ANNALS

OF PHYSICS

97, 216-241 (1976)

Quantum Theory of Longitudinal Dielectric Response Properties of a Two-Dimensional Plasma in a Magnetic Field
NORMAN

J. MORGETNSTERN HORING AND MUSA

M. YILDIZ* of Technology,

Department of Physics and Cryogenics Center, Stevens Institute Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 Received September 19, 1974

An analysis of dynamic and nonlocal longitudinal dielectric response properties of a two-dimensional Landau-quantized plasma is carried out, using a thermodynamic Greens function formulation of the RPA with a two-dimensional thermal Greens function for electron propagation in a magnetic field developed in closed form. The longitudinal-electrostatic plasmon dispersion relation is discussed in the low wavenumber regime with nonlocal corrections, and Bernstein mode structure is studied for arbitrary wavenumber. All regimes of magnetic field strength and statistics are investigated. The class of integrals treated here should have broad applicability in other two-dimensional and finite slab plasma studies. The two-dimensional static shielding law in a magnetic field is analyzed for low wavenumber, and for large distances we find k(f) - Q/kOV. The inverse screening length k, = 2aezap/Q (p = density, [ = chemical potential) is evaluated in all regimes of magnetic field strength and all statistical regimes. k, exhibits violent DHVA oscillatory behavior in the degenerate zero-temperature case at higher field strengths, and the shielding is complete when [ = rhw, but there is no shielding when [ # rfiiw, , A careful analysis confirms that there is no shielding at large distances in the degenerate quantum strong field limit fiw, > 1. Since shielding does persist in the nondegenerate quantum strong field limit hw, > KT, there should be a pronounced change in physical properties that depend on shielding if the system is driven through a high field statistical transition. (It should be noted that the static shielding law of semiclassical and classical models has no dependence on magnetic field in two dimensions, as in three dimensions.) Finally, we find that the zero field two-dimensional Friedel-Kohn wiggle static shielding phenomenon is destroyed by the dispersal of the zero field continuum of electron states into the discrete set of Landau-quantized orbitals due to the imposition of the magnetic field.

* Present address: Department of Mechanical Durham, New Hampshire 03824.

Engineering,

University of New Hampshire,

216
Copyright All rights 0 1976 by Academic Press, Inc. of reproduction in any form reserved.

2-D LANDAU QUANTIZED PLASMA

1. INTRODUCTION

217

The theory of two-dimensional systems has become a subject of considerable interest over the past few years, particularly in connection with the physical properties of inversion layers and thin films [l-5]. Several investigations concerning the effects of a magnetic field on a two-dimensional plasma have been carried out, and the structure of the dynamic nonlocal RPA magnetoconductivity tensor has been derived [6-81. The work reported here is concerned with a detailed analysis of the longitudinal dielectric responseproperties of a two-dimensional electron plasma subject to Landau quantization, and it has two specific purposes. The first is to explore the physical ramifications of the two-dimensional dielectric response function in terms of the longitudinal-electrostatic plasmon dispersion relation (including nonlocality, Bernstein modesand natural damping) and also in terms of static shielding as modified by Landau quantization due to the magnetic field. This study of longitudinal dielectric phenomena is undertaken using a thermodynamic Greens function formulation of the RPA [9], and the two-dimensional Greens function for electron propagation in a magnetic field is developed here in closed form [lo]. The second purpose is to facilitate the extraction of information describing the low/intermediate field case, as well as the high field case, and the various statistical regimes (degenerate, nondegenerate, etc.) in a relatively simple form. The classof integrals analyzed for this purpose will also be useful in the detailed exploration of phenomenainvolving the full two-dimensional magnetoconductivity tensor [l I], and will have further application in the theory of a finite slab of quantum plasma in a magnetic field [lo].
NOTATION: ? = (x, 7) and T; = (x, v) are two-dimensional position vectors along plane; E = (k, , k,) = two-dimensional wavevector along plane; r = / r 1; k = I E I; v(i - i) = Coulomb potential, Q = frequency; w, = cyclotron frequency = eH/mc; H = magnetic field perpendicular to plane; m = effective mass; p = two-dimensional equilibrium density (per unit area); fO(w) = FermiDirac distribution function = (1 + exp(w - 5) /3)-l; 4 = chemical potential; /3 = (thermal energy)-l = (KT)-I; p,, = eii/2mc (g = anomalous g-factor = 1); 7+(X) = unit step function = 1 for X > 0, + for X = 0, and 0 for X ( 0; a3 = Pauli spin matrix = (t -3. (Note that we employ an integration variable T, which should not be confused with temperature T, which occurs in p = (KT)-l.)

II. LONGITUDINAL

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLASMA IN MAGNETIC FIELD

QUANTUM

The analysis of the longitudinal dielectric properties of a two-dimensional quantum plasmain a magnetic field will be carried out here using a thermodynamic

218

HORING

AND

YILDIZ

Greens function formulation of the random phase approximation (RPA). The procedures and techniques employed will closely follow those of the corresponding analysis of the three-dimensional quantum plasma carried out by Horing [9] (we will use the same notation, as explained in Section I). For electron motion confined to the two-dimensional x-y plane (z = 0), the effective potential V(1) at a spacetime point on the plane (1 = (x, y; t)) is linearly related to the impressed potential U(2) at other space-time points on the plane (2 = (x, y; t)) as V(1) = This serves to define the twoJ 43 m 2) UC% or K(1,2) = 6 V(l)/SU(2). dimensional longitudinal dynamic nonlocal inverse dielectric function K(1, 2). As a consequence of thermal averaging, K( 1, 2) possesses all of the spectral representations and the Fourier series representation normally associated with a boson thermodynamic Greens function, which are given explicitly in [9, p. lo]. (The wavevector variables E that appear in the spectral representations, must be understood in our present context as being two-dimensional wavevector variables conjugate to the two-dimensional position difference variables through twodimensional spatial Fourier transforms. We shall understand this to be the case, henceforth, and shall adjust all spatial Fourier transforms to two-dimensionality without explicit comment in the remainder of this work). Employing the random phase approximation (RPA) for K(1,2) with space arguments restricted to the twodimensional plane, we have spatial translational invariance along the plane, and may solve the RPA integral equation with a single spatial Fourier transform 7 - F --f R: The result for the Fourier series coefficient X(E, V) is obtained following the procedures of [9], and noting that the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the Coulomb potential v is 2vre2/k, we find [lo]

where G refers to the uncorrelated two-dimensional thermodynamic Greens function for one electron propagation subject to Landau quantization due to the magnetic field (or its component) perpendicular to the plane. Further, following the development of [9], the physical inverse dielectric function given by X(k, Sz + ic) may be expressed as [X(k i-2 + k)]-1 = E(E, 52 + k) = 1- y Im Z (k; $ [a + ic])
(2)

2-D

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219 and the RPA free+ ic]),

where E(E, Sz + ic) is the direct physical dielectric electron polarizability may be identified as 4%-o@, Q) = with Re 4~r~y(Iz,Q) = -(2re2/k) and

function,

l (~,A-2 +

k) - 1 = (i27+/k)

I(/%; (+r)[SZ

(3) (44 (4b)

Im Z(g; (T/T)&

+ in]), + in]).

Im Lhra(E, L?) = (2ne2/k) Re I@; (+)[J2

Here, I(E; (T/v)[.~ + in]) denotes a two-dimensional analog of the corresponding three-dimensional ring diagram integral in [9], and it is given by I(k; v) = IT dt e-invt/T j (&7/(277)2) c&j;
0

-t)

G>(ij -

E; t),

and r(E; (T/rr)[SZ + k]) = --p;* where

-a,= s 0 co

+JT< ,

(6)

dt e-i(a-ie)t j (d2q/(27r)2) G&; s (&j/(2+)

-r)

C,(S -

E; t),

(74 (73

-a;=

O dt e-i(R-4t I --P

G,(q; 4)

G<(ij - E; t).

This apparently awkward mixed representation in terms of wavevector and time (instead of frequency) is preferred here because the spectral weight of the magnetic field Greens function is an elementary function in the mixed representation. The two-dimensional longitudinal plasmon spectrum in the electrostatic limit is given by the roots of Re E(& L? + i.~) = 0, or 1 = -Re 47rc& fi), and plasmon damping given by y is y = Zr, where Z = ((d/dQ) Re E[E; D + id])- is the relative excitation amplitude of a plasmon root and r(E; Sz) = 2 Im 47rcr(E, 0). For an impurity of charge Q stationed on the plane, the static shielded potential at other points of the plane is given by [12]

The two-dimensional electrons in a magnetic the procedures of [9, lo]. out in the form G(i?; I;t)

uncorrelated one-particle thermal Greens function for field normal to the plane may be developed following The dependence on gauge and on T: + ? may be factored = C(r; 7) G(F - 7; t - t), where F * Hx? - #I(?) + +(F)]},

C(F; 7) = exp{i[(e/2)

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AND

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and G is effectively spatially translationally invariant and is independent of the arbitrary gauge function 4. This corresponds to the fact that the magnetic field deprives the system of spatial translational invariance because the momentum vector is not conserved in the circular motion of the electrons. However, the cancellation of the factors C(F, i) C(F, F) = 1 in the formulas above reflects the fact that the dielectric properties of the system are indeed spatially translationally invariant for a homogeneous magnetic field, as well as being independent of gauge. This is to say that it is G that should be used in place of G in the formulas above. Since the constraint to planar two-dimensional motion eliminates the degree of freedom for motion perpendicular to the plane, the equation for G takes the form (see [lo, Paragraph I.31 and [9, Eq. II, 1 la; ti - 11)

where x = x - x; y = y and and

Lz=f(X7&Y& 1
y';

R zz.z F _ f; T = t _ t

The spectral weight A (R, T) of e satisfies the corresponding homogeneous equation subject to the condition 2 (8, T = 0) = 6(R), and the solution for the two-dimensional Greens function is given by [lo, Paragraph I.31

(10)
With this result, we may now construct the integrals 2$ in the form 3, = Lw dT 1 -$& j g
$< = s_, dT j 2 1 f$

e-i(S2+w-w-ir)T *f,(w)(l

- fO(w)) Q(ww; li),

(lla) (llb)

e-i(S2+w-w+ir)T +fO(o)(l - Jo(w)) Q(ow; I;),

where
dT lm dT .@T&wTp(TT; Q(wo; k) = jfm --m -a r;>, (12)

2-D and P(TT;

LANDAU

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221

k) = Tr Js (&%/(277)) e-ioHa3(T+r) . sec(w,ir/2) . exp[(--ik2/mw,) tan(w,ir/2)] exp[-i(E

sec(o,T/2) - E)2 tan(w,r/2)/mw,], (13)

which can be shown to result in [9, lo]

Introducing

the integration

variables x = T + T; 4 = T - T, we then obtain

it" dx jim dy e~(w+~)r12 . ei(w-w)v12 . 471it;; Q(ww'; k) = u-02 --iD - ii;2 cos(w,y/2) - cos(w,x/2) ) - exp ~. 2 sin(w,x/2) I mu, )
which is real. Forming I$, (~/rr)[Q + k]) = -Y>* in the integrands involving double distributions obtain

x,2) c

(15)

+ &, we note that the terms fo(w)fo(w) cancel out, and

= jam dT j g

j f&& eiG+w-w+ic)T . [fo(w)

which may be recast in the form

= ; Lrn & j & where R(wo;

j g

(@--w+M

- ei(R+~+i4T) .fo(w)

. R(ww;

j&

(17)

I;> = Q(w, o + w; k) = j-r

Q(w, w - w; E) = real e+Ju/z Eli tziCx,2) { ) (18)

dx 1-T dy eiwZ 2i sin (q)

-ik2 * exp ~ I mw,

cos(w,y/2) - cos(w,x/2) 2 sin(w,x/2)

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Following the procedures of [9, lo], we may separate the real and imaginary parts of I, and thereby obtain
(19)

and (denoting the principal

part integral by g), j $$ Q2 y w,2 &(w) R(w, 0; Q, (20)

Im I (E; $- [Q + in]) = B j e which may be reexpressed in the form

where K is given by
m

pt = 2i

s0

___

E2 2mw,

cos[(w,/2)(2T

- is)] - cosh(o,s/2)

sinh(w,s/2)
+ is)] - cosh(w,s/2)

1
(22)

- exp

E2 (-.2mw,

cos[(w,/2)(2T

sinh(w,s/2)

(It should be noted that we have already assumed that spin-splitting is the same as Landau level separation in the evaluation of R(w, o; E). This will be assumed to be true throughout this work.) In the last form for Im 1, we have explicitly recognized that the x-integration has the sense of an inverse Laplace transform ix -+ S. With these results we shall proceed to the explicit evaluation of the real and imaginary parts of the two-dimensional polarizibility a(E; Q), and will restore the explicit appearance of fi.

III.

Low WAVENUMBER

ANALYSIS OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISPERSION RELATION

PLASMON

The study of the two-dimensional longitudinal plasmon spectrum through the electrostatic dispersion relation 1 = -Re 4~01 = (2ne2/k) Im 1, and the study of the static shielded potential V(r), both require a detailed understanding of the frequency and wavenumber dependence of the real part of the polarizability 01in a quantizing magnetic field. Our analysis of Re 47701 will be initiated with a wavenumber power expansion using Eq. (18), which is particularly useful in deter-

2-D

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223

mining the long wavelength behavior of the two-dimensional Considering Eq. (20), we have

plasmon spectrum.

+= dy eiUZ g sin ( fi;x) .s -02

-. - ilE% . exp c 2mw,

mrh, e- I * 47ri tan(fiw,x/2) cos(?h,x/2)

cos(w, y/2) -

sin(fiw,x/2)

(23)

and expansion of the integrand in powers of (E2fi/2mw,) along with a subsequent binomial expansion in powers of exp[&iw,y/2] yields the y- integral as a row of S(w - [integer] WJ functions, so that the w- integral is immediate and we obtain the result -Re 47r(~(i&) = (F) f
n=0

& (s)

i
7=0

(r,) +

i [i) rl=o

4[2q - r] w, * 322 - ([2q - r] co,)2 * mfiw, 4rri tan@o,x/2)

( i sin(#iw,x/2) 1

. (-,,,

( fiyx ))+r . i sin(Pq -;I

fi~G9 .

(24)

For low wavenumber, the first few terms are given by -Re 47&, Q) = (=
+

27re2k2a m2wc2

277e21E20
m2wc2 E ( J-22 4cLJ,2 1 522 -

R
WC2 1

(25)

where
(26)

and
(27)

It is readily verified that p is the two-dimensional density (per unit area) in accordance with N = p(Area) = --i Tr sd? G&r, F; T = 0). It is at once evident from
595/97/l-15

224

HORING

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YILDIZ

the structure of Re &a(& Q) that the low wavenumber plasmon spectrum for two dimensions will include a local principal mode [13] given by i-2,2 = co,2 + 2rre2p k/m, and nonlocal corrections that modify the principal mode and introduce another branch of the Bernstein mode type into the plasmon spectrum in the vicinity of D - 20, . A more careful analysis of the wavenumber dependence of Re 47x@, a), which will be discussed below, reveals structure that will induce a Bernstein mode branch into the plasmon spectrum near each multiple of wc, 8 N nw, . (Such structure is already in evidence in the full wavenumber power series given above.) The effects of Landau quantization are embodied in integrals such as p and u. Considered as a general class, we are dealing with integrals of the form

where j(s) has isolated singularities (including the possibility of isolated essential singularities as well as poles of finite order) at S, = ii2m/&o, and is periodic with period s1 such thatj(s) =j(s + s,) =j(~ + s,). Deforming the contour of the s-integral to encircle the isolated singularities for w > 0,

where we have used the translation s = z + s, , and have invoked the periodicity of j(s). (q+(w) is the unit step function.) The n-sum may be recognized as a Fourier series that is periodic under the shift w --f w - rfiwe, and since it represents S(o/fiwJ in the fundamental interval, we have
r]+(o) y
n=-m

ems = q+(w)

F
12=--m

ei2nnwfioC = hw,~+(w)

F
p=--m

S(w - rfmc).

(30)

Evaluating the w-integral for J, we obtain

(31)

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225

This structure is readily interpreted in terms of Landau quantization, since it is clearly composed of discrete contributions arising from the discrete set of Landau eigenstages. It is particularly useful at high fields fiw, N 5 when only a few Landau states are occupied since only a few corresponding terms of the r-sum yield nontrivial contributions. It should be noted that the discrete nature of the contributions is uniquely associated with the fact that we have a completely quantized situation in the two-dimensional plasma in magnetic field, since there is no continuum of states associated with kinetic energy of motion parallel to the field (there is no such motion), and hence, the individual electron states describing circular motion on the plane have a finite energy separation of hw, . The spin-splitting has been taken equal to the Landau level separation, and this results in a double degeneracy for states corresponding to r 3 1, while the ground state r = 0 is nondegenerate, which is reflected in the fact that q+(rfiw,) = 1 for r 3 1, whereas q+(O) = 4 for r = 0. (Of course there are no contributions for r < 0.) All of this is evident in the density of states D(w) which may be identified from the s-integral of the density p as

cc = 2h.0,
C V=O 7j+(r!iwJ S(w rfiwc)

dz f
rh,). pie

TfiWCZ

mfiw,

45~ tanh(fiw,z/2) (32)

=(*) ,r,
It is interesting D(w) as

7j+(rrbJ

S(w

to note that the general integral J may be expressed in terms of

J = (n/m) lrn dwf,(w)

D(w) jco (dz/2&)

ewj(z)).

The structure of D(w) indicates that there are no electron states between the discrete Landau-quantized states at rhwc , so there is no continuum aspect to the spectrum of uncorrelated electron states. For r > 1, y+(rh,) = 1 weights the doubly degenerate states twice as heavily as does v+(O) = 4 for the nondegenerate ground state. The corresponding expression for the density p is given by (33)

226

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Similar considerations yield the integral u as

which is clearly proportional to the average Landau orbital energy since the individual Landau state energy is ~9%~ . The integration technique presented above is exact and most useful at high field AU, N 5, but it is inconvenient at low/intermediate fields fiio, < [ when many Landau levels are occupied, so we will develop another procedure for low field [ 141. Considering J and integrating by parts with respect to w we have (35) We shall restrict our considerations to the zero temperature degenerate case for whichf,(w) = -S(o - 5) (but it should be noted that finite temperature corrections could be evaluated using this procedure if the restriction were lifted), whence,

where we have deformed the contour to encircle the isolated singularities, and separated off the integral about the origin c,, since the nature of the n = 0 singularity is different from the others n # 0 because of the factor (l/s). Introducing the translation s = z + s, and invoking the periodicity ofj(s), the integrals about c, become
C nfo 1 eEsn $ c,(origin) ?a#0 -ST hi eZj(z) z + sn = C fP n#O $co(or,gln) 5 &.Wd,

(37) where we have introduced the definition j(z/+) = j(z) noting that the periodicity of j (period sl) implies that it depends on z (or s) through z/s1 (or s/s& alone. Setting x = tz, we have

(38)

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227

For low-intermediate

fields & - t/fiwC > 1, so we may approximate x -I- & - fsn

in the denominator as indicated above, and evaluate the remaining x-integral (which is independent of n) using just the leading term of the Laurent expansion of j(x/&) about the origin . Now, the n-sum has characteristic de Haas-van Alphen (DHVA) oscillatory behavior, and can be summed in closed form as follows [15, TISP, p. 38, No. 1.441.1]

(39)
where

is (Z - Y)/2 in the fundamental interval 0 < Y -C 2~ and is Kr - JlPlper periodically repeated outside this interval because of its Fourier sine series representation above. This yields the DHVA terms in closed form as a periodic saw-tooth function of .$/iiw,

Turning our attention to the n = 0 term, (x = &r here),

which may be evaluated for low-intermediate fields & - [/fiw, > 1 using just the leading term of the Laurent expansion ofj(x/&). It is to be expected that this leading contribution should correspond to a semiclassical model in which quantum magnetic field effects are ignored and two-dimensional dynamics are governed by classical dynamics subject to initial averaging with a Fermi distribution (so that there will be no Landau quantization effects, although classical magnetic field effects will arise through the circular nature of the classical electron trajectories). It should be noted that in the low field limit, the DHVA terms (corresponding to n # 0 above) oscillate very rapidly, averaging to naught. In summary, we have for low-intermediate field strengths,

228

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YILDIZ

For convenience, we note that the two final integrals here are related by

Applying this to the evaluation (sl = 2+&J,) j(s) and

of p at low-intermediate

field strengths,

we have

= (2/h2)(m~w,/4n)[tanh(irrs/s3]-l

= j(~/sJ,

(43) Considering the integral u, j(s) = (mwc2/4-rr>[tanh(iz-.s/S1)]-2 we obtain the result (44) Finally, we note that in the nondegenerate case,&(w) -+ en?eVwp,so that the wand s-integrals are Laplace transform and inverse. The evaluation of J is immediate (45) and the corresponding nondegenerate P=The nondegenerate evaluation result for p is =j(s/s,),

2ecR m?iw, #i2 ( 4x tanh(fiw$/2) of o is

)*

(47) For the classical limit, #k~J3/2 < 1, and we have

2-D LANDAU IV.

QUANTIZED

PLASMA

229

ANALYSIS OF BERNSTEIN MODE PLASMON RESONANCE STRUCTURE FOR ARBITRARY WAVENUMBER

The Q-frequency poles of Re 49~cu(E, .Q) at all integral multiples of the cyclotron frequency, which are manifested in the low wavenumber power expansion (Eq. (24), induce additional roots of the plasmon dispersion relation in the nature of Bernstein mode plasmon resonances. There is one such Bernstein mode branch of the plasmon spectrum near each multiple of wg, and the low wavenumber behavior of the Bernstein mode near 2w, is readily obtained from Eq. (25). We shall carry out the analysis of such structure for arbitrary wavenumber here, taking full account of Landau quantization effects. Considering N as given by Eq. (22) and expanding the T-integrand in a series of modified Bessel functions In(x) according to the identity exp(x cos wJ) = CT=-m e~*lWJlJ~), one finds that the T-integral is elementary so that Eq. (21) leads to the result

where the prime on C means that the n = 0 term should be divided by 2 to avoid double-counting, and .Fn) is defined by

(Proper handling of the y1= (0 + 0) discusssd in Section magnetic field strength in the using Eq. (42). This calls for

0 term is particularly important in the static limit VII.) The calculation of Z(@ for low-intermediate zero-temperature degenerate case may be undertaken an evaluation of the integral

and since tsl N f/Awe > I, we may employ the leading term of the Laurent expansion ofj(x/&) with the semiclassical result

230

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YILDIZ

[17, BIT I, p. 280, No. 151. Differentiation of this integral with respect to a yields the integral coefficient of the DHVA oscillatory part of Eq. (42), and then setting a = 1, we obtain the result

z(n)= f (J, [(2x)12])z + &Y$[ = - ylfiw,lper . & (s)12 J, [(S)]

. p-1 [(S,!]

- J,+1 [(ggI/.

(51) using

For higher field strengths, the calculation of .Zcn) may be undertaken Eq. (31), which calls for an evaluation of the integral (LWJJ = x).

It is not possible to make approximations of this integral with respect to fiw,/f, and it is too difficult to carry out exactly. However, one may introduce a low wavenumber approximation for Z, when that is appropriate, with the result,

The exact evaluation of these integrals yields agreement with the low wavenumber terms of Section III for n = 1,2, and further development of this type can provide information concerning low wavenumber behavior for arbitrary n. To lift the restriction to low wavenumber, we shall introduce a generally useful alternative procedure [lo, 181 for analyzing Ztn) at higher field strengths and arbitrary wavenumber. Considering the definition of Ztn) above (Eq. 50), we employ the identity

e*p [
= #iis 2 (,,,I n exp [- &I sinh(fiw,s/2)

2-D LANDAU QUANTIZED PLASMA

231

and then the s-integral of Zen) yields 6(0 - [integer] tiw,/2)-functions, which permit immediate evaluation of the final w-integral. The result of this procedure is given by .P) = & (g-) exp [- &] * 5 z0 (n ;L/)! [+
(2r + 1 F l)] (52)

* [L:, ($g)],

. /1;(2r + 1 $ I)f, l)fO [9

- 7+(2n + 2r + 1 i

(2n + 2r + 1 F 1)] 1,

which is exact with respect to wavenumber, magnetic field strength and statistical regime (temperature). The principal advantage of this evaluation is realized at high field rZw,N f, when only a few populated Landau eigenstates make nontrivial contributions to the summations above for Ztn).

V. THE ZERO FIELD LIMIT

It is naturally of interest to make contact with the zero field limit in which all magnetic field effects are neglected, both classical and quantal. Employing Eq. 18 for R(w, w; k) with w, -+ 0 (note that ?i + 1 throughout this section) we find that the y-integral may be evaluated as the Fourier transform of a Gaussian, with the result (S = ix)
R(w, cd; /q = m (~) 5 (*I) J g. L# esf/2-2/8m-m2i2kz)

= m ($y2

5 (fl)

~+(w f ~12 - k2/8m - mw2/2k2) (w & d/2 - k2/8m - mu2/2k2)1/2 *

Employing Eq. (20) (and Eq. (4a)), it is readily seen that the o-integral tabulated Hilbert transform [17, BIT II, p. 250, No. 32, with Y = 41, hence,
-Re 4n(~(k, Q) = ?!!& c (fl) f

is a

1 &, fo(w) v+((m/2k2)[Q F k2/2m]2 - w) ((m/2k2)[SZ T (k2/2m)12- w)1/2 (53)

+ (Q 4 A?).

232

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In the zero temperature degenerate case, the w-integral is elementary, resulting in (note that p = rnf/rr for the zero field, zero temperature degenerate case) -Re ~TK@, Q) = - $?$ . 71+ (-$ /g [$ 1g + p-2 - k2/2m] - q - f) (54a)

- [I - 2k2f/m The static limit of this is given by (Q -+ 0) -Re 4nol(k, J2 = 0) = y

- Q IL]1 + (SZ + - 8).

(v+ (1 - A$-)(1

- $)l

1 1

(54b)

Eq. (54), in agreement with the zero-field two-dimensional studies in the literature [l-5]. The corresponding nondegenerate zero field result is readily obtained using Eq. (53) withy,(w) --f e@e- WB,which leads to a complementary error function. It is also of interest to determine Im 4~a(E, Q) in the zero field limit. Employing Eq. (4b), (19) and R(wSZ; E) as determined above with wC ---f 0 (and A + 1 here) we obtain Im 477ol(l;, Q

(554 =

271

( ;z2

)12

(kl)

dwh(w)

v+

(w

(m/2k2)P

k2/2m12)

(w - (m/2k2)[Q In the nondegenerate case the first form yields (Eq. 45)

T kz/2m]2)1/2 Wb)

e2m Srrm Ii2 1 Im 47x@, Sz) = et0 2k (F) pip c ktl) +

esc~ca/2,-cr2/sm,-(~~~/z~~))

(564

which represents two-dimensional Landau damping [5] (with quantum corrections). In the degenrate case of zero temperature, the second form yields Im 4~-a(lT, S) = y ($)l 2 (Al) f 77+ (5 - +$ [Q F $12)

. (5 - $ which represents two-dimensional

[Q =F &]2y2, plasmon decay into electron-hole

(56b)
pairs. The

2-D LANDAU QUANTIZED PLASMA

233

reality of the square root is explicitly ensured here by the unit step function, y+(f - e..), whose significance is that plasmon decay cannot occur unless the plasmon-photon momentum is large enough to satisfy the requirements of energymomentum conservation. VI. PLASMON DAMPING The evaluation of plasmon damping devolves upon the analysis of F(li, Q), T(k, Q) = 2 Im &ol(K!) = 2(27re2/k) Re ,I(& (7/r)[Q + ie]), of R(w, Q; E) in a series of Using Eqs. (18) and (19). Expanding the y-integrand modified Bessel functions I,(x) according to exp(x cos(w,y/2)) =

f einwcrizl~(x), n=-m

it is readily seen that the y-integral yields 6(Q f nw,)-functions, and that the remaining integrals define Z@), which appeared above in Section IV. Thus, we obtain T(E, 52) = (237e2/k)(2mw,) jJ Zcn)[S(Q ?L=l

n4 - S(Q + w)l.

(57)

In view of the fact that -Re 4~@, A?) has poles as a function of Sz at +nw, , no plasmon root of 1 = -Re 47rc@, Q) can lie on any multiple of w, . Hence, r(E, L?) --f 0 for such plasmon roots, and there is no plasmon damping for finite magnetic field. However, it is important to note that in the zero field limit the many undamped Bernstein mode plasmon roots cluster together and a phase averaging takes place, in which they lose their identity as distinct plasmon resonances, and only the principal plasmon mode survives intact. In this same limit, the phase averaging process dictates that the sum over the row of&O & nw,)-functions above in r(K, C?) be replaced by an integral, which yields a finite result for T(I%, 8) and corresponding nontrival damping for the principal plasmon mode in the zero field limit. Explicit results for zero field plasmon damping may be obtained from Eqs. (55) and (56) using F(E, J2) = 2 Im 47rar(E,Sz). VII.
STATIC SHIELDING

The study of static shielding (Eq. (8)) calls for detailed information the zero frequency limit of Re ~~cx(E, L? = 0) = -(2re2/k) Im 1(E, (~/rr)[O + in]),

concerning

234

HORING

AND

YILDIZ

and it is convenient to employ Eqs. (21) and (22). In the zero frequency limit, it is useful to change the integration variable of K, in accordance with T + 2T/is F 1, with the result
H, = --s

s
+1

-1

dT exp &

cosh(fiw,sT/2) - cosh(&,s/2) sinh(fiw,s/Z)

1.

(W

For low wavenumber, tt, --f -2.5 and correspondingly, -Re 47&, D = 0) = y
ia+ ds miiw foG4 /wim+a I* dw 7 z es0 --A 4~ 0 (-2s)

tanh@w,s/2)

2ne2 ap
k -z$

as one can readily verify from Eq. (26) (note that a/@ -+ --a/&, and integrate by parts). This result, which is exact with respect to field strength at low wavenumber, corresponds to a quasiclassical model [19-211, which correctly accounts for the effects of Landau quantization in the density of states and averages with respect to the initial Fermi distribution f. , but otherwise treats the electron dynamics classically. The corresponding static shielded potential in position space is given by

V(F)= j $$

. &-r.

2nQ
k + 2rre2 ap/a.$ .

The quantity k, = 2pe2ap/a& may be interpreted as an inverse screening length. It is clear from Eqs. (33) and (43) that ap/at (and hence, the inverse screening length) will have delta function peaks whenever [ = rhwc in the degenerate case of zero temperature. This singular behavior would certainly be moderated by inclusion of electron-electron collisional effects in the analysis, but it is reasonable to expect that the qualitative feature of large inverse screening length for t = rhwc would persist. (Of course, finite temperature effects also moderate such singular behavior.) The positional dependence of V(P) may be evaluated in closed form. The angular integral in k-space yields ZnJ,(kr) [ 16, BHTF II, p. 81, No. 21 whence, (exponentiating the denominator)
V(f) = Q joa dk m z -Q = Q 1: ds ePako 1: dk eeSkkJo(kr) (61) jam ds ePSkO$ jow dk e@J,,(kr).

2-D

LANDAU

QUANTIZED

PLASMA

235

Noting that the Laplace transform of a Bessel function is an elementary function [17, BIT II p. 9, No. 181, we have

W) = Q 6 ds eesko (r2 +ss2j3,2= -Q & Jam ds (,.2_&,.

(62)

Putting s = tr, the t-integral may be identified in terms of the Struve function HP, , and the Bessel function Y-, [17, BIT I, p. 138. No. IO], with the result

V(f)= $5 & {@orMH-,&or)- Y-,Uv)lI.

0

For k,r > 1, we employ the asymptotic form of [H-, - Y_,] [16, BHTF II p. 39, No. 631, obtaining a l/r3 fall-off V(r) - Q/ko2r3. The various forms assumed by the inverse screening length k, = 2ne2(8p/3f) are tabulated below: (A) Nondegenerate Case.
k, = 2rre2&. (644

(B) Degenerate Case. Low/intermediate k. _ 2;f2 1 2m;%

fields (zero temperature) if [ 7F- ;f/%] per . (f-1

(C) Degenerate case. Arbitrary k0 = q

field (arbitrary temperature)

f
7=0

~+(r?iw,)

~f,(rliw,).

(64~)

For zero temperature, delta function peaks occur in k. whenever t = rfiwe, as one can see by evaluating the &derivatives of the sharply cut-off Fermi function in (C) and the discontinuous sawtooth periodic function in (B). On the other hand, if f # rfiw, , it is clear from (C) that k, vanishes at zero temperature when only a few Landau levels are populated at higher field strengths. This is to say that there is no shielding at zero temperature and high fields if [ # rfzwe within the framework of the quasiclassical model (which corresponds to K, + -2s). Therefore, it is appropriate to explore further higher-order terms in N, , and expanding it to order k2, we have
x0 = -2s ii/P i1+ 2mw, 2 1___ fiw,s 1

tanh(fiw,s/2)

1 I*

(65)

236 Corresponding -Re

HORING

AND

YILDIZ

to this, we find that 4~a(E, Q = 0) = y I-- $$ - & mm, [p - %]I.

(66)

For example, in the degenerate quantum strong field limit at zero temperature (&J, > 5) when only the lowest Landau state is populated, k, N (+/at) = 0, and we have -Re 47To1(k,Q = 0) = -(2~e2/k)(kz/2&oJ. (67) Using this as a prototype for the general case in which k, N i?p/af = 0, we construct I(?) following the procedures above, with the result
V(F) = Q La dk 1

J&r)
+ (e2/hwc>k

1 - Q Lrn ds cs . (r2 + s2[e2/hoc]2)1/2 (68)

and find that this may be expressed in terms of the Struve function H, and Bessel function Y, as
V(F) = (Q/r)(7T~w,r/2e2)[H,(fiw,r/e2) Yo(Ao,r/e2)1. (69)

Asymptotically for r > e2/ko, , this exhibits unshielded behavior, although shielding is in evidence when I N e2/fiw, . It is possible to explore static shielding further using the zero frequency limit of Eqs. (49) and (52), which give the full wavenumber dependence of the degenerate zero temperature quantum strong field limit as follows -Re 47rol(li, Q = 0) = - Llg .s . exp (s)
5 i n=1 . -& (Elm, (70)

but we will not pursue this. Finally, it is appropriate to examine the Friedel-Kohn wiggle static shielding phenomenon in the context of the two-dimensional quantum plasma under consideration. At zero field, the full wavenumber dependence of the degenerate zero temperature limit of -Re ~ZT& Sz = 0) for zero frequency is given by Eq. (54b) -Re 4~cu(k, 52 = 0) = F (v+ (1 - $)(l - -$$-)I - 1),

and this exhibits wavenumber singularities at k2 = (2k,)2 = 8mf in the form of a branch point and a cutoff. Such singular behavior in the wavenumber dependence of -Re 47To~(k,Q = 0) generates a distinct oscillatory contribution to the positional dependence of the shielded potential of the Friedel-Kohn wiggle type for the two-dimensional plasma in the absence of a magnetic field [l]. However, for finite

2-D

LANDAU

QUANTIZED

PLASMA

237

magnetic field strength, there are no such wavenumber singularities, as one can readily see from the static limit (Q --+ 0) of Eqs. (49) and (52) which give -Re for arbitrary 4~&, 8 = 0)

finite magnetic field strength as

with

- 71+(2n + 2r + 1 F l)fO (&F

[2n + 2r t

1 F I])[.

The absence of high wavenumber singularities from the wavenumber dependence of the static polarizability for finite magnetic field strength, means that there will be no Friedel-Kohn wiggle shielding phenomenon as long as the discrete nature of the Landau-quantized energy spectrum is discernable. It is only at very low fields, when the energy separation Aw, of adjacent Landau states is so small (tiw, < 8) that the states phase average and merge into the continuum of states characteristic of zero field, that the Friedel-Kohn wiggle will occur. This is to say that the two-dimensional Friedel-Kohn wiggle static shielding phenomenon is destroyed by the dispersal of the zero field continuum of electron states into the discrete set of Landau-quantized orbitals due to the imposition of the magnetic field. It should be noted that the same fate befalls the Friedel-Kohn wiggle in three dimensions [2627] for static shielding in directions perpendicular to the magnetic field because of the dispersal by the magnetic field of the zero field continuum of electron states associated with motion perpendicular to the field into the discrete set of Landauquantized states. The continuum of electron states associated with motion parallel to the field (which is not present in the two-dimensional problem) does not prevent the demise of Friedel-Kohn wiggle in three dimensions for shielding in directions perpendicular to the field. Incidentally, it is interesting to note that the semiclassical static shielding law may be obtained using Zen) as given by Eq. (51) (first term)

Z(n)= + (J [(s)*2])2,

238

HORING

AND

YILDIZ

with the result -Re Employing 47r& D = 0) = - g g; (Jn2 [(gy]).

the identity [16, BHTF II, p. 100, NO. 20; p. 102, No. 381 1 = .7,2(z) + 2 i
9Z=l

5,2(z) = 2 $*5,2(z),
n=0

we find that -Re 47rc& Q = 0) = - -$$ ,

which does not depend on the magnetic field, and is in agreement with the zero field limit of Eq. (64b). The fact that the semiclassical static shielding law does not depend on the magnetic field could also be readily predicted by putting A --f 0 in Eq. (58). The physical reason for this is that the classical description of dynamics, which is embedded in the semiclassical model, permits no work to be done by the magnetic field, and therefore, the magnetic field cannot supply any of the energy that would be needed for a redistribution of the charges producing the shielded potential, so that the energy, charge distribution, and shielded potential, are all independent of the magnetic field [12]. Obviously, these considerations are applicable to the static shielding law of the classical model, as well as the semiclassical model, and are true in three dimensions as well as in two dimensions [12]. The static shielding law can depend on magnetic field only when energy does, and this occurs only with the onset of Landau quantization of the energy spectrum. Magnetic field effects on static shielding, therefore, only can occur as quantum effects, and must be null in any classical or semiclassical description.

VIII.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our low wavenumber analysis of the two-dimensional longitudinal plasmon dispersion relation in the electrostatic limit (Eq. (25) may be expressed in the form
2&Z = Qo2 + (242 f (p-202 - (20J~3~ + (2he2a/m2) P)l12. (71)

This yields nonlocal corrections to the principal Go2 = co,2 + 2re2pklm as follows

mode in magnetic

field [13]

2-D

LANDAU

QUANTIZED

PLASMA

239

and the role of Landau quantization effects in G and p has been evaluated for all regimes of magnetic field strength in Section III. The mode Q- is a two-dimensional counterpart of a Bernstein mode near Sz- - 2w,, and outside of the region of a crossover with the principal mode, Q, # 2w, , it is approximately given by
(73)

In the crossover region, the two modes on, interact strongly, and their mixing is manifested in a repulsion measured by
(J-2+2 - Q-2) = ((247&u/m) key, (74)

where k, = 3wc2m/2ne2p is the wavenumber corresponding to the crossover condition 52, = 2w, . Further analysis of higher wavenumber phenomena devolves upon the exact two-dimensional RPA dispersion relation
(75)

which has two-dimensional Bernstein mode roots near each multiple of w, . Zen) has been evaluated for all regimes of magnetic field strength in Section IV. We have shown that there is no natural damping for the principal mode and for the full complement of Bernstein modes in a finite magnetic field. However, in the zero field limit the principal mode is damped and the Bernstein modes are subject to a phase averaging which destroys their identity as distinct plasmon resonances. The zero-field damping of the principal mode is given by Eq. (55). In the nondegenerate case, it corresponds to two-dimensional Landau damping (Eq. (56a)) and in the zero-temperature degenerate case, it corresponds to two-dimensional plasmon decay into electron-hole pairs (Eq. (56b)). Our investigation of two-dimensional static shielding in a magnetic field shows that at large distances (kg > I), the shielded potential falls off like 1/r3
V(J) - Q/k,,V3, (76)

and the inverse screening length k, = 2rre2ap/a[ includes quantum magnetic field effects in its structure. This result is in agreement with the zero-field zero-temperature analysis of Cane1 et al, [22], save for the fact that our zero-field zero-temperature limit yields k, = 2/a, (a, = Bohr radius = Tz2/me2), which differs from their result by a factor of 2 due to the inclusion of spin in our analysis. Our result is also in agreement with other zero field two dimensional static shielding calculations

240

HORING

AND

YILDIZ

reported in [I, 51. The low/intermediate field DHVA-oscillatory structure of k, for zero temperature is given by Eq. (64b). In the nondegenerate case, we find that k, = 2ne2& (with Landau quantization effects included). The most pronounced effects of Landau quantization occur at higher field strengths (for which a few Landau levels are populated) and zero temperature. In this case, k, exhibits violent DHVA-oscillatory behavior, manifested in delta function peaks when ,$ = rfiw, , and vanishing otherwise for 8 # rhwc . Such singular behavior would be moderated by the inclusion of collisional effects, but it is reasonable to expect the qualitative features exhibited here to persist. The shielding is essentially complete when 5 = rfzwc , and there is essentially noshielding when 8 # r?icoe . The prototype of the latter case associated with the vanishing of k, is the degenerate quantum strong field limit, kw, > 5, when only the lowest Landau eigenstate is occupied. We have carefully examined the shielding law in this case beyond the confines of the quasiclassical model, which is limited by its characterization of screening in terms of k, alone. This examination confirms the absence of shielding for r > e2/fiw, = rc2/ao (r, = [~/PuJJ,]~/~ = radius of lowest Landau orbit), while indicating shielding activity at shorter distances
r - rc2/ao .

The striking absence of two-dimensional shielding in the degenerate quantum strong field limit at zero temperature (associated with k, + 0) stands in sharp contrast to the presence of shielding characterized by k, = 2rre2j3p in the nondegenerate quantum strong field limit (kw, > KT), in which a Maxwellian distribution describes the population of the lowest Landau state [23-251. In view of this, one may expect dramatic changes in physical properties that depend on shielding if the system is driven through a statistical transition [23-251 from degeneracy to nondegeneracy by sufficiently increasing the applied magnetic field. (The critical magnetic field strength for inducing such a high field statistical transition is readily obtained from Eq. (33) by retaining only the r = 0 term for the quantum strong field limit and setting c = 0. This yields the critical field strength as w, = 47rtip/m.) The zero field two-dimensional Friedel-Kohn wiggle static shielding phenomenon is destroyed by the dispersal of the zero field continuum of electron states into the discrete set of Landau-quantized orbitals due to the imposition of the magnetic field. Moreover, the static shielding law of semiclassical and classical models has no dependence on magnetic field in two dimensions, as in three dimensions. Finally, we note that the thermodynamic Greens function developed here (Eq. (10)) for electrons in a quantizing magnetic field constrained to motion on a plane, and the low/intermediate and high field evaluations of the class of integrals J (Eqs. (28), (31), (42), (45), (48)) should be of general utility in analyzing magnetic field effects on other phenomena of the two-dimensional quantum plasma. Such integrals are also important in the theory of a slab of quantum plasma in a magnetic field.

2-D LANDAU QUANTIZED ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PLASMA

241

The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions with M. Orman, J. J. LaBonney, and S. Silverman.

REFERENCES]
1. F. STERN, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18 (1967), (1967), 816. 2. F. STERN, in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. 546; F. STERN AND W. E. HOWARD,

Phys. Rev. 163

Phys. Semicond, /p. 451. (S. P. Keller et a/., Eds.),

USAEC, 1970.
P. B. VISSCHER AND L. M. FALICOV, Phys. Rev. B3 (1971), 2541. T. R. BROWN AND C. C. GRIMES, Phys. Rev. Leti. 29 (1972), 1233. A. L. FETTER, Ann. Phys. (N. Y.) 81 (1973), 367; Phys. Rev. BlO (1974), N. J. M. HORING, M. ORMAN, AND M. YILDIZ, Phys. Lett. 48A (1974), M. ORMAN AND N. J. M. HORING, Solid State Comm. 15 (1974), 1381. 8. K. W. CHIU AND J. J. QUINN, Phys. Rev. B9 (1974), 4724. 9. N. J. HORING, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 31 (1965), 1. 10. M. YILDIZ, Ph.D. Thesis, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1973. 11. M. ORMAN, Ph.D. Thesis, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1974. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

3739. 7.

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N. J. HORING, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 54 (1969), 405. N. J. M. HORING AND M. YILDIZ, Phys. Lett. 44A (1973), 386. J. J. LABONNEY, JR., private communication, 1975. TISP refers to I. S. GRADSHTEYNAND I. M. RYZHIK, Tables of Integrals, Series and Products, Academic Press, New York, 1965. BHTF refers to BATEMAN MANUSCRIPT PROJECT, Higher Transcendental Functions, (A. Erdelyi, Ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953. BIT refers to BATEMAN MANUSCRIPT PROJECT, Tables of Integral Transforms, (A. Erdelyi, Ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954. N. J. HORING, Phys. Rev. 186 (1969), 434, Appendix. A. K. DAS AND E. DEALBA, J. Phys. C. 2 (1969), 852. N. J. HORING, in Electronic Structures in Solids, (E. D. Haidemenakis, Ed.), p. 223. Plenum, 1969. N. J. M. HORING AND R. W. DANZ, J. Phys. C. 5 (1972), 3245. E. CANEL, M. P. MATTHEWS, AND R. K. P. ZIA, Phys. Kondens. Materie 15 (1972), 191. S. ASKENAZY, J. P. ULMET, AND J. LEOTIN, Solid State Comm. 7 (1969), 989. S. ASKENAZY, J. P. ULMET, AND J. LEOTIN, in High Magnetic Field Conference, Physical Society, Nottingham, England, 1969. N. J. M. HORING, Znt. .Z. Quanr. Chem. 5 (1971), 763. N. J. M. HORING, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 68 (1971), 337. N. J. M. HORING, Phys. Rev. 186 (1969), 434.

1 This list is not intended to be complete and does not reflect credit due to many other authors.