Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K.
Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 1/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Chapter 01 Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Foundations of Computing Dr. Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 2/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Learning Objectives Learning Objectives In this chapter you will learn about: What is a computer? Characteristics of computers Evolution of computers Computer generations Classification of computers Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 3/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers What is a Computer? Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 4/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Original objective of inventing a computer was to create a fast calculating device Often referred to as a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired Computer Computer Ref Page. 1 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 5/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Data Processing Data Processing The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing Data is raw material used as input to data processing and information is processed data obtained as output Data (Raw material) Information (Finished product) Computer (Data processor) Input Output Ref Page. 2 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 6/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Characteristics of Computers Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 7/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Characteristics of Computers Characteristics of Computers Sr. No. Characteristics Description 1 Automatic It carries out a job normally without any human intervention 2 Speed It can perform several billion (10 9 ) simple arithmetic operations per second 3 Accuracy It performs every calculation with the same accuracy 4 Diligence It is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration 5 Versatility It can perform a wide variety of tasks 6 Memory It can store huge amount of information and can recall any piece of this information whenever required 7 No I. Q. It cannot take its own decisions, and has to be instructed what to do and in what sequence 8 No Feelings It cannot make judgments based on feelings and instincts Ref Page. 2 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 8/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Evolution of Computers Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 9/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Evolution of Computers Evolution of Computers Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642 Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671 Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880 Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punched cards that were extensively used as input media until late 1970s Business machines and calculators made their appearance in Europe and America towards the end of the nineteenth century (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 2 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 10/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Charles Babbage is considered the father of modern digital programmable computers He designed "Difference Engine in 1822 He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer Evolution of Computers Evolution of Computers Ref Page. 3 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 11/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Computer Generations Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 12/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Some Well Known Early Computers Some Well Known Early Computers The Mark I Computer (1937-44) The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC) (1943-46) The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) (1946-52) The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) (1947-49) Manchester Mark I (1948) The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) I (1951) IBM 701 (1952) IBM 650 (1953) Ref Page. 5 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 13/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers "Generation, in computer talk, provides a framework for the growth of computer industry based on key technologies developed Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software There are five computer generations known till today Computer Generations Computer Generations (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 3 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 14/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Generation (Period) Key hardware technologies Key software technologies Key characteristics Some representative systems First (1942-1955) Vacuum tubes Electromagnetic relay memory Punched cards secondary storage Machine and assembly languages Stored program concept Mostly scientific applications Bulky in size Highly unreliable Limited commercial use and costly Difficult commercial production Difficult to use ENIAC EDVAC EDSAC UNIVAC I IBM 701 Second (1955-1964) Transistors Magnetic cores memory Magnetic tapes Disks for secondary storage Batch operating system High-level programming languages Scientific and commercial applications Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to program than previous generation systems Commercial production was still difficult and costly Honeywell 400 IBM 7030 CDC 1604 UNIVAC LARC (Continued on next slide) Computer Generations Computer Generations Ref Page. 15 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 15/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Generation (Period) Key hardware technologies Key software technologies Key characteristics Some rep. systems Third (1964-1975) ICs with SSI and MSI technologies Larger magnetic cores memory Larger capacity disks and magnetic tapes secondary storage Minicomputers; upward compatible family of computers Timesharing operating system Standardization of high-level programming languages Unbundling of software from hardware Faster, smaller, more reliable, easier and cheaper to produce Commercially, easier to use, and easier to upgrade than previous generation systems Scientific, commercial and interactive on-line applications IBM 360/370 PDP-8 PDP-11 CDC 6600 (Continued on next slide) Computer Generations Computer Generations Ref Page. 15 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 16/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Generation (Period) Key hardware technologies Key software technologies Key characteristics Some rep. systems Fourth (1975-1989) ICs with VLSI technology Microprocessors; semiconductor memory Larger capacity hard disks as in-built secondary storage Magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable storage media Personal computers Supercomputers based on parallel vector processing and symmetric multiprocessing technologies Spread of high-speed computer networks Operating systems for PCs with GUI and multiple windows on a single terminal screen Multiprocessing OS with concurrent programming languages UNIX operating system C and C++ programming language PC, Network-based, and supercomputing applications Object-oriented design and programming Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs More powerful and reliable mainframe systems and supercomputers Totally general purpose machines Easier to produce commercially Easier to upgrade Rapid software development possible IBM PC and its clones Apple II TRS-80 VAX 9000 CRAY-1 CRAY-2 CRAY- X/MP Computer Generations Computer Generations (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 16 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 17/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Generation (Period) Key hardware technologies Key software technologies Key characteristics Some rep. systems Fifth (1989- Present) ICs with ULSI technology Larger capacity main memory, hard disks with RAID support Optical disks as portable read-only storage media Notebooks, powerful desktop PCs and workstations Powerful servers, supercomputers Internet Cluster computing World Wide Web Multimedia, Internet applications Micro-kernel, multithreading, multicore OS JAVA MPI and PVM libraries for parallel programming Portable computers Powerful, cheaper, reliable, and easier to use desktop machines Very powerful mainframes High uptime due to hot-pluggable components General purpose machines Easier to produce commercially IBM notebooks Pentium PCs SUN Workstations IBM SP/2 SGI Origin 2000 PARAM Supercomputers Computer Generations Computer Generations Ref Page. 16 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 18/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations (c) An IC chip (b) A Transistor (a) A Vacuum tube Ref Page. 7 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 19/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Classification of Computers Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 20/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Computer Classification Computer Classification Traditionally, computers were classified by their size, processing speed, and cost Based on these factors, computers were classified as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers However, with the rapidly changing technology, this classification is no more relevant Today, computers are classified based on their mode of use Ref Page. 14 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 21/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Types of Computers Types of Computers Based on their mode of use, computers are classified as: Notebook computers (Laptop) Personal computers (PC) Workstations Mainframe systems Supercomputers Clients and servers Handheld computers Ref Page. 14 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 22/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Notebook Computers Notebook Computers Portable computers mainly meant for use by people who need computing resource wherever they go Approximately of the size of an 8 x 11 inch notebook and can easily fit inside a briefcase Weigh around 2 kg only. Comfortably placed on ones lap while being used. Hence, they are also called laptop PC Lid with display screen is foldable in a manner that when not in use it can be folded to flush with keyboard to convert the system into notebook form (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 14 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 23/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Designed to operate with chargeable batteries Mostly used for word processing, spreadsheet computing, data entry, and power point presentations Normally run MS-DOS or MS WINDOWS operating system Some manufacturers are also offering models with GNU/Linux or its distributions Each device of laptop is designed to use little power and remain suspended if not used Notebook Computers Notebook Computers (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 17 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 24/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Keyboard, trackball, hard disk, floppy disk drive, etc. are in this unit Foldable flat screen Notebook Computers Notebook Computers Ref Page. 17 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 25/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Personal Computers (PCs) Personal Computers (PCs) Non-portable, general-purpose computer that fits on a normal size office table Designed to meet personal computing needs of individuals Often used by children and adults for education and entertainment also Generally used by one person at a time, supports multitasking Two common models of PCs are desktop model and tower model Popular OS are MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Windows-NT, Linux, and UNIX Ref Page. 18 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 26/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Keyboard Mouse Mouse System unit Monitor (a) Desktop model (b) Tower model Common PC Models Common PC Models Ref Page. 18 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 27/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Workstations Workstations Powerful desktop computer designed to meet the computing needs of engineers, architects, and other professionals Provides greater processing power, larger storage, and better graphics display facility than PCs Commonly used for computer-aided design, multimedia applications, simulation of complex scientific and engineering problems, and visualization Generally run the UNIX operating system or a variation of it Operating system is generally designed to support a multiuser environment Ref Page. 19 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 28/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Mainframe Systems Mainframe Systems Mainly used by large organizations as banks, insurance companies, hospitals, railways, etc. Used for data handling and information processing requirements Used in such environments where a large number of users need to share a common computing facility Oriented to input/output-bound applications (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 20 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 29/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Typically consists of a host computer, front-end computer, back-end computer, console terminals, magnetic disk drives, tape drives, magnetic tape library, user terminals, printers, and plotters Typical mainframe system looks like a row of large file cabinets and needs a large room Smaller configuration (slower host and subordinate computers, lesser storage space, and fewer user terminals) is often referred to as a minicomputer system Mainframe Systems Mainframe Systems Ref Page. 21 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 30/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Mainframe Computer Systems Mainframe Computer Systems USERS ROOM (Entry restricted to authorized users) SYSTEM ROOM (Entry restricted to system administrators and maintenance staff) Magnetic disk drives Host processor Front-end processor User terminal User terminal User terminal Console Printer Plotter Magnetic tape drive Magnetic tape library Back end processor Ref Page. 22 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 31/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Supercomputers Supercomputers Most powerful and most expensive computers available at a given time Primarily used for processing complex scientific applications that require enormous processing power Well known supercomputing applications include: Analysis of large volumes of seismic data Simulation of airflow around an aircraft Crash simulation of the design of an automobile Solving complex structure engineering problems Weather forecasting (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 22 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 32/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Supercomputers also support multiprogramming Supercomputers primarily address processor-bound applications Use multiprocessing and parallel processing technologies to solve complex problems faster Also known as parallel computers or parallel processing systems Modern supercomputers employ hundreds of processors and are also known as massively parallel processors Supercomputers Supercomputers Ref Page. 23 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 33/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers C-DAC's PARAM Padma Supercomputer C-DAC's PARAM Padma Supercomputer [Reproduced with permission from C-DAC] Ref Page. 25 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 34/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Client and Server Computers Client and Server Computers Client-server computing environment has multiple clients, one/more servers, and a network Client is a PC/workstation with user-friendly interface running client processes that send service requests to the server Server is generally a relatively large computer that manages a shared resource and provides a set of shared user services to the clients Server runs the server process that services client requests for use of managed resources Network may be a single LAN or WAN or an internet work Ref Page. 26 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 35/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Involves splitting an application into tasks and putting each task on computer where it can be handled most efficiently Computers and operating systems of a client and a server may be different Common for one server to use the services of another server, and hence act both as client and server Concept of client and server computers is purely role- based and may change dynamically as the role of a computer changes Client-Server Computing Client-Server Computing Ref Page. 26 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 36/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers File server Workstation (Client) Database server Workstation (Client) PC (Client) PC (Client) PC (Client) Client-Server Computing Environment Client-Server Computing Environment LAN or WAN or an Internet of Networks Ref Page. 27 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 37/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Handheld Computers Handheld Computers Small computing device that can be used by holding in hand, also known as palmtop Size, weight, and design are such that it can be used comfortably by holding in hand Types of Handheld are: Tablet PC: Miniaturized laptop with light weight, screen flip, handwriting and voice recognition PDA/Pocket PC: Acts as PIM device with LCD touch screen, pen for handwriting recognition, PC based synchronization, and optionally mobile phone services Smartphone: Fully functional mobile phone with computing power, voice centric, do not have a touch screen and are smaller than PDA (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 27 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 38/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers (a) Tablet PC (b) PDA/Pocket PC (c) Smartphone Handheld Computers Handheld Computers Ref Page. 29 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 39/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Low Generally high Generally low Higher Highest High Low Low Hard disk storage capacity Low Generally high Generally low Highest Higher High Low Low Main memory capacity Low Generally high Generally low Highest Higher High Low Low Processing power Very small (can be placed on ones palm) Generally large Generally small (may be large if it also plays the role of a server) Large (needs a large room) Large (needs a large room) Medium (Slightly larger than PC) Small (can be placed on an office table) Very small (can be placed on ones lap) Size Hand- held Server Client Super- computer Mainframe system Work- station Personal computer Notebook Types Features (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 30 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 40/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Hand- held Server Client Super- computer Mainframe system Work- station Personal computer Notebook Single Multiple Single Multiple Multiple Generally single Single Single Single/ multiple - User oriented Single Generally multiple General ly single Multiple Multiple Generally multiple Generally single Single Single/ multiple processors Small display Generally not available Medium to large screen monitor Generally not available Generally not available Large- screen monitor that can display high- resolution graphics Medium size display screen Foldable flat screen small display Display facility No Generally no Yes Generally no Generally no Yes Yes Yes Has its own monitor, keyboard, and mouse for user interface Features Types (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 30 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 41/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Hand- held Server Client Super- computer Mainframe system Work- station Personal computer Notebook MS- Wndows Mobile, Palm OS, Symbian OS, Linux, Blackbery OS Windows- NT, UNIX or its variant, or proprietary MS-DOS, MS- Windows, Windows- NT, Linux, UNIX A variant of UNIX, or proprietary A variant of UNIX, or proprietary UNIX or its variant MS-DOS, MS- Windows, Windows- NT, Linux, UNIX MS-DOS, MS- Windows, Linux Popular operating systems Types Features (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 31 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 42/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Computing, Personal Information Manage- ment (PIM), cell phone, digital camera Manage a shared resource and provide a set of shared user services in a client- server computi ng environ ment Provide highly user- friendly interface in a client- server computing environ- ment Large processor- bound applications like complex scientific simulations Processing of I/O- bound applications Computing needs of engineers, architects, designers; Simulation of complex scientific and engineering problems and visualizing the results of simulation; and Multimedia applications Personal computing needs of individuals either at their work places or homes; and Education and entertainm ent of children and adults Word processing; Spreadsheet; Data Entry; Preparing presentation materials; and Making presentations Popular usage Hand- held Server Client Super- computer Mainframe system Work- station Personal computer Notebook Types Features (Continued on next slide) Ref Page. 31 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 43/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Comparison of Different Types of Computers Nokia, Sony, Motorola, Dell, Hewlett- Packard Same as Work- station, Mainfram e System, and Super- computer vendors Same as PC and Work- station vendors Cray, IBM, Silicon Graphics, Fujitsu, Intel, C-DAC, Hewlett- Packard IBM, DEC Sun Microsyste ms, IBM, DEC, Hewlett- Packard, Silicon Graphics IBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, Zenith, Siemens, Toshiba, Hewlett- Packard, Lenovo IBM, Compaq, Siemens, Toshiba Major vendors Hand- held Server Client Super- computer Mainframe system Work- station Personal computer Notebook Types Features Ref Page. 31 Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 44/44 Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution, and Classification of Computers Key Words/Phrases Key Words/Phrases Computer Computer generations Computer Supported Cooperative Working (CSCW) Data Data processing Data processor First-generation computers Fourth-generation computers Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO) Graphical User Interface (GUI) Groupware Information Integrated Circuit (IC) Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Medium Scale Integration (MSI) Microprocessor Personal Computer (PC) Second-generation computers Small Scale Integration (SSI) Stored program concept Third-generation computers Transistor Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Vacuum tubes Client computer Handheld I/O-bound application Processor-bound application Notebook/Laptop PC Mainframe system Massively parallel processors Minicomputer Personal Computer (PC) Server computer Supercomputer Workstation