Name: 1.

SALEM El-hadi Instructor:

2. KHEMIES Hichem Dr. A. Kheldoun


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University Mhammed BOUGUERRA
Boumerdes
Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering
Date:18/11/2013

POWER FLOW
Using MATLAB
Experiment N:1


1 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE
To observe real power flow when sender and receiver voltages are out of phase.
To observe reactive power flow when sender and receiver voltages are not equal in
magnitude.
2 INTRODUCTION
Transmission lines are designed and built to deliver electric power. Power flows from the
generator to the load but, the sender and the receiver ends may become reversed. Power in such a
line may flow in either direction depending upon the system load conditions which vary throughout
the day. Then, how can we attempt to understand and solve the flow of electric power under such
variable conditions?
We can obtain meaningful answers by turning to the voltage E1 and E2 at each end of a line
having a reactance of X ohms. If we allow these voltages to have any values and any relative phase
angle, we can cover all possible loading conditions which may occur. The voltage drop along the line
is E1-E2; consequently, for a line having a reactance X, the current I can be found by the equation
=
1 2

If we know the value of E1 and E2, and the phase angle between them, it is a simple matter to
find the current I, knowing the reactance X of the line. From this knowledge we can calculate the real
and reactive power which is delivered by the source and received by the load.
3 REAL POWER FLOW
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Two ideal voltage sources designated as machine 1 and machine 2 were connected through an
impedance Z as shown in figure 3-1.

Fig 3-1
Where E1 = 120 V at -5
E2 = 100 V at 0
Z = 1+j7


I
Z
E1 E2
3.2 PROCEDURE
To carry out the experiment, we wrote a MATLAB program for the system of Fig 3-1 such that
the phase angle of voltage source 1 was changed from its initial value by 30 in step of 5. The
voltage magnitudes of the two sources and the phase angle of source 2 were kept constant.
At each value of phase angle , the program computed the complex power for each source
and the line loss. And plotted P1, P2 and P
loss
vs.

Here is the script executed in MATLAB to perform the simulation.











a=( - 35: 5: 25) ; %a i s t he phase angl e of E1
E1=120*exp( 1i *a*pi / 180) ;
E2=100*exp( 1i *0*pi / 180) ;
Z=1+1i *7;
I =( E1- E2) . / Z; %assumed di r ect i on f r omMachi ne1 t o Machi ne2
S1=E1. *conj ( - I ) ; %si nce t he i nput cur r ent t o machi ne1 i s - I
S2=E2. *conj ( I ) ; %si nce t he i nput cur r ent t o machi ne2 i s +I
Sl oss=Z. *( abs( I ) . ^2) ;
P1=r eal ( S1) ;
P2=r eal ( S2) ;
Q1=i mag( S1) ;
Q2=i mag( S2) ;
Pl oss=r eal ( Sl oss) ;
Ql oss=i mag( Sl oss) ;
subpl ot ( 2, 1, 1) ; pl ot ( a, P1, ' - or ' , a, P2, ' - xg' , a, Pl oss, ' - xb' )
xl abel ( ' E1 phase angl e ( i n Deg) ' )
yl abel ( ' Act i ve power ( i n W) ' )
hl eg1=l egend( ' Machi ne 1' , ' Machi ne
2' , ' Li neLoss' , ' Locat i on' , ' Nor t hEast Out si de' ) ;
gr i d on
subpl ot ( 2, 1, 2) ; pl ot ( a, Q1, ' - or ' , a, Q2, ' - xg' , a, Ql oss, ' - xb' )
xl abel ( ' E1 phase angl e ( i n Deg) ' )
yl abel ( ' React i ve power ( i n VAR) ' )
hl eg2=l egend( ' Machi ne 1' , ' Machi ne
2' , ' Li neLoss' , ' Locat i on' , ' Nor t hEast Out si de' ) ;
gr i d on

3.3 RESULTS
After executing the script we got the following plots:

Fig 3-2

3.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
By definition we know that the power absorbed by a circuit element is
=

= + = |||| cos +|||| sin

Where is the phase angle by which I lags V, and the current I is entering the circuit element.
As we can see in the script, the complex power formula of machine 1 has a minus sign for I,
because we assumed that the current actually leaves machine 1. From the active power plot, we see
that machine 1 has positive real power for less than 0, means that machine 1 absorbs real power.
While machine 2 has negative real power for less than 0, means that machine 2 delivers real
power. Thus, we can say that the real power flows from machine 2 to machine 1. Now, when is
greater than 0, machine 1 delivers real power and machine 2 absorbs real power. In this case, the
real power flows from machine 1 to machine 2. Notice that the power loss in the line is always
positive, which means that the line absorbs real power.
From the reactive power plot, we see that machine 1 has negative reactive power for all
values, means that machine 1 delivers reactive power. While machine 2 has positive reactive power
for all values, means that machine 2 absorbs reactive power. Thus, we can say that the reactive
power flows from machine 1 to machine 2. We can see that the variation of has no effect on the
direction of flow of reactive power. Notice that the reactive power in the line is always positive,
which means that the line absorbs reactive power.
4 REACTIVE POWER FLOW
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
We will use the same system as for real power simulation.
4.2 PROCEDURE
To carry out the experiment, we wrote another MATLAB program for the system of Fig 3-1
such that the voltage magnitude E1 of voltage source 1 was changed from 70V to 130V in step of 5V.
The voltage magnitude of source 2 and the phase angles of the two sources were kept constant.
At each value of voltage magnitude E1, the program computed the complex power for each
source and the line loss. And plotted Q1, Q2 and Q
loss
vs. E1

Here is the script executed in MATLAB to perform the simulation.






a=( 70: 5: 130) ; %a i s t he RMS of E1
E1=a*exp( - 5*1i *pi / 180) ;
E2=100*exp( 1i *0*pi / 180) ;
Z=1+1i *7;
I =( E1- E2) . / Z; %assumed di r ect i on f r omMachi ne1 t o Machi ne2
S1=E1. *conj ( - I ) ; %si nce t he i nput cur r ent t o machi ne1 i s - I
S2=E2. *conj ( I ) ; %si nce t he i nput cur r ent t o machi ne2 i s +I
Sl oss=Z. *( abs( I ) . ^2) ;
P1=r eal ( S1) ;
P2=r eal ( S2) ;
Q1=i mag( S1) ;
Q2=i mag( S2) ;
Pl oss=r eal ( Sl oss) ;
Ql oss=i mag( Sl oss) ;
subpl ot ( 2, 1, 1) ; pl ot ( a, P1, ' - or ' , a, P2, ' - xg' , a, Pl oss, ' - xb' )
xl abel ( ' E1 magni t ude ( i n Vol t s) ' )
yl abel ( ' Act i ve power ( i n W) ' )
hl eg1=l egend( ' Machi ne 1' , ' Machi ne
2' , ' Li neLoss' , ' Locat i on' , ' Nor t hEast Out si de' ) ;
gr i d on
subpl ot ( 2, 1, 2) ; pl ot ( a, Q1, ' - or ' , a, Q2, ' - xg' , a, Ql oss, ' - xb' )
xl abel ( ' E1 magni t ude ( i n Vol t s) ' )
yl abel ( ' React i ve power ( i n VAR) ' )
hl eg2=l egend( ' Machi ne 1' , ' Machi ne
2' , ' Li neLoss' , ' Locat i on' , ' Nor t hEast Out si de' ) ;
gr i d on

4.3 RESULTS
After executing the script we got the following plots:

Fig 4-1

4.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
From the real power plot, we see that machine 1 has positive real power for all E1 values;
means that machine 1 absorbs real power. While machine 2 has negative real power for all E1 values,
means that machine 2 delivers real power. Thus, we can say that the real power flows from machine
2to machine 1. We can see that the variation of E1 has no effect on the direction of flow of real
power. Notice that the power loss in the line is always positive, which means that the line absorbs
real power.
From the reactive power plot, we see that machine 1 has positive real power for E1 less than
100V; means that machine 1 absorbs reactive power. While machine 2 has negative reactive power
for E1 less than 100V, means that machine 2 delivers reactive power. Thus, we can say that the
reactive power flows from machine 2 to machine 1. Now, when E1 is greater than 100V, machine 1
delivers reactive power and machine 2 absorbs reactive power. In this case, the reactive power flows
from machine 1 to machine 2. Notice that the reactive power in the line is always positive, which
means that the line absorbs reactive power.
5 CONCLUSIONS
In general, we can determine the P and Q absorbed or delivered by any ac circuit simply by
regarding the circuit as enclosed in a box with entering current from the positive polarity of the
voltage, and applying the definition of S. When positive values are found means absorbed power.
Real power can only flow over a line if the sender and receiver voltages are out of phase. The
direction of power flow is from the leading to the lagging voltage end. While reactive power flows
from the high-voltage to the low-voltage side.