Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.

2%& 2'13

www.iiste.org

Appraising the State of Maintenance and Management of Available Secondary School Facilities on Students Academic Performance in Cross River State, Nigeria
1. 2. #digwe& (ranca N1). * Eluwa& Idowu #2. +epart,ent of Educational -d,inistration and Planning& .ni/ersit0 of 1ala2ar& 1ross 3i/er State& Nigeria +epart,ent of Science Education& 4ic5ael #6apara .ni/ersit0 of -griculture& .,udi6e& .,ua5ia & -2ia State& Nigeria ) E-,ail of t5e corresponding aut5or7 francaodigwe80a5oo.co,

Abstract 95e stud0 appraised t5e ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of a/aila2le secondar0 sc5ool facilities in 1ross 3i/er State. 95e :o/ern,ent of 1ross 3i/er State 5as increased t5e funding of afforda2le and ;ualitati/e education 20 a2out 12.<=> in 2'12 to 1=.!3> in its annual 2udget for 2'13 in order to guarantee ade;uate pro/ision& ,aintenance& and ,anage,ent of sc5ool facilities in 5er secondar0 sc5ools& and ot5er institutions of learning so as to foster ;ualit0 learning& and en5anced student?s acade,ic perfor,ance. 95is stud0 sa,pled 235 sta6e5olders in 1ala2ar Sout5 and Nort5 in t5e state secondar0 sc5ool education& and found t5at !7.1'> of t5e respondent agreed t5at t5ere e@ist a correlation 2etween pro/ision& ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of sc5ool facilities& and students? acade,ic perfor,ance. 95us& t5e stud0 reco,,ended a,ong ot5er t5ingsA a sustained increase in annual 2udgets to ensure ade;uate and continuous ,aintenance as well as ,anage,ent of sc5ool facilities. ey!ords" -ppraising& 4aintenance and ,anage,ent& Sc5ool facilities& Students? perfor,ance #$ %ntroduction 95e glo2al c5allenge to t5e future of ,ost de/eloping and underde/eloped nations of t5e world is t5e pro/ision of ;ualitati/e and sustained education to 5er citiBenr0. Sustained ;ualitati/e education is funda,ental to t5e ,uc5 needed tec5nological de/elop,entA a ,aCor ingredient to t5e ad/ance,ents of t5e t5ird world nations. Stead0 decline in t5e educational perfor,ance of students in secondar0 sc5ools in -frican nations is e/ident fro, cross sectional studies& and t5is stead0 decline 5as 2eing traced to t5e growing concern a2out ade;uate pro/ision& ,aintenance& and ,anage,ent of sc5ool facilities (:odfre0 * 15u6s& 2'1' . - nu,2er of sc5ool s0ste,s& particularl0 t5ose in ur2an and 5ig5-po/ert0 areas& are plagued 20 deca0ing 2uildings w5ic5 t5reaten t5e 5ealt5& safet0& and learning opportunities of students. :ood learning facilities are an i,portant precondition for students learningA pro/ided ot5er conditions are ,et w5ic5 support a strong acade,ic progra, in t5e sc5ool. - growing 2od0 of researc5 5as lin6ed student ac5ie/e,ent and 2e5a/ior to t5e p50sical 2uilding conditions and resultant o/ercrowding. 4ore so& wit5 t5e enor,ous pu2lic concern t5at is placed on 5ig5 acade,ic ac5ie/e,ent& t5e condition of sc5ool facilities is considered a significant factor t5at does influence learning. -s suc5& regular funding initiati/e s5ould 2e de/eloped in order to pro/ide incenti/e for regular and sustained ,aintenance of t5e local sc5ool s0ste,s. 95e (ederal :o/ern,ent places great i,portance on t5e funding and ,aintenance of sc5oolsA particularl0 t5e pri,ar0 and secondar0 le/el of education as well as t5e tertiar0 institutions of learning. 95e 1ross 3i/er State :o/ern,ent 5as ,ade /er0 significant contri2utions toward pu2lic secondar0 sc5ools construction& e;uip,ent& ,aintenance& and ,anage,ent in recent 0ears t5roug5 t5e 4inistr0 of Education. In order words& t5e 1ross 3i/er State :o/ern,ent is 5ea/il0 in/ol/ed in t5e funding of 5er secondar0 sc5ool education as suc5A s5e 5as put ,odalities in place t5roug5 t5e 4inistr0 of Education wit5 ot5er sta6e5olders in education to ensure t5at 5er in/est,ent into t5e sector is well cared for and result 0ielding (1ross 3i/er State 4inistr0 of (inance& 2'12& 2'13 . Suc5 strategic directions for de/elop,ent of education include pro/ision and ,aintenance of ;ualit0 facilities. In t5e words of t5e state go/ernor during t5e presentation of t5e 2'13 annual 2udget7 D#ur transfor,ation agenda continues to focus on education as a /erita2le tool for sustaina2le socioecono,ic transfor,ation of our societ0. It is in recognition of t5is /ital role t5at we are deter,ined to increase access to ;ualitati/e education for our people& t5us la0ing a solid foundation for a d0na,ic ser/ice-dri/en econo,0 of t5e future. E I a, pleased to infor, 0ou t5at our initiati/es in t5e education sector 5a/e started 0ielding di/idends as e/idenced in t5e perfor,ance of our students in t5e 2'11F2'12 4a0FJune G-E1& SS1E E@a,inations w5ere 5=.'3> of t5ose w5o too6 t5e e@a,inations 5ad 5 credits

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.2%& 2'13

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including Englis5 and 4at5e,atics& w5ile o/er !'> 5ad 5 credits and a2o/eH. In t5e /iews of :ras,ic6& Scott& 3ut5erford& 4elone0& Puddester and Ie/er& (2''5 & for sc5ools as well as for all t0pes of facilitiesA correcti/e ,aintenance is necessar0 in order to address o2ser/ed deficiencies and pre/enti/e ,aintenance so as to protect against new deficiencies in order to greatl0 e@tend t5e useful life of t5e structure. J0 ,aintaining 2uilding structures& t5e costs of future repairs and ,aCor reno/ation are significantl0 reduced. 3egular ,aintenance ensures t5at 2uildings will re,ain operational e/en under ad/erse weat5er condition. 4ost i,portant& a well ,aintained sc5ool facilit0 protects t5e 5ealt5 and safet0 of 2uilding occupants& as well as t5e e;uip,ents t5erein. 95ere is a positi/e relations5ip 2etween t5e ;ualit0 of a sc5ool facilit0 and t5e ;ualit0 of t5e educational acti/it0 t5at ta6es place wit5in as e/ident fro, t5e stud0 of 1raig& (2''< . 95e 1ross 3i/er State go/ern,ent pro/ides assistance for sc5ool construction in t5e state capital 2udget 2ut t5e regular super/ision as well ,aintenance of suc5 sc5ool facilities is t5e sole responsi2ilit0 of t5e state ,inistr0 of education and t5e secondar0 education 2oard. In 1ross 3i/er State& t5e sc5ools s0ste,s 5a/e long-esta2lis5ed progra,s t5at allow t5e, to identif0& prioritiBe& and e@ecute proCects t5at address correcti/e ,aintenance and pre/enti/e ,aintenance tas6s. -lt5oug5 sc5ools in t5e state at so,e ti,es 5a/e suffered at /arious le/els so,e for, of neglect& t5e0 are reco/ering fro, t5e 5istor0 of inade;uate ,aintenance. 95e de,ocratic go/ern,ents of t5e da0 are regularl0 and continuall0 engaged in /igorous accelerated progra, to de/elop ,aintenance ,anage,ent progra,s t5at correspond to t5e nu,2er of age of its facilities. (1ross 3i/er State 4inistr0 of Education . 95erefore& t5e present stud0 is an appraisal of t5e effect of ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of a/aila2le facilities on secondar0 sc5ool students? acade,ic perfor,ance in 1ross 3i/er State. &$ A brief history of the rationale for secondary school education in Nigeria In t5e wor6s of Jos5ua (2''% & t5e National polic0 on Education section % descri2es secondar0 education as follows7 1 Secondar0 education is t5e education c5ildren recei/e after pri,ar0 education and 2efore t5e tertiar0 stage. 2 95e 2road goals of secondar0 education s5all 2e to prepare t5e indi/idual for7 a .seful li/ing wit5in t5e societ0A and 2 Kig5er education In specific ter,& secondar0 education s5all7 a Pro/ide all pri,ar0 sc5ool lea/ers wit5 t5e opportunit0 for education of a 5ig5er le/el& irrespecti/e of se@& social status& religious or et5nic 2ac6groundA 2 #ffer di/ersified curriculu, to cater for t5e differences in talents& opportunities and future rolesA c Pro/ide trained ,anpower in t5e applied science& tec5nolog0 and co,,erce at su2-professional gradesA d +e/elop and pro,ote Nigerian languages& art and culture in t5e conte@t of world cultural 5eritage e Inspire its students wit5 a desire for self i,pro/e,ent and ac5ie/e,ent of e@cellenceA f (oster national unit0 wit5 an e,p5asis on t5e co,,on ties t5at unite us in our di/ersit0A g 3aise a generation of people w5o can t5in6 for t5e,sel/es& respect t5e /iews and feelings of ot5ers& respect t5e dignit0 of la2our& appreciate t5ose /alues specified under our 2road national goals and li/e as good citiBensA 5 Pro/ide tec5nical 6nowledge and /ocational s6ills necessar0 for agricultural& industrial& co,,ercial and econo,ic de/elop,ent. 9o ac5ie/e t5e stated goals& secondar0 education s5all 2e of si@ 0ears duration& gi/en in two stages& - a Cunior secondar0 sc5ool stage and a senior secondar0 sc5ool stageA eac5 s5all 2e of t5ree 0ears duration ((ederal repu2lic of Nigeria& 1<<! 3 -part fro, noting t5e two 2road ai,s of secondar0 education in Nigeria& na,el0 preparing t5e indi/iduals for useful li/ing wit5in t5e societ0& and preparing t5e indi/iduals for 5ig5er education& it s5ould 2e noted also t5at secondar0 education is part of t5e design to ac5ie/e t5e national educational ai,s and o2Cecti/e (w5ic5 t5e,sel/es were de/eloped fro, t5e national o2Cecti/es . 95ese national educational ai,s and o2Cecti/es are7 1. 95e inculcation of national consciousness and unit0A 2. 95e inculcation of t5e rig5t t0pe of /alues and attitudes for t5e sur/i/al of t5e indi/idual and t5e Nigerian societ0A 3. 95e training of t5e ,ind in t5e understanding of t5e world aroundA and %. 95e ac;uisition of appropriate s6ills and t5e de/elop,ent of ,ental& p50sical& and social a2ilities as well as co,petencies t5at will e;uip t5e indi/idual to li/e in and contri2ute to t5e de/elop,ent of 5is societ0 ((ederal 3epu2lic of Nigeria& 1<<! . 95e researc5ers? concern is to appraise t5e e@tent to w5ic5 ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of facilities in secondar0 sc5ools in 1ross 3i/er State 5as e;uipped students wit5 t5ese loft0 ai,s and o2Cecti/es specific to

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.2%& 2'13

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secondar0 education and en5anced t5eir acade,ic perfor,ance. '$ (iterature revie! -ccording to Iowe (1<<! & a nu,2er of studies 5a/e s5own t5at ,an0 sc5ool s0ste,s& particularl0 t5ose in ur2an and 5ig5-po/ert0 areas& are plagued 20 deca0ing 2uildings t5at t5reaten t5e 5ealt5& safet0& and learning opportunities of students. :ood facilities appear to 2e an i,portant precondition for student learning& pro/ided t5at ot5er conditions are present t5at support a strong acade,ic progra, in t5e sc5ool. - growing 2od0 of researc5 5as lin6ed student ac5ie/e,ent and 2e5a/ior to t5e p50sical 2uilding conditions and o/ercrowding. 1ross 3i/er State 5as one of t5e oldest secondar0 educational institutions in t5e countr0 L t5e fa,ous Kope Gaddel 9raining Institution. 95is institution was esta2lis5ed in 1!<5 5as produced suc5 e,inent Nigerians as +r. Nna,di -Bi6iwe& t5e first go/ernor of t5e for,er Eastern 3egion. It is notewort50 to ,ention t5at current de,ands in t5e educational sector glo2all0 are on institutions li6e t5e Kope Gaddel 9raining Institute t5at 5as produced 5ig5 perfor,ing students. -s suc5& great i,portance is laid on t5e pro/ision& ,aintenance& and ,anage,ent of a/aila2le sc5ool facilities to en5ance learning (:ogfre0 * 15u6s& 2'1' . -t t5e sa,e ti,e& resources for sc5ool planning& design& construction& operation and ,aintenance are constrained. 95e c5allenge is to 2uild 5ig5 ;ualit0 sc5ools t5at would function efficientl0 and stand t5e test of ti,es. In a wor6 presentation 20 1raig (2''< & it was asserted t5at focus on t5e ;ualit0 of pupil?s entire acade,ic e@perience 5as led to a greater e,p5asis on t5eir sc5ool life acti/ities and facilities. In response& ,an0 learning institutions are reno/ating& e@panding& or creating new 2uildings t5at support t5eir goals and o2Cecti/es. Iowe (1<<! inter/iewed State 9eac5ers of t5e Mear to deter,ine w5ic5 aspects of t5e p50sical en/iron,ent affected t5eir teac5ing t5e ,ost& and t5ese teac5ers pointed to t5e a/aila2ilit0 and ;ualit0 of classroo, e;uip,ent and furnis5ings& as well as a,2ient features suc5 as cli,ate control and acoustics as t5e ,ost i,portant en/iron,ental factors. In particular& t5e teac5ers e,p5asiBed t5at t5e a2ilit0 to control classroo, te,perature is crucial to t5e effecti/e perfor,ance of 2ot5 students and teac5ers. Nationals and local officials are recogniBing t5at sc5ool facilities L t5e p50sical 2uildings L are i,portant to t5eir progra,,atic success. 4an0 institutions are see6ing for new design guidelines and re;uire,ents for D5ig5 perfor,anceH sc5ools w5ose features pro,ote pupilFteac5ers 5ealt5 and producti/it0& cost- effecti/eness& and sustaina2ilit0. Sc5ool ad,inistrator& parents& teac5ers& and students are focused on ,eeting new testing standards& w5ic5 calls for an en5anced learning en/iron,ent wit5 appropriate tec5nolog0 and co,fort control s0ste,s. In t5e articles 20 $aug5an (2''! and $andi/er (2'11 & it was e,p5asiBed t5at ,ore t5an ot5er 2uilding t0pes& sc5ool facilities w5ose pri,ar0 functions is teac5ing and learning& 5a/e a profound i,pact on t5eir occupants. 95e0 2elie/e t5at t5e design and la0out of sc5ool facilities s5ould poses features t5at will aid learning and teac5ing. 95e0 stress t5at t5e design and la0out of t5e learning en/iron,ent s5ould 2e ta6en into consideration in /arious stages of de/elop,ent. In a researc5 su2,ission 20 #dofowo6a, (2'11 and #lale0e (2'12 & it was noted t5at o/er t5e last two decades& t5e ,anage,ent of pri,ar0 education 5ad 2een e@periencing so,e pro2le,s as a result of polic0 gaps in Nigeria. Sc5ools were not well- ,aintained and facilities were not ade;uatel0 pro/ided arising fro, t5e fact t5at ,anage,ent of pri,ar0 education were used as political foot2all 2etween State :o/ern,ent& Iocal :o/ern,ent and (ederal :o/ern,ent. In a si,ilar researc5 stud0 20 ICai0a (2''1 & it was opined 2ased on t5e unsta2le situation t5at t5e wort5 of an0 ,anage,ent is esta2lis5ed on its a2ilit0 to produce ;ualit0 artifacts and satisf0 clients and ot5er sta6e5olders. 95e tas6s of suc5 entit0& t5erefore& include identif0ing and sol/ing an0 pro2le, t5at ,ilitates against ;ualit0 deli/er0. It is 2elie/ed t5at suc5 a pro2le, sol/ing approac5 s5ould 2e directed at ta6ing pre/enti/e ,easures against wastage. In anot5er paper presentation 20 Jurn5a, (1<<% & it was posited t5at pre/ention is t5e 2asis of pre/enting waste as contested 20 t5e ad/ocates of DNualit0 -ssurance ,anage,entH or D9otal Nualit0 4anage,ent. - nu,2er of ot5er studies 5a/e also s5own t5at ,an0 sc5ool s0ste,s. Particularl0 t5ose in ur2an and 5ig5-po/ert0 areas are plagued 20 deca0ing 2uildings w5ic5 t5reaten t5e 5ealt5& safet0& and learning opportunities of students. :ood facilities appear to 2e an i,portant precondition for pupils learning& pro/ided ot5er conditions are ,et w5ic5 support a strong acade,ic progra, in t5e sc5ool. 95us& growing 2od0 of researc5 wor6s 5as lin6ed student ac5ie/e,ent and 2e5a/iour to t5e p50sical 2uilding conditions and resultant o/ercrowding. - stud0 of t5e +istrict of 1olu,2ia sc5ool s0ste, found& after controlling for ot5er /aria2les suc5 as a studentOs socioecono,ic status& t5at studentsO standardiBed ac5ie/e,ent scores were lower in sc5ools wit5 poor 2uilding conditions. Students in sc5ool 2uildings in poor condition 5ad ac5ie/e,ent t5at was => 2elow sc5ools in fair condition and 11> 2elow sc5ools in e@cellent condition (Edwards& 1<<2 . )$ Purpose of the study 95e ,ain ai, of t5is stud0 was to assess t5e pre/ailing situation on ground in ter,s of pro/ision& ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of a/aila2le secondar0 sc5ools facilities in 1ross 3i/er State& and deter,ine 5ow it is percei/ed

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.2%& 2'13

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to influence students? acade,ic perfor,ance. In order words& t5is stud0 soug5t to find out t5e e@tent to w5ic5 t5e go/ern,ent t5roug5 t5e 4inistr0 of Education and t5e Secondar0 Education Joard pro/ides& ,aintain and ,anage e@isting facilities as percei/ed 20 pupils& parents& teac5ers& and education staff. *$ Method 95is stud0 used t5e sur/e0 researc5 design& and t5e area of t5e stud0 was 1ross 3i/er State. 1ross 3i/er State is one of t5e t5irt0 si@ (3= states of t5e (ederal 3epu2lic of Nigeria& situated in t5e oil-ric5 Sout5-Sout5 :eopolitical Pone. It is 2ounded on t5e Nort5 20 Jenue State& on t5e Sout5 20 -6wa I2o, State& on t5e East 20 1a,eroun 3epu2lic and on t5e Gest 20 -na,2ra and I,o State. It 5as eig5teen local go/ern,ent areas and lies 2etween latitude 5o 32O and %o 27O Nort5 of t5e E;uator and longitude 7o 5'O and <o 2!O East of t5e :reenwic5 ,eridian. 95e state 5as 1ala2ar as 5er capital cit0& and is a leading tourist 5a/en in Nigeria& wit5 attractions li6e t5e 9inapa& 1ala2ar E@port Processing Pone (EPP & t5e International #2udu 1attle 3anc5& t5e #ld 3esidenc0 ,useu,& and -g2o6i, and Qwa waterfalls. 95e sa,ple for t5is stud0 consisted of 235 educational sta6e5olders in 1ala2ar Sout5 and 1ala2ar Nort5 in 1ross 3i/er State secondar0 sc5ool education. 95e state 5as a total nu,2er of !< pu2ic secondar0 sc5ools out of w5ic5 %5 were rando,l0 selected and used for t5e stud0. 95e si,ple rando, sa,pling tec5ni;ue was used in order to ensure e;ual c5ance of representation. 95ere was no particular consideration to an0 personal c5aracteristics of t5e population of stud0. 95e instru,ent for data collection was a 3'-ite,s ;uestionnaire designed 20 t5e researc5ers tagged DInstru,ent for appraising t5e state of 4aintenance and 4anage,ent of a/aila2le Secondar0 Sc5ool (acilities (I-44SS( . 95e instru,ent after t5e trial test anal0sis 0ielded a 1ron2ac5?s alp5a relia2ilit0 coefficient of '.!3& and respondents were as6ed to indicate t5eir le/el of agree,ent or disagree,ent wit5 ran6ings fro, % (strongl0 agree to 1 (Strongl0 disagree . +$ Results 95e results of data anal0sis using si,ple percentage are as s5own 2elow7 ,able #7 +ata retrie/al statistics Respondents Number distributed Pupils !< Parents << 9eac5ers %2 Education staff 5 ,otal &'*

Number retrieved !< (1''> << (1''> %2 (1''> 5 (1''> &'* -#../0

,able &" 3espondent percentage opinion on relations5ip 2etween ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of sc5ool facilities on students? acade,ic perfor,ance Respondents n ,rue 1ntrue Pupils 1'' 7% (31.5> 15 (=.%> Parents 1'' !5 (3=.2> 1% (=.'> 9eac5ers 3' %1 (17.%> 1 ('.%3> #t5ers 5 5 (2.'> ,otal &'* &.* 23$#/ '. #&$2'/ +$# (ro, t5e results of data anal0sis using si,ple percentages& t5e stud0 re/ealed t5at sta6e5olders in t5e secondar0 sc5ool s0ste, are !7.1> in agree,ent wit5 t5e fact t5at ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of facilities in t5e sc5ools 5a/e a positi/e i,pact on acade,ic perfor,ance. 3$ Conclusion4 recommendations 95is stud0 re/ealed t5e role of ade;uate ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of a/aila2le sc5ool facilities on students? acade,ic perfor,ance. 3esults of data anal0sis esta2lis5ed a correlation 2etween ade;uate ,aintenance& and ,anage,ent of a/aila2le sc5ool facilities on i,pro/ed studentsR acade,ic perfor,ance. 95e outco,e of t5is current stud0 of w5ic5 agreed wit5 t5e wor6s of #dufowo6an (2'11 & $andi/er& (2'11 & and #lale0e& (2'12 s5ould not 2e ignored. 95e i,portance of ade;uate ,aintenance and ,anage,ent of a/aila2le sc5ool facilities in t5e de/elop,ent of ,anpower for a nation?s econo,0 cannot 2e o/er-e,p5asiBed in an0 nations? educational s0ste,. 95e 1ross 3i/er State :o/ern,ent in particular& and t5e go/ern,ent of Nigeria in general 5as de,onstrated co,,it,ent to en5anced funding 20 in/esting financiall0 and ,ateriall0 in education generall0& and particularl0 in t5e pro,otion and populariBation of t5e uni/ersal 2asic education in all state of t5e federation. Judgetar0 allocation to education is en5anced annuall0 as seen fro, literature and t5e positi/e i,pact of suc5 gesture is e/idenced 1'%

Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.2%& 2'13

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fro, t5e i,pro/ed perfor,ance of students in e@ternal e@a,ination li6e t5e G-E1 and ot5er e@a,ination 2odies. Jased on t5ese findings& it was reco,,ended t5at efforts s5ould 2e ,ade 20 educational sta6e5olders in 1ross 3i/er State and Nigeria at large to de/elop sustained ,aintenance and ,anage,ent culture in secondar0 sc5ool learning facilities. Secondl0& sc5ools t5at efficientl0 ,aintain and ,anage pro/ided learning facilities s5ould 2e encouraged t5roug5 awards and priBes. 4ore so& officials of t5e inspectorate di/isions of State and (ederal 4inistries of Education s5ould 2e ,ore regular and prag,atic in carr0ing out t5eir duties and gi/ing appropriate feed2ac6s. (inall0& 5ig5 le/el of ,aintenance culture s5ould 2e inculcated into secondar0 sc5ool students at t5is stage of t5eir de/elop,ent 20 sc5ool principals& parents and teac5ers References 1raig& Q. S. (2''< & 3elations5ip 2etween educational facilities and acade,ic ac5ie/e,ent. S#nlineT -/aila2le7 5ttp7FFwww.n/el.go/FdocsFfr0'!'stiF315%5.pdf (4a0 2'& 2'12 1ross 3i/er State :o/ern,ent (2'12 & Judget consultati/e foru, wit5 sta6e5older. S#nlineT 5ttp7FFwww.crossri/erstate.go/.ngFinde@.p5p 4a0 2'& (2'12 1ross 3i/er State :o/ern,ent (2'13 & Judget 1onsultati/e foru, wit5 sta6e5older. S#nlineT -/aila2le7 5ttp7FFwww.crossri/erstate.go/.ngFinde@.p5p (-ugust =& 2'13 Edwards& 4. 4. (1<<2 & Building conditions, parental involvement and student achievement in the D.C. public school system. 4aster 95esis& :eorgetown .ni/ersit0& Gas5ington& +.1. (E+ 2=% 2!5 . Era6a& 9. (2''5 & -nal0sis of space di,ensions and p50sical facilities in our pu2lic secondar0 sc5ools. M.Ed Thesis& +elta State .ni/ersit0. (ederal 3epu2lic of Nigeria (1<<! . National Polic0 on Education (3rd ed. . Iagos (ederal go/ern,ent Press. :odfre0& #. * 15u6s& P. (2'1' . Effects of design& la0out and ,anage,ent of pri,ar0 sc5ool facilities on perfor,ance of pupils. S#nlineT -/aila2le7 5ttp7FFwww.pge.co, (4a0 2'& 2'12 :ras,ic6& N. S. Scott& -. E. 3ut5erford& J. Q. 4clon0& 9. 3uddestar& (. * Iester +. (2''5 & 4aintenance of pu2lic sc5ool facilities in 4ar0land .ni/ersit0. 4ar0land Printing Press. ICai0a& M. (2''1 & (ro, ;ualit0 control to ;ualit0 assurance7 - panacea for ;ualit0 education in Nigerian sc5ools. In N.- Nwagwu& E.9.E5ia,etalor * 4.Nwadiani(Eds. .Current Issues in educational management in Nigeria. Jenin 1it07 Nigerian -ssociation for Educational -d,inistration and planning. Jos5ua& 4. 9. (2''% & Secondar0 Sc5ool7 -n assess,ent e/aluation. - paper presented at -frican 1entre for conte,porar0 studies. S#nlineT -/aila2le7 www.accs.org.u6 (June 15& 2'12 Iowe& J. 4. (1<<! & Impact of inade uate school facilities on student learning. S#nlineT -/aila2le7 5ttp7FFwww2.ed.go/FofficesF#ESEFarc5i/esFinitsFconstructionFi,pact2.5t,l (4a0 2'& 2'12 #dufowo6an& J. -. (2'11 & Sc5ool plant planning as correlate of students? acade,ic perfor,ance in Sout5west Nigeria secondar0 sc5ools. International !ournal of Business "dministration& 2& (2 & %1-%5. S#nlineT -/aila2le7 www.sciedu.caFiC2a. (2% 4a0 2'12 #lale0e& (.#. (2'12 & 1reating a friendl0 sc5ool learning en/iron,ent for Nigeria c5ildren& European #cientific !ournal, !(! & 12%-133. $andi/er& J. (2'11 & 95e i,pact of sc5ool facilities on t5e learning en/iron,ent. S#nlineT -/aila2le7 www.acefacilities.orgF3etrie/e+ocu,ent.as5@U+ocIdVe2d'a'!c-52<<. (-ugust 2=& 2'12 $aug5an& (2''! & Effect of design, layout and management of primary school facilities on performance of pupils. S#nlineT -/aila2le7 www.acade,ia.edu

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