52 Borgnakke and Sonntag

3.40
Calculate the following specific volumes
a. CO
2
10

C, 80% quality
b. Water 4 MPa, 90% quality
c. Nitrogen 120 K, 60% quality

Solution:

All states are two-phase with quality given. The overall specific
volume is given by Eq.3.1 or 3.2

v = v
f
+ x v
fg
= (1-x)v
f
+ x v
g


a. CO
2
10

C, 80% quality in Table B.3.1

v = 0.001161 + x 0.00624 = 0.006153 m
3
/kg

b. Water 4 MPa, 90% quality in Table B.1.2
v = 0.001252(1-x) + x 0.04978 = 0.04493 m
3
/kg

c. Nitrogen 120 K, 60% quality in Table B.6.1
v = 0.001915 + x 0.00608 = 0.005563 m
3
/kg

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64 Borgnakke and Sonntag

3.52
Two tanks are connected as shown in Fig. P3.52, both containing water. Tank A is at
200 kPa, v = 0.5 m
3
/kg, V
A
= 1 m
3
and tank B contains 3.5 kg at 0.5 MPa, 400

C.
The valve is now opened and the two come to a uniform state. Find the final specific
volume.

Solution:
Control volume: both tanks. Constant total volume and mass process.


A
B
sup. vapor




State A1: (P, v) m
A
= V
A
/v
A
= 1/0.5 = 2 kg
State B1: (P, T) Table B.1.3 v
B
= 0.6173 m
3
/kg
V
B
= m
B
v
B
= 3.5 0.6173 = 2.1606 m
3

Final state: m
tot
= m
A
+ m
B
= 5.5 kg
V
tot
= V
A
+ V
B
= 3.1606 m
3

v
2
= V
tot
/m
tot
= 0.5746 m
3
/kg

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70 Borgnakke and Sonntag

3.58
A storage tank holds methane at 120 K, with a quality of 25 %, and it warms up
by 5C per hour due to a failure in the refrigeration system. How long time will it
take before the methane becomes single phase and what is the pressure then?

Solution: Use Table B.7.1

Assume rigid tank v = constant = v
1


v
1

= 0.002439 + 0.25 0.30367
= 0.078366 m
3
/kg
We then also see that
v
1
> v
c
= 0.00615 m
3
/kg
All single phase when
v = v
g
=> T ~ 145 K
P
2
1
v


At =
AT
(5C/h)
~
145 120
5
= 5 hours; P = P
sat
= 824 kPa
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74 Borgnakke and Sonntag

3.62
A piston/cylinder arrangement is loaded with a linear spring and the outside
atmosphere. It contains water at 5 MPa, 400C with the volume being 0.1 m
3
. If the
piston is at the bottom, the spring exerts a force such that P
lift
= 200 kPa. The system
now cools until the pressure reaches 1200 kPa. Find the mass of water, the final state
(T
2
, v
2
) and plot the Pv diagram for the process.

Solution:
P
v
5000
1200
200
1
2
a
? 0.05781 0

1: Table B.1.3 v
1
= 0.05781 m
3
/kg
m = V/v
1
= 0.1/0.05781 = 1.73 kg
Straight line: P = P
a
+ C v
v
2
= v
1
P
2
- P
a
P
1
- P
a
= 0.01204 m
3
/kg


v
2
< v
g
(1200 kPa) so two-phase T
2
= 188C
x
2
= (v
2
- 0.001139)/0.1622 = 0.0672

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89 Borgnakke and Sonntag

3.76
A rigid tank of 1 m
3
contains nitrogen gas at 600 kPa, 400 K. By mistake
someone lets 0.5 kg flow out. If the final temperature is 375 K what is then the
final pressure?

Solution:

m =
PV
RT
=
600 kPa 1 m
3
0.2968 kJ/kgK 400 K
= 5.054 kg

m
2
= m - 0.5 = 4.554 kg
P
2
=
m
2
RT
2
V
=
4.554 kg 0.2968 kJ/kgK 375 K
1 m
3
= 506.9 kPa

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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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102 Borgnakke and Sonntag

3.88
What is the percent error in specific volume if the ideal gas model is used to
represent the behavior of superheated ammonia at 40C, 500 kPa? What if the
generalized compressibility chart, Fig. D.1, is used instead?

Solution:
NH
3
T = 40C = 313.15 K, T
c
= 405.5 K, P
c
= 11.35 MPa from Table A.1
Table B.2.2: v = 0.2923 m
3
/kg
Ideal gas: v =
RT
P
=
0.48819 kJ/kgK 313 K
500 kPa
= 0.3056 m
3
/kg 4.5% error
Figure D.1: T
r
=
313.15
405.5
= 0.772, P
r
=
0.5
11.35
= 0.044 Z = 0.97
v =
ZRT
P
= 0.2964 m
3
/kg 1.4% error

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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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108 Borgnakke and Sonntag

3.94
Argon is kept in a rigid 5 m
3
tank at 30qC, 3 MPa. Determine the mass using the
compressibility factor. What is the error (%) if the ideal gas model is used?

Solution:
No Argon table, so we use generalized chart Fig. D.1
T
r
= 243.15/150.8 = 1.612, P
r
= 3000/4870 = 0.616 => Z # 0.96
m =
PV
ZRT
=
3000 kPa u 5 m
3
0.96 u 0.2081 kJ/kgK u 243.2 K
= 308.75 kg
Ideal gas Z = 1
m =
PV
RT
= 296.4 kg 4% error

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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
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