3*/, 8[d8. \. Speak Onglish. Onglish for jomanians. Raga_ine. 8, 8[[8,

Internet sources d. @cademic centerf Onglish as a koreign :anguage httpfYYwww.uhv.edu YacYelfYphrasal verbs. asp [. Onglish as 9nd :anguagehttpfYYesl.about.comYcsYintermediateYfYf.phrasal.htm. 88. :ongman ;ictionary of <hrasal verbsl,httpfYYwww.answer.comYtopicYphrasalverbs 88. <hrasal verbs qui_httpfYYwww.stuff.co.ukYphrasal.htm. 89. <hrasal verbs h pfYY9udnature"online"eikaiwa.comY<hrasl verbs 8c. Onglish as 9nd :anguage httpfYYesl.about.comYcsYintermediateYfYf.phrasal.htm 87. ?he aZford companion to the mOnglish :anguagel httpfYYwww.answers.comYtopicYphrasalverbs 8b. ?he owl at <roduct httpfYYowl.englishproduct. OduYowln resourceYeco8Yo8Y ;ictionaries 8e. p(4/L)*L %3H6("$G&&'*L &6(4%$,, $G&&'("%3H6*L&'*L." q.f S-J%+/6,&+4( DE$*LN, h.f Sqrs Dt%J%N,9ood,"[eo 8\. anline"dictionary :IC`=a 8d. aZford @dvanced ;ictionary of ^urrent Onglish u?eZtv Y @.S. Reference' Copyri ht 2,1122,123 englishinrussia.ruW ;ictionary boZ.com

Chapter II. Phrasal !erbs in use The most import thin is to %nderstand the meanin s of -n lish phrasal (erbs and to be able to %se them in speech and in writin . -n lish people %se them all the time0 we can meet phrasal (erbs in son s3 ma aIines and newspaper articles. @or e.ample0 :e can i(e e.amples fo%nd in literat%re 1. :hat he saw was worse than he had fi %red o%t. 2. Very few people care abo%t orphans. 1. The @rench /e(ol%tion bro4e o%t in 1)*+. 2. 7 man was bro% ht %p to the standards set by /eason. 3. The romantic poets3 who co%ld not p%t with and lon ed to transcend the limits set by nat%re and society to man3 searched for permanence.

!. The challen e res%lted in the emancipation of the creati(e ima ination. #. These (iews f the poet acco%nt for the fact that romantic poetry is lar ely inward2loo4in . &. The penetrably of mystery attracted the romantic so%l3 b%t it was constantly p%lled bac4 into the real. 1. :e find it diffic%lt to 4eep in to%ch with o%rsel(es. 2. ?%sic helps %s to 4eep in to%ch with o%rsel(es. 3. Son stopped bein a son and t%rned into so%nd. !. The 'eatles came alon and sol(ed the problem. 7lso phrasal (erbs %sed in the lan %a e of comp%tin and the Internet are o(erwhelmin ly -n lish. :hether yo%kre e2mailin or %sin word processor3 s%rfin the net or E%st chattin with yo%r friend abo%t the new comp%ter yo%k(e E%st bo% ht3 yo%kre s%re to come across the (erbs listed below. pop %p < appear s%ddenly -(ery time I open this site3 a new window pops %p sayin that I won a free priIe. scroll down < mo(e 8a pa e9 down There was a lon list of names on the webpa e and I had to scroll down to (iew all of them. dial %p < dial a n%mber that connects a comp%ter with an Internet ser(ice pro(ider Sometimes it ta4es my comp%ter for e(er to dial %p to my Internet ser(ice pro(ider. pl% in < insert a pl% into an electric o%tlet She for ot to pl% in her printer and was wonderin why it didnkt wor4. lo in < enter a comp%ter by pro(idin %sername and password I lo in to my ban4 acco%nt e(ery wee4 to chec4 my balance. set %p < establish I as4ed my friend help me set %p my email acco%nt. It is sensible to bac4 %p yo%r files re %larly. That way yo% can always restore an important doc%ment if it ets deleted. :ait till the PC boots %p3 then lo in and r%n the pro rams yo% need. ?y PC bro4e down and I co%ldnJt %se it %ntil somebody came and fi.ed it for me. I canJt listen to m%sic on my comp%ter beca%se my spea4ers are not connected %p. The comp%ter went down and when I booted %p a ain the report IJd been wor4in on had disappearedc =o% m%st lo in to the local networ4 to be able to share files with other people. =o% m%st lo o%t and then lo in a ain for the chan es to ta4e effect. ThereJs somethin wron with my printer0 it lets me print o%t one pa e

at a time only. I donJt see any point in sh%ttin down my PC when I o to l%nch 2 I rarely spend more than fifteen min%tes away from the comp%ter d%rin the wor4in day. ?a4e s%re yo% sa(e all the doc%ments yo%J(e been wor4in with before yo% switch off yo%r PC. Some older PCs donJt allow yo% to switch them on by clic4in yo%r mo%se or p%shin a 4ey on the 4eyboard. To post a messa e on this for%m3 type in yo%r name and yo%r messa e3 then hit the JS%bmitJ b%tton. The (ir%s wiped o%t all the data stored on the comp%ter. $.1. %he /asic (tructure of Phrasal Verbs Phrasal (erbs are (erbs that form a combination 8a phrase9 with postpositions or prepositions and no%ns. S%ch str%ct%res are %s%ally idiomatic in meanin 3 and sho%ld be memoriIed as s%ch. @or st%dyin p%rposes3 phrasal (erbs can be di(ided into basic str%ct%res0 1. Preposition and post preposition $. Verbs &ith prepositions and noun '. Verbs &ith post prepositions $.$. Prepositions and Postpositions Prepositions and postpositions in -n lish are the same in form b%t different in f%nction. Some prepositions are not %sed as postpositions3 for e.ample3 Dat3 for3 from3 into3 onto3 of3 withD. Some postpositions are not %sed as prepositions3 for e.ample3 Dahead3 apart3 aside3 away3 bac43 and forwardD. '%t some of them can f%nction as prepositions or postpositions dependin on the str%ct%re in which they are %sed3 for e.ample3 Dabo%t3 across3 alon 3 aro%nd3 behind3 by3 down3 in3 off3 on3 o%t3 o(er3 thro% h3 %nder3 %pD3 so itJs important to %nderstand the difference between them. 7 preposition is %sed with a no%n 8or its s%bstit%te93 stands before it3 and is not stressed. 7 preposition is part of a prepositional no%n phrase3 which means that a preposition always needs a no%n. 7 postposition is %sed with a (erb3 stands after it3 %s%ally forms an idiom with this (erb 8it chan es the meanin of the (erb93 and is always stressed. 7 postposition is part of the predicate3 which means that a postposition always needs a (erb. Some lin %ists call postpositions Dad(erbsD3 Dad(erbial particlesD or Dpreposition2ad(erbsD3 beca%se they are ad(erbial in character. -..0How did he get inw How did he get in Y into the housew

In the first sentence3 the postposition DinD is part of the phrasal (erb D et inD3 is stressed3 and in this sentence recei(es the fallin intonation. In the second sentence3 the preposition DinD or DintoD belon s to the no%n Dthe ho%seD and is not stressed. $.'. Verbs &ith prepositions and nouns In the str%ct%re DVerb with preposition and no%nD3 the (erb dictates the choice of a specific preposition3 and this means that in many cases yo% need to learn these phrases by heart. 7 s%itable no%n or its s%bstit%te 8a prono%n3 a er%nd3 a >%estion word9 is always %sed in this str%ct%re and always stands after its preposition. In the lists of phrasal (erbs3 the words Dsomethin D and DsomeoneD show where e.actly the no%ns stand in this str%ct%re. 7 s%itable no%n is chosen by the spea4er accordin to the sit%ation3 for e.ample0 We agreed on the price of bo dollars. We agreed on going to jome in the spring We agreed on it. What did you agree onw l%ite often3 a direct obEect 8another no%n or prono%n9 oes between the (erb and the preposition with no%n in this str%ct%re3 for e.ample0 I congratulate you on your new #ob. She blames Rike for the loss of her bag. $.*. Verbs &ith Postpositions There are two 4ey elements in this str%ct%re0 the (erb and the postpositions. Phrasal (erbs of this 4ind present the most diffic%lty as they are hi hly idiomatic3 i.e. their meanin is not predictable from the meanin s of their components3 and they %s%ally ha(e se(eral idiomatic meanin s. ?any (erbs can be %sed as phrasal (erbs with postpositions3 b%t the most important and the most prod%cti(e are the (erbs of motion0 brea43 brin 3 call3 chec43 close3 come3 c%t3 do3 drop3 fall3 et3 i(e3 o3 loo43 ma4e3 mo(e3 pic43 p%ll3 p%sh3 p%t3 r%n3 set3 show3 ta4e3 tear3 t%rn and some others. 7nd the (erb DbeD 2 the bi est (erb of -n lish. The meanin of a phrasal (erb with a postpositions is %s%ally idiomatic3 that is3 different from the literal meanin s of its components3 for e.ample0 This >%estion is too diffic%lt3 I i(e %p. :atch o%tc The b%s is comin c The phrasal (erb D i(e %pD is idiomatic3 beca%se it means Dstop tryin to do somethin D3 not the s%m of the literal meanin s of the words D i(esD and D%pD. The phrasal (erb Dwatch o%tD is idiomatic3

beca%se it means Dbe caref%lD3 not the s%m of the literal meanin s of the words DwatchD and Do%tD. 7 (erb with a postpositions may be witho%t any no%n after it3 or there may be a direct or indirect obEect after it3 for e.ample0 They bro4e in. They bro4e in the door. They bro4e in thro% h the window. :hen a prono%n is %sed instead of a no%n3 it %s%ally stands between the (erb and the postpositions0 They bro% ht %p their three sons in Italy They bro% ht them %p in Italy @ill o%t the form. @ill it o%t. In spo4en -n lish3 a direct obEect in the form of a short no%n or someoneJs name may also stand between the (erb and the postpositions0 Bet in 7nna 'la4e. Bet 7nna 'la4e in. '%t the postpositions sho%ldnJt be placed too far from the (erb or separated from it by intonation3 beca%se they create the meanin of the phrasal (erb to ether. ?any (erbs with postpositions3 especially the (erbs of motion3 are also %sed in the literal meanin of the phrasal (erb0 P%t yo%r boots o%t3 IJll clean them. DonJt for et to p%t o%t the li ht before yo% lea(e. Boo4 %p the new words. He stopped readin and loo4ed %p. The phrasal (erb Dp%t o%tD in the first sentence literally means Dp%t o%tsideD and is the s%m of the meanin s of Dp%tD and Do%tD. The phrasal (erb Dp%t o%tD in the second sentence is idiomatic3 beca%se it means De.tin %ish 8the li ht3 fire or ci arette9D and is not the s%m of the literal meanin s of Dp%tD and Do%tD. The phrasal (erb Dloo4 %pD in the first sentence is idiomatic3 beca%se it means Dfind in a reference boo4D and is not the s%m of the literal meanin s of Dloo4D and D%pD. The phrasal (erb Dloo4 %pD in the second sentence literally means Dloo4 %pD and is the s%m of the meanin s of Dloo4D and D%pD. The literal meanin s of (erbs with postpositions present no diffic%lty for %nderstandin . The literal meanin s of the postpositions in s%ch phrasal (erbs often correspond to the meanin of prefi.es in /%ssian (erbs3 for e.ample0 come in3 o o%t3 r%n o%t3 i(e away3 t%rn away3 etc. '%t (erbs with postpositions (ery rarely3 if e(er3 ha(e only the literal meanin or only one meanin . Verbs with postpositions are (erbs with se(eral idiomatic meanin s3 and this means that they can be %sed in different sit%ations instead of more specific (erbs. Verbs with postpositions are mostly %sed in simple tenses. Verbs with

postpositions are %s%ally less formal than their one2word synonyms and beca%se of that they are widely %sed in con(ersational -n lish. There is a (ariation 8or combination9 of the two basic str%ct%res described abo(e3 in which a (erb with a postpositions ta4es a preposition and a s%itable no%n after it3 for e.ample0 IJm loo4in forward to yo%r letter. She wal4ed o%t on him. He is thro% h with the report. So3 in the first part I tried to i(e common definition to (erbs3 its f%nction on the -n lish rammar. 7lso I a(e a History and a definition of Phrasal (erb and its cate ories3 classification and the basic str%ct%re of Phrasal (erbs. $.,. Practical translation The Porsche crept alon the street li4e a slee4 blac4 panther. H% in the c%rb3 its en ine p%rred so deep and low it so%nded li4e a predatorks rowl. ?arnie Hibbs was 4neelin in the fertile soil of her bed3 di in amon the impatiens %nder the li %str%m b%shes and c%rsin the little b% s that made three meals a day of them3 when the so%nd of the carks motor attracted her attention3 she lanced at it o(er her sho%lder3 then panic4ed as it came to stop on front of her ho%se. KBord3 is it that late;L she m%ttered. Droppin her trowel3 she stood %p and br%shed the clin in damp earth of her bare 4nees. She reached %p to p%sh her dar4 ban s off her forehead before she realiIed that she still had on her hea(y ardenin lo(es. l%ic4ly she peeled them off and dropped them beside the trowel3 all the while watchin the dri(er et o%t of the sport car and start %p her front wal4. Alancin at her wristwatch3 she saw that she hadnkt lost trac4 of time. He was E%st (ery early for their appointment3 and as a res%lt3 she wasnkt oin to ma4e a (ery ood first impression. 'ein hot3 sweaty3 and dirty was no way to meet a client. 7nd she needed this commission badly. @orcin a smile3 she mo(ed down the sidewal4 to reet him3 ner(o%sly tryin to remember if she had left the ho%se and st%dio reasonably neat when she decided to do an ho%rks worth of yard wor4. She had planned to tidy %p before he arri(ed. She mi ht loo4 li4e the de(il3 b%t she didnkt want to appear intimated. Self2confident friendliness was the only way to combat the disad(anta e of ha(in been ca% ht loo4in her worst. He was still se(eral yards away from her when she reeted him. KHelloL3 she said with a bri ht smile. K"b(io%sly we ot o%r si nals switched. I tho% ht yo% werenkt comin %ntil later.L

KI decided this diabolical ame of yo%rs had one on lon eno% h.L ?arnieks snea4ers s4idded on the old concrete wal4 as she came to an abr%pt halt. She titled her head in st%nned s%rprise. KIkm sorry3 I <K K:ho the hell are yo%3 lady;L K?iss Hibbs. :ho do yo% thin4;L K$e(er heard of yo%. V%st what the de(il are yo% %p to;L Kdp to;L She lanced aro%nd helplessly3 as tho% h the iant sycamores in her front yard mi ht pro(ide an answer to this biIarre interro ation. K:hyk(e yo% been sendin me those letters;L KBetters;L He was clearly f%rio%s3 and her lac4 of comprehension only seemed to ma4e him an rier. He bored down on her li4e a haw4 on a field mo%se3 %ntil she had to bow her bac4 to loo4 %p at him. The s%mmer s%n was behind him3 castin him in silho%ette. He was blond3 tall3 trim3 and dressed in cas%al slac4s and a sport shirt < all stylish3 impeccably so. He was wearin opa>%e a(iator lasses3 so she co%ldnkt see his eyes3 b%t if they were as belli erent as his e.pression and stance3 she was better off not seein them. KI donkt 4now what yo% are tal4in abo%t.L KThe letters3 lady3 the letters.L He strained the words thro% h a set of stron white teeth. K:hat letters;L KDonkt plat d%mb.L K7re yo% s%re yo% ha(e ot the ri ht ho%se;L He too4 another step forward. KI ha(e ot the ri ht ho%seL3 he said in a (oice that was little more than a snarl. K"b(io%sly yo% donkt.L She didnkt li4e bein p%t on the defensi(e3 especially by someone shekd ne(er met o(er somethin of which she was totally i norant. K=o% are either craIy or dr%n43 b%t in any case3 yo%kre wron . Ikm not the person yo% are loo4in for and I demand that yo% lea(e my property. $ow.L K=o% were e.pectin me. I co%ld tell by the way yo% spo4e yo% me.L KI tho% ht yo% were the man from the ad(ertisin a ency.L K:ell3 Ikm not.L KThan4s Aod.L She wo%ld hate ha(in to do b%siness with someone this irrational and ill2tempered. K=o% 4now damn well who I amL3 he said3 peelin off the s%n lasses. ?arnie s%c4ed in a >%ic43 sharp breath and fell bac4 a step beca%se she did indeed 4now who he was. She raised a hand to her chest in an attempt at 4eepin her E%mpin heart in place. KBawL3 she aspedm Sandra Brown m:ong ?ime ^omingl nXMoh Zh\Ph``X ]MNPYi [\XPU _PSpb3 ]N] R_\TX ghM`Ni PXY`iqNiYi WN`ThMN. rR`SZNi XRXgS`_3 h^X \[S^NThPU _MgNP WX\XR`X MbgN`SQ sSq`S]N.

tNM`S uSRRY YTXiPN `N ]XPh`is `N WPX\XMX\`Xa WXg[h Y[Xha ]P_ZRb3 ]XWNiYU WX\ ]_YTNZS S WMX]PS`Ni ZNPh`U]Ss j_g]X[3 ]XTXMbh h\iT Ss TMSj\b ON \h`U3 ]X^\N O[_] ZXTXMN ZNoS`b WMS[Ph] hh [`SZN`Sh. r`N [O^Pi`_PN `N `hh ghMhO WPhgX S ON`hM[`SgNPN3 TN] ]N] ZNoS`N XYTN`X[SPNYU WhMh\ hh \XZXZ. 2vXjh3 `h_jhPS i XWXO\NPN; < WMXRXMZXTNPN X`N. vMXYS[ PXWNT]_3 X`N [YTNPN S YTMis`_PN WMSPSWo_Q ] hh ^XPbZ ]XPh`iZ YbM_Q OhZPQ. r`N WX\`iPN M_]S3 gTXRb WXWMN[STU Y[XQ ThZ`_Q ghP]h `N PR_3 ]N] WX`iPN3 gTX `N `ha \X YSs WXM X\hTb TijhPbh YN\X[bh WhMgNT]S. r`N RbYTMX YTi`_PN Ss S ]S`_PN ] PPXWNT]h3 [Yh WMX\XPjNi YZXTMhTU `N [X\SThPi3 ]XTXMba [bohP SO YWXMTS[`Xa ZNoS`b S WXi[SPYi `N \XMXj]h. wO^Pi`_[ `N Y[XS `NM_g`bh gNYb3 X`N WX`iPN3 gTX `h [S`X[NTN. r` WMXYTX WMShsNP `N [YTMhg_ YPSo]XZ MN`X S3 ]N] MhO_PUTNT3 X`N `h WX\^XTX[SPNYU ]N] YPh\_hT3 gTXRb WMXSO[hYTS sXMXohh [WhgNT\h`Sh. r`N RbPN MNO^XMigh``Xa3 [YTWXTh[oha S ^MiO`Xa3 S xTX RbP `h YNZba P_goSa [S\3 [ ]XTXMXZ ZXj`X [YTMhgNTU ]PSh`TN. y xTN [YTMhgN RbPN ha Xgh`U `_j`N. z `NTi`_TXa _PbR]Xa X`N [boPN `N TMXT_NM WXWMS[hTY[X[NTU h^X3 `hM[`X [YWXZS`Ni XYTN[SPN PS X`N \XZ S YT_\SQ [ WXMi\]h3 ]X^\N MhoSPN gNYS] WXMNRXTNTU [X \[XMh. r`N WPN`SMX[NPN `N[hYTS WXMi\X] \X TX^X3 ]N] X` WMSh\hT. r`N ZX^PN [b^Pi\hTU ]N] ghMTh`X]3 `X ha YX[YhZ `h sXThPXYU [b^Pi\hTU SYW_^N``Xa. zNZX_[hMh``Xh \M_jhPQRSh RbPX h\S`YT[h``bZ YWXYXRXZ Y]MNYSTU TX YXYTXi`Sh3 [ ]XTXMXZ X`N RbPN ONYTS^`_TN. r` RbP [ `hY]XPU]XSs iM\Ns XT `hh ]X^\N X`N Y]NONPN0 2nMS[hTc 2rgh[S\`X `NoS YS^`NPb [b]PQgh`b.3 i \_ZNP3 [b `h WX\Xa\hTh. 2{ MhoSPN3 gTX xTN [NoN ghMTX[Y]Ni S^MN WMX\XPjNhTYi _jh \XYTNTXg`X \XP^X. nXP_]h\b tNM`S YWXTb]NPSYU `N YTNMXa \XMXj]h3 ]N] R_\TX X`N sMXZNPN. r`N `N]PX`SPN ^XPX[_ [ XohPXZPiQqhZ _\S[Ph`SS. 2|O[S`STh3 i... 2}TX [b; 2tSYY uSRRY. y ]TX [b \_ZNPS; 2~S]X^\N `h YPboNP X [NY. nMXYTX ]N]X^X ghMTN [b xTX \hPNhTh; 2TX \hPNQ; < X`N RhYWXZXq`X X^Pi`_PNYU [X]M_^3 ]N] R_\TX ^S^N`TY]Sh WPNTN`b [ hh WhMh\`hZ \[XMh ZX^PS WMh\PXjSTU ha XT[hT `N xTXT YTMN``ba [XWMXY. 2nXghZ_ [b WXYbPNPS Z`h Th WSYUZN; 2nSYUZN; r` RbP [ORhoh` S hh `h\XWX`SZN`Sh3 ]NONPXYU3TXPU]X \hPNPX h^X hqh RXPhh OPbZ. r` Y[hMPSP hh ^PNONZS ]N] iYTMhR WXPh[_Q ZboU

WX]N X`N `h [bWMiZSPNYU S `h WXYZXTMhPN `N `h^X. hT`hh YXP`ph RbPX ON h^X YWS`Xa3 XRMNZPii h^X YSP_xT. r` RbP RPX`\S`3 [bYX]Sa3 YTMXa`ba S RbP X\hT [ XRbg`bh RMQ]S S YWXMTS[`Q M_RNo]_ < [Yh YTSPU`X S TN] RhO_WMhg`X. ~N `hZ RbPS ThZ`bh WSPXTY]Sh Xg]S3 TN] gTX X`N `h [S\hPN h^X ^PNO3 `X hYPS Rb X`S RbPS TN]Sh jh [XS`YT[h``bh3 ]N] S h^X [bMNjh`Sh PSpN S YTXa]N3 X`N WMh\WXgPN Rb `h [S\hTU Ss. 2{ `h O`NQ X ghZ [b ^X[XMSTh. 2r WSYUZNs3 Ph\S3 X WSYUZNs3 2 X` [b^X[NMS[NP YPX[N3 WX]NOb[Ni Mi\ ]MhW]Ss RhPbs O_RX[. 2}N]Ss WSYUZNs; 2~h [NPiaTh \_MN]N. 2wb _[hMh`b3 gTX XRMNTSPSYU WX N\MhY_; r` Y\hPNP oN^ [WhMh\. 2{ _[hMh`3gTX XRMNTSPYi WX N\MhY_3 2 Y]NONP X` ^XPXYXZ3 `hZ`X^X WXsXjSZ `N MbgN`Sh. 2rgh[S\`X `hT3 2 ha `h `MN[SPXYU ONqSqNTUYi3 XYXRh``X XT TX^X3 ]X^X X`N MN`Uoh `S]X^\N `h [S\hPN S ]TX RbP WXP`XYTUQ `h[hjhYT[h`h` ] `ha. < wb SPS `h`XMZNPU`ba3 SPS WUi`ba3 `X [ PQRXZ YP_gNh3 [b XoSRNhThYU. { `h TXT ghPX[h]3 ]X^X [b SqhTh S i WMXo_ [NY WX]S`_TU ZXa \XZ. zhagNY. 2wb j\NPS Zh`i. { ZX^_ Y_\STU XR xTXZ WX TXa ZN`hMh3 ]N] [b MNO^X[NMS[NPS YX Z`Xa. 2{ \_ZNPN3gTX [b ghPX[h] SO Mh]PNZ`X^X N^h`YT[N. 2~hT. 2zPN[N vX^_c < ha Rb `h WX`MN[SPXYU SZhTU \hPX Y TN]SZ `hMNO_Z`bZ ghPX[h]XZ Y _jNY`bZ sNMN]ThMXZ. 2wb XTPSg`X O`NhTh ]TX i3 2 Y]NONP X`3 Y`SZNi Xg]S. vbYTMba3 XYTMba [O\Xs ONYXYNP tNM`S S X`N XTYT_WSPN `N oN^3 WXTXZ_ gTX X`N `N YNZXZ \hPh O`NPN3 ]TX X`. r`N WX\`iPN M_]S ] ^M_\S [ WXWbT]h _\hMjNTU [bWMb^S[NQqhh YhM\ph. 2_Sc < ON\bsNiYU WMXSO`hYPN X`N... g%3J$% x$%G3 Dp%&+%3G+ 6GM)*/ 4$/2/3%N 7s we can see3 phrasal (erbs are widely spread in -n lish literat%re. Translatin phrasal (erbs of this passa e we had some diffic%lties beca%se of difference in the meanin i(en in a dictionary and the conte.t%al meanin . @or e.ample3 the (erb Kto reach %pL is translated li4e KWMXTi`_TU M_]_ [[eMsL3 b%t this meanin isnkt s%itable for the conte.t. The sentence wo%ld so%nd li4e Kr`N WMXTi`_PN M_]_ [[hMs3 gTXRbWXWMN[STU ghP]_L and it isnkt correct for the /%ssian lan %a e3 beca%se she didnkt stretch her arms. The ne.t phrasal (erb is Kto p%sh offL. It is translated in the dictionary li4e KXTTNP]S[NTU3 YZb[NTUYiL and this meanin isnkt s%itable for the word KghP]NL in /%ssian completely. The phrasal (erb Kto peel offL is translated in the dictionary li4e

KYPhONTU3 XRPhONTUL. :e can meet this (erb twice in the passa e0 Kto peel off lo(esL and Kto peel off lassesL. 'oth in the first and second cases the dictionaryks meanin isnkt s%itable for the translation. Itks impossible KYPhONTU WhMgNT]SL and KXRPhONTU Xg]SL. Therefore we translated them li4e KYTi^S[NTUL in the first case and KY`SZNTUL in the second.

/.K.En)lish phrasal !erbs list In this part we tried to show different of the meanin s of Phrasal (erbs which depend on preposition0 Phrasal (erbs with the preposition DonD which e.press0 'e innin somethin 0 come on V%st as I entered the ho%se3 all the li hts came on. catch on I donJt thin4 this stran e new fashion catches on. brin on The waiter bro% ht the ne.t dish on. Contin%in with somethin 0 o on :e be in wor4 at 12 and o on till half2past one. 4eep on feep on with yo%r st%dies3 howe(er hard it sometimes seems. stay on =o%Jre s%pposed to stop wor4 here when yo%Jre &#3 b%t many people are allowed to stay on. dra on The writer dra ed on an %nhappy e.istence for many years %ntil in the end she 4illed herself. DPro ressin D mo(e on BetJs mo(e on to the b%siness of the meetin . et on It is ettin on for s%pper2time. come on 7 storm is comin on. D:earin D p%t on He p%t his coat on h%rriedly and ran o%t of the ho%se. try on She tried on new dress and shoes throw on ?r. Smith threw on the coat and disappeared slip on He stopped only lon eno% h to slip a coat on. "n 2 "ther meanin s loo4 on Two men stole the Eewels while a lar e crowd loo4ed on pic4 on Pic4 on one Eob and et it done. ta4e on DonJt ta4e on soc Phrasal Verbs with DInD D7rri(in 1-nterin D come in DCome incD called the director when he heard the 4noc4 at his door. drop in BetJs drop in on Vim and ?ary pop in "ne of the %ests popped in to say oodbye et in Please et the children in3 their dinnerJs ready.

chec4 in Has ?r. Bi ht chec4ed in at the hotel yet; D'e innin D brin in :e may ha(e to brin e.tra wor4ers in to help %s with this bi Eob. phase in The teacher phase in the children to the new ame. set in /ain set in. D'ein in(ol(edD call in The director has E%st called in to say that heJll be late. fill in IJm E%st fillin in here temporarily. p%t in I p%t in two ho%rs on my -n lish st%dies e(ery day. Eoin in He Eoins in o%r con(ersation o in for How lon has Vim one in for collection stamps; DCollapsin 1S%rrenderin D ca(e in The last firm he wor4ed for ca(ed in do in =o%Jd better o aheadC IJm done in and m%st rest here. i(e in The two boys fo% ht %ntil one a(e in. ch%c4 in Vim has ch%c4ed in his st%dies. Ddnderstandin D sin4 in =o% co%ld see how his chee4s had s%n4 in. ta4e in I was ta4en in by his appearance. Phrasal Verbs with DdpD DIncreasin 1Impro(in D o %p The barometer is oin %p at a tremendo%s rate row %p :hen Vac4 rows %p he wants to be a fireman pic4 %p Vim dropped his pen and bent to pic4 it %p. p%sh %p Shops are no lon er allowed to p%sh %p their prices speed %p The tempo of m%sic speeds %p b%mp %p Two more ood res%lts will b%mp %p yo%r a(era e. br%sh %p I m%st br%sh %p my @rench. do %p '%t who is to do %p yo%r room e(ery day; dress %p ?ary 8was9 dressed %p for the party. DCompletin 1@inishin D %se %p Vohn felt %sed %p clear %p :hen yo%J(e finished yo%r meal3 please clear %p the 4itchen. drin4 %p Drin4 %p3 then IJll refill yo%r lass. end %p 'e caref%l3 yo% co%ld end %p by ettin h%rt. follow %p The director will follow %p the committeeJs s% estions. DDama in 1Disr%ptin D blow %p It loo4s as if itJs blowin %p for se(ere weather. brea4 %p In sprin the ice on the Areat Ba4es brea4s %p. wind %p IJm afraid heJs wo%nd %p. mess %p She really messed %p my life. mi. %p ?y papers are all mi.ed %p. slip %p Someone m%st ha(e slipped %p. split %p Can yo% split %p this piece of wood;

DHappenin 1Creatin D come %p IJll let yo% 4now if anythin comes %p. brin %p I was bro% ht %p to respect the law. come %p with I had to r%n to come %p with her. thin4 %p :hat ha(e yo% been thin4in %p; ma4e %p These three articles ma4e %p the whole boo4. D7pproachin 1/eachin D o %p I want to o %p to Bondon ne.t wee4. draw %p The train drew %p in the station. catch %p He spent si. months catchin %p with his st%dies. face %p to She is too yo%n to face %p to the tr%th abo%t her father. li(e %p to =o% m%st li(e %p to law. DPreparin 17rran in D warm %p The s%n warmed %p the seat nicely draw %p He soldiers were drawn %p in battle lines. set %p ?y father me set %p a ?otherJs day. soften %p =o% o in and soften father %p3 and then IJll as4 him for the money. fi. %p Can yo% fi. %p a meetin with the director; "ther ?eanin s show %p Show the doctor %p when he comes. ta4e %p I will not ta4e %p any more of yo%r time. p%t %p with I canJt p%t %p with it any lon er. ma4e %p for =o%r office m%st ma4e %p for a loss. Phrasal Verbs with DDownD DDecreasin 1/ed%cin D brin down The %nners bro% ht down three planes. calm down Calm down3 thereJs nothin to worry abo%t. come down The plane came down safely in spite of the mist. c%t down =o%r article will ha(e to be c%t down to fit into the boo4. die down The fire is dyin down3 p%t some more wood onc 4eep down If thereJs shootin oin on3 4eep down. narrow down BetJs narrow an ar %ment down. play down Politicians ha(e to learn to play down to the (oters. slow down The se(ere snowstorm has slowed the traffic down. scale down The n%mber of (isitors scales down. D@ailin 1Destroyin D brea4 down The police bro4e the door down. let down DonJt let down now3 E%st when the EobJs nearly finished. close down Dar4ness closed down on the city. step down The >%antity of medicine to be ta4en can be stepped down rad%ally after the first wee4. t%rn down :hy do yo% t%rn down the (ol%me on the radio ; D:ritin D ta4e down Can yo% ta4e down this address; Eot down I m%st Eot down that telephone n%mber before I for et it.

et down Aet down e(ery word she says. p%t down :o%ld yo% p%t them down to my acco%nt; write down :rite down3 please3 this e.amples. scribble down I scribbled down the telephone n%mber3 and now I canJt read it. DDefeatin 1Collapsin D brea4 down Peace tal4s ha(e bro4en down in the ?iddle -ast. brin down Shop4eepers ha(e been as4ed to brin down their prices. crac4 down The o(ernment has promised to crac4 down on criminal acti(ity. h%nt down :eJ(e been h%ntin down a ood cheap ho%se all o(er the city. 4noc4 down The price was 4noc4ed down to 3 dollars. wear down The record is worn down. "ther ?eanin s et down to ItJs time we ot down to wor4. loo4 down on She loo4ed down on Vim and tho% ht he was not worthy of her da% hter. pin down It is diffic%lt to pin down the e.act meanin of this (erb. p%t down He p%t his hea(y ba down on the ro%nd. Phrasal Verbs with D"%tD D"%tside1Bea(in D brea4 o%t Three men bro4e o%t of prison yesterday. o o%t I donJt thin4 yo% sho%ld o%t with that bad cold. mo(e o%t :hen do yo% mo(ed o%t; pop o%t I had E%st popped o%t for a breath of fresh air. set o%t He set o%t for wor4 an ho%r a o. chec4 o%t IJm afraid old Charlie has chec4ed o%t. D-.cl%din 1/emo(in D cancel o%t His ood >%alities and his fa%lts cancel o%t. cross o%t Cross o%t the last two names3 theyJre not members any more. 4eep o%t Do 4eep children o%t of mischief. 4ic4 o%t DonJt 4ic4 the cat o%t li4e that3 itJs cr%el. lea(e o%t $o possibility m%st be left o%t. opt o%t It can not be that he opted o%t of society. p%ll o%t y ood holiday will p%ll yo% o%t. r%le o%t 7 s%dden storm r%led o%t the boat race. throw o%t His master threw him o%t. DSearchin 1@indin D chec4 o%t IJm E%st oin to chec4 this boo4 o%t of the library. find o%t :e sho%ld find o%t the tr%th. fi %re o%t Can yo% fi %re o%t this word; so%nd o%t Co%ld yo% so%nd the director o%t on this >%estion; try o%t Did ?r. Smith try o%t a plane; DDisappearin 1-ndin D fade o%t @ade o%t the last scene at the end. peter o%t The climbersJ efforts to reach the top petered o%t. phase o%t The ma4ers ha(e decided to phase o%t the prod%ction of this car.

r%n o%t The contract r%ns o%t ne.t wee4. sell o%t Ha(e yo% sold o%t all the tic4ets yet; wipe o%t The police men wipe o%t the enemy. DProd%cin D 8especially so%nds3 si nals3 etc.9 bl%rt o%t Peter bl%rted o%t the news before he considered its effect. call o%t Vane call o%t when she saw her friend across the street. cry o%t Vane3 donJt cry oneJs heart o%t. let o%t He let o%t a cry of pain as the nail went into his foot. spea4 o%t Spea4 o%t3 we canJt hear yo%. spill o%t 7t last he spill o%t the story of his part in the crime. DAi(in 1Helpin or S%pportin D bear o%t The prisonerJs story was borne o%t by his wife. i(e o%t The s%n i(es o%t li ht and heat to the earth. hand o%t Hand o%t the >%estion papers as the st%dents enter. help o%t Can yo% help me o%t with my -n lish homewor4; pass o%t How many of the yo%n men passed o%t this year; point o%t The %ide too4 %s thro% h the city3 pointin interestin si hts o%t. "ther ?eanin s carry o%t :e all ha(e certain d%ties and Eobs to carry o%t. sort o%t :ait till I et yo% o%tside3 and IJll sort yo% o%tc stand o%t He stood o%t for better terms. ta4e o%t He ne(er ta4es me o%t. wal4 o%t on =o% canJt wal4 o%t on yo%r family at a time li4e this. Phrasal Verbs with D"ffD DDepartin D drop off ?y top b%tton has dropped off and I canJt find it. et off :e m%st be ettin off now. head off =o%r sho%ld head off a >%arrel. see off 7ll the parents were at the railway station3 seein the children off to school. set off He set off for wor4 an ho%r a o. ta4e off He too4 me off to the arden. DPre(entin 1/eEectin D fi ht off I m%st wear warm clothes3 as I am fi htin off this cold. hold off :hy yo% hold yo%r decision; 4eep off feep off the s%bEectc p%t off $e(er p%t off till tomorrow what yo% can do today. scare off Hi her coffee prices are scarin off the c%stomers. ward off The fi hter had to ward off a dan ero%s blow. D@inishin 1Completin D carry off It was a darin attempt b%t he carried it off. finish off I m%st finish off the wor4 while the li ht is ood. pay off ItJs a ood feelin to pay off the ho%se after all these years. p%ll off Vohn at last p%lled e.amine off. top off Top off yo%r compositions and p%t off.

"ther ?eanin s call off The ame was called off. cool off It cools off with e.treme slowness. rip off Vohn wo%ldnJt dare to rip off a ban4. show off I thin4 he (isited %s E%st to show off his new car. tell off Si. of %s were told off to et f%el. DPhrasal Verbs with D'ac4D D/et%rnin D brin bac4 =o% m%st brin these library boo4s bac4 ne.t wee4. call bac41phone bac4 IJll call yo% bac4. et bac4 :hen did yo%r nei hbors et bac4 from their holiday; i(e bac4 :hen can yo% i(e bac4 the money; ta4e bac4 ?y mind too4 me bac4 to that e(enin . D/epeatin 1/eciprocatin D answer bac4 She always ta% ht him not to answer bac4. bo%nce bac4 Small children often catch diseases3 b%t they soon bo%nce bac4. fi ht bac4 She fo% ht bac4 her tears as she said oodbye. pay bac4 :e will pay them bac4 for the tric4 they played on %s. stri4e bac4 He had a chance to stri4e bac4. DControllin 1S%ppressin D cho4e bac4 Vim had to cho4e bac4 his an er or he wo%ld ha(e hit the man. c%t bac4 The factoryJs prod%ction has been c%t bac4. fi ht bac4 I had to fi ht bac4 a desire to la% h at the small childJs remar4. hold bac4 I held bac4 from E%mpin into the cold water Phrasal Verbs with D7wayD 7way when combined with different (erbs3 can ha(e the meanin of lea(in 3 disappearin 3 or storin . DBea(in 1Separatin D brea4 away Part of the co%ntry bro4e away to form a new nation. dri(e away DonJt dri(e people away who want to help yo%. et away I co%ldnJt et away at all last year3 I was too b%sy. o away There was no answer to my 4noc43 so I went away 4eep away The doctor ad(ised Vim to 4eep away from fattenin foods. mo(e away Bosin interest3 the crowd mo(ed slowly away. r%n away DonJt r%n away3 I want to tal4 to yo%. scare away Hi her coffee prices are scarin away the c%stomers. ta4e away =o% may ta4e away. DDisappearin 1?a4in Somethin DisappearD ch%c4 away :hy did yo% ch%c4 yo%r money away on s%ch a worthless plan; do away with This old c%stom is done away with. fade away The m%sic faded away. i(e away The politician a(e away his best chance to win the election pass away :hy the animals pass away; throw away Vohn throw away an ad(anta e to rest. DHidin 1Storin D

file away IJll file his name away for f%t%re %se. hideaway ?%slim women hide away their faces. loc4 away She loc4ed her memories of him away in her heart. p%t away Please p%t yo%r toys away. Phrasal Verbs with D"(erD Common phrasal (erbs of Do(erD li4e thin4 thin s o(er or chec4 thin s o(er carry the meanin of considerin or e.aminin . Howe(er3 when combined with other (erbs3 Do(erD can also carry the meanin of chan in or transferrin . DConsiderin 1-.aminin D chec4 o(er I as4ed the doctor to chec4 me o(er. loo4 o(er :e m%st loo4 the school o(er before sendin o%r son there. m%ll o(er 1 thin4 o(er Thin4 o(er what IJ(e said. tal4 o(er ?rs. Taylor tal4 the prosec%tor o(er her innocence. DChan in 1Transferrin D chan e o(er 1 Switch o(er If yo% chan e the words o(er3 the sentence so%nds o(er. hand o(er The escaped criminal was handed o(er to the police. mo(e o(er ThereJs room for three if yo% mo(e o(er. ta4e o(er I want to ta4e her all o(er the ho%se. "ther ?eanin s blow o(er I hope yo%r tro%bles will soon blow o(er. carry o(er The ri hts to the property carry o(er to the b%yer. et o(er How can we et o(er; The trafficJs so b%sy. r%n o(er The bathwater is r%nnin o(erc smooth o(er Perhaps a ift of flowers will help to smooth yo%r >%arrel o(er.

Conclusion It is not an e.a eration when we say that the items abo%t Phrasal (erbs are one of the main and important items of theoretical st%dy and practical masterin of the -n lish lan %a e. Phrasal (erbs ta4e a considerable place in (ocab%lary (erbs of ?odern -n lish lan %a e and are enerally %sed in idiomatic phrases. Their f%nctionin is hetero eneo%s with a (iew to their reat (ariety. The de(elopment and s%pplementation of Phrasal (erbs system proceeds in two directions0 new (erbs incl%sion and semantic de(elopment. In o%r paper we ha(e analyIed abo%t one h%ndred twenty (erbs3 ta4en from the informal speech. 7s a res%lt3 we can ma4e the followin concl%sion0

Phrasal (erbs are fre>%ently %sed. Their %sa e becomes %s%al phenomena in -n lish rammar as well as mass media. 7s a r%le %sa e of phrasal (erbs in stylistic is not hetero eneo%s. Ha(in classified Phrasal (erbs3 ta4en from the informal speech with a (iew to their meanin we made a concl%sion that the (erbs with postpositions KonL and K%pL predominate as a lar e >%antity of (erbs with these postpositions are polysemantic. Ha(in the list of Phrasal (erbs we can ma4e the concl%sion that postpositions plays the main role in the semantic meanin of the (erb. 7nd those phrasal (erbs %sa e in the informal speech allows %s to e.press o%r tho% hts and ma4e o%r speech more dynamic and di(erse. So3 this ann%al proEect can be %sed for st%dyin and teachin this phenomenon in the co%rse -n lish rammar and for learnin their meanin more deeply.

/iblio)raphy ,.'ollin er3 D.3 81+)193 The Phrasal Verb in -n lish3 Har(ard dni(ersity Press3 Cambrid e3 ?ass. /.'raIil3 D. 7 Arammar of Speech D. 'raIil. 2 ".ford dni(ersity Press 3 1++# 0.'rinton3 B.3 81+**93 The De(elopment of -n lish 7spect%al Systems3 Cambrid e dni(ersity Press3 Cambrid e. L.Comrie3 '.3 81+)&93 7spect3 Cambrid e dni(ersity Press3 Cambrid e. M.Bi(e3 7. H.3 81+&#93 The Discontin%o%s Verb in -n lish3 :ord 210 !2*2#1. K.yM`XPU\3 |.w. zTSPSYTS]N YX[MhZh``X^X N`^PSaY]X^X

iOb]N. |.w.yM`XPU\. 2 t.0 nMXY[hqh`Sh3 1+*1. ). Spea4 -n lish. -n lish for /omanians. ?a aIine. 13 1++13 Internet so%rces *. 7cademic center0 -n lish as a @orei n Ban %a e http011 www.%h(.ed% 1ac1elf1phrasal (erbs. asp >.-n lish as 2nd Ban %a e http011esl.abo%t.com1cs1intermediate1f1f.phrasal.htm. ,,.Bon man Dictionary of Phrasal (erbsL3http011www.answer.com1topic1phrasal (erbs ,,.Phrasal (erbs >%iI http011www.st%ff.co.%41phrasal.htm. ,/.Phrasal (erbs h p0112%dnat%re2online2ei4aiwa.com1Phrasl (erbs ,0.-n lish as 2nd Ban %a e http011esl.abo%t.com1cs1intermediate1f1f.phrasal.htm ,L.The ".ford companion to the K-n lish Ban %a eL http011www.answers.com1topic1phrasal (erbs ,M.The owl at Prod%ct http011owl.en lish prod%ct. -d%1owl reso%rce1&3,11,11 Dictionaries ,K.~X[haoSa N`^PX2M_YY]Sa YPX[NMU3 M_YY]X2N`^PSaY]Sa.2 }.0 |O\NThPUYT[X yMSa3 t.0 |} N\N32,,*32+&, ,@."nline2dictionary BI$AV" 1*.".ford 7d(anced Dictionary of C%rrent -n lish 5Te.t6 1 7.S. Hornsby with the assistance of 7.P. Cowie3 V. :indsor Bewis. < ".ford dni(ersity Press3 1+)*. < 1,## p. ,>.

$otes 1. That %npredictable meanin is the definin trait of phrasal (erb constr%ctions is widely ass%med. See for instance H%ddleston and P%ll%m 82,,202)39 and 7llerton 82,,&01&&9. 2. Concernin these terms3 see ?c7rth%r 81++20)2ff.9. 3. Declerc43 /. Comprehensi(e Descripti(e Arammar of -n lish3 7 < 1++1 Pa e !# DThe term m%lti2word (erb can be %sed as a co(er term for phrasal (erbs3 prepositional (erbs3 prepositional phrasal (erbs and combinations li4e p%t an end to.D !. The Collins Cob%ild -n lish Arammar 81++#01&29 is a so%rce that ta4es prepositional (erbs to be phrasal (erbs. ?any other rammars3 in contrast3 distin %ish between prepositional

verbs 8the additional word is a preposition9 andphrasal verbs 8the additional word is a particle9. #. /on Cowan < The TeacherJs Arammar of -n lish0 7 Co%rse 'oo4 and /eference 2,,* Pa e 1)& DThe 7d(erb Insertion Test < -arlier3 we saw that intransiti(e phrasal (erbs %s%ally do not permit the insertion of an ad(erb between the (erb and the particle3 and the same is tr%e of transiti(e phrasal (erbs3 as 82#a9 and 82#b9 show. In contrast3 prepositional (erbs do permit ad(erb insertion3 as 82#c9 demonstrates. 82#9 a. FHe t%rned >%ic4ly o%t the li ht. H separable phrasal (erb. b. FHe ran %ne.pectedly into his co%sin H inseparable phrasal (erb. c. He stared intently at the tar et H prepositional (erb. The /elati(e Cla%se Test /elati(e cla%ses in which the relati(e prono%n is the obEect of a preposition permit the two patterns shown in 82&9. 82&9 a. The man 5that they were waitin s1or6 was late b. The man 5 for whom they were waitin 6 was late. In 82&a93 the preposition for is at the end of the relati(e cla%se enclosed by s>%are brac4ets3 b%t 82&b9 shows that this preposition can also occ%r at the be innin of the cla%se before the relati(e prono%n whom.D &. Veanette S. DeCarrico The str%ct%re of -n lish0 st%dies in form and f%nction < Vol%me 1 < Pa e *, < 2,,, D!.&.3 Prepositional Phrasal Verbs < It is also possible to find phrasal (erbs that are themsel(es followed by a preposition. These str%ct%res are called prepositional phrasal (erbs or m%ltiword (erbs. -.amples are p%t %p with 8e. .3 I canJt p%t %p with D ). @or a list of the particles that occ%r with particle phrasal (erbs3 see V%rafs4y and ?artin 82,,,031+9. *. @or e.amples of acco%nts that %se the term phrasal verb to denote E%st particle (erbs 8not prepositional (erbs as well93 see for e.ample Tallerman 81++*013,93 7d er 82,,30++f.93 and Haiden 82,,&9. +. This fact can be easily (erified by oo lin Dphrasal (erbD. The online reso%rces for -@B1-SB learners prod%ce lists of phrasal (erbs. These lists incl%de both particle phrasal (erbs and prepositional phrasal (erbs. 1,. H%ddleston and P%ll%m 82,,202)393 for instance3 %se both particle and intransiti(e preposition to call what is bein called a particle here. 11. H%ddleston and P%ll%m 82,,202)!9 reEect the term phrasal (erb precisely beca%se the rele(ant word combinations often do not form phrases. 12. @or an e.ample of the shiftin dia nostic %sed to distin %ish particle (erbs from prepositional (erbs3 see Tallerman 81++*012+9.

13. Concernin the difference between particles and

prepositions with phrasal (erbs3 see V%rafs4y and ?artin 82,,,031*9. 1!. That constr%ctions 8incl%din phrasal (erb constr%ctions9 are catenae is a point established at len th by "sborne and Aro 82,129. 1#. Concernin the e.tension of literal meanin to metaphorical meanin with phrasal (erbs3 see fnowles and ?oon 82,,&01)9. 1&. Concernin the term phrasal no%n3 see ?cCarthy and "Jdell 82,,)9. /eferences 7d er3 D. 2,,3. Core synta.0 7 minimalist approach. ".ford3 df0 ".ford dni(ersity Press. 7llerton3 D. 2,,&. Verbs and their satellites. In The handboo4 of lin %istics3 ed. by '. 7arts and 7. ?c?ahaon3 12&< 1!+. ?alden3 ?.0 'lac4well P%blishin . Collins Cob%ild -n lish Arammar 1++#. Bondon0 HarperCollins P%blishers. Haiden3 ?. 2,,&. Verb particle constr%ctions. In ?. -(eraert and H. (an /iemsdiE43 The 'lac4well companion to synta.3 (ol%me V. 3!!<3)#. ?alden3 ?70 'lac4wellP%blishin . Collins Cob%ild -n lish Arammar 1++#. Bondon0 HarperCollins P%blishers. Haiden3 ?. 2,,&. Verb particle constr%ctions. In ?. -(eraert and H. (an /iemsdiE43 The 'lac4well companion to synta.3 (ol%me V. 3!!<3)#. ?alden3 ?70 'lac4well P%blishin . V%raffs4y3 D. and V. ?artin. 2,,,. Speech and lan %a e processin . Dorlin findersley3 India0 Pearson -d%cation. H%ddleston3 /. and A. P%ll%m 2,,2. The Cambrid e rammar of the -n lish lan %a e. Cambrid e3 df0 Cambrid e dni(ersity Press. fnowles3 ?. and / ?oon. 2,,&. Introd%cin metaphor. Bondon0 /o%tled e3 2,,&. Bon 3 T. 8ed.9. 1+)+. Bon man dictionary of -n lish idioms. Bon man Aro%p Bimited. ?acmillan phrasal (erbs pl%s dictionary. 2,,# ".ford0 ?acmillan -d%cation 2,,#. ?c7rth%r3 T. 1++2. The ".ford companion to the -n lish lan %a e. ".ford dni(ersity Press. ?cCarthy ?. and @. "Jdell. 2,,). -n lish phrasal (erbs in %se. Cambrid e dni(ersity Press. "sborne3 T. and T. Aro 2,12. Constr%ctions are catenae0 Constr%ction Arammar meets Dependency Arammar. Co niti(e

Bin %istics 233 13 1&3<21!. ".ford phrasal (erbs dictionary. 2,,1. Tallerman3 ?. 1++*. dnderstandin synta.. Bondon0 7rnold. wor4s.tarefer.r% -.ternal lin4s Complete %ide to phrasal (erbs and a real help with them -n lish phrasal (erbs by cate ories -n lish phrasal (erb dictionary with e.ercises Distin %ishin prepositional and phrasal (erbs with e.amples -.planation3 list and e.ercises of -n lish phrasal (erbs "rdered list of phrasal (erbs 'iblio raphy of phrasal (erb literat%re @ Rultilingual ;ictionary of Idioms, <hrasal verbs and OZpressions Dictionary of phrasal (erbs