1 Wednesday, October 30, 2013 Pre-MA Written Translation Shaimaa Suleiman

Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet

A M T!O"O#O$% &O' T'A(S#AT)O(

"irect Translation
)* +orro,inTo o.ercome a lacuna, usually a metalin-uistic one /e*-* a ne, technical 0rocess, an un1no,n conce0t2, borro,in- is the sim0lest o3 all translation methods* )t ,ould not e.en merit discussion in this conte4t i3 translators did not occasionally need to use it in order to create a stylistic e33ect* &or instance, in order to introduce the 3la.our o3 the source lan-u-ae /S#2 culture into a translation, 3orei-n terms may be used* &aceboo1 55 6789:; T,itter 55 <=>7? %ouTube 55 @7:?7> PiAAa B)talianC 55 0iAAa B n-lishC 55 DE=:F Mu33in B$ermanC 55 mu33in B n-lishC O0era B)talianC 55 o0era B n-lishC 55 D<FGH Iosmo0olitan 55 JKL=:M7F7NO7P &ascist B)talianC 55 &ascist B n-lishC 55 QRL; S7TUMD 55 Alcohol B n-lishC Ia.iar, 1ebab, yo-hurt BTur1ishC 55 Ia.iar, 1ebab, yo-hurt Tycoon BVa0aneseC 55 tycoon

))* IalWue
A calWue is a s0ecial 1ind o3 borro,in- ,hereby a lan-ua-e borro,s an e40ression 3orm o3 another, but then translates literally each o3 its elements* A distinction has to be made bet,een t,o ty0es o3 claWuesX 1- #e4ical calWueX a calWue ,hich res0ects the syntactic structure o3 the T#, ,hilst introducin- a ne, mode o3 e40ression* 2- Structural calWueX a claWue ,hich introduces a ne, construction into the lan-ua-e*

The Arab S0rin- 55 JF<YMD Z:F<MD 'oadma0 55 [><\MD ]^_L` Iase study 55 ]MLa ]bD_c Presentation 55 Qd>ef? g<h Wee1end 55 &ine settimana B)talianC ibermensch B$ermanC 55 Su0erman Pomme djAdam B&renchC 55 Adamjs a00le Stic1 and carrot 0olicy 55 k_ElMD G LmYMD ]bL:b The moment o3 truth 55 ]f:fTMD ]nTM Scorched earth 0olicy 55 ]oG<TdMD g_pD ]bL:b )nternational Monetary &und 55 JMGeMD efqMD rGeqs The $rou0 o3 i-ht 55 ]:KLdtMD ]h7dlN

)))* #iteral Translation

#iteral, or ,ord 3or ,ord, translation is the direct trans3er o3 a S# te4t into a -rammatically and idiomatically a00ro0riate T# te4t in ,hich the translatorjs tas1 is limited to obser.in- the adherence to the lin-uistic ser.itudes o3 the T#* The 3ollo,in- e4am0le is ta1en 3rom Salin-erjs The Catcher in the Rye and its Arabic translationX uPencey Pre0 is this school thatjs in A-ersto,n, Pennsyl.ania* %ou 0robably heard o3 it* %ouj.e 0robably seen the ads, any,ay* They ad.ertise in about a thousand ma-aAines*u vSLa wP Jxh vyLKzh{D |>H_ GH L}qh |Ydb LdF_ *L:KL~x9q:F J; 7=b<H J; ]b_eN J ]>7KLtMD Q9qFu u*]xlN MH JMD7a J; L}?LKzh <q? J}; The 3ollo,in- e4am0le is ta1en 3rom uThe "eclaration on the Occasion o3 the T,enty-3i3th Anni.ersary o3 the nited (ationsuX u)n 0ursuance o3 the 0ur0oses o3 the Iharter, ,e rea33irm our determination to res0ect the 0rinci0les o3 international la, concernin- 3riendly relations and co-o0eration amon- States*u yLozYMLF ]fxY=dMD QMGeMD 7KLfMD cL8N D<=aD Jxh Lqd:dm? e>e N ePK vrLt:dMD esLfN [:fT=M L: Yb Gu u*SGeMD :F GLY=MD G ]:MGeMD The 3ollo,in- e4am0le is ta1en 3rom the P'O)MO# IOMPO(" 0atient in3ormation lea3letX kcLN Jxh D7=a{ ]:M78MD ML9dxM <}\dP wdY> P<N S7d:9PG<F ; L<P [FL9MD sD7` JM ];L{LF Gu 89? J=MD L><=U8MD N <:tUM cLN S7Y~N M e:eMLN_7~MD G vS78MD J; e:eMLN_7~MD [x\? J=MD :NL9U:}MD u*JM78MD OL}lMD Geh u)n addition to the 3ore-mentioned 0ro0erties, P'O)MO# IOMPO(" acts as an e33ecti.e urinary antise0tic due to its content o3 !e4amine ,hich liberates 3ormaldehyde in the urine* &ormaldehyde 0ossesses antibacterial acti.ity a-ainst many bacteria res0onsible 3or urinary tract in3ections*u

ObliWue Translation
)* Trans0osition
The method called trans0osition in.ol.es re0lacin- one ,ord class ,ith another ,ithout chan-in- the meanin- o3 the messa-e* The 3ollo,in- e4am0les are ta1en 3rom )talo Ial.inojs Il Visconte Dimezzato and its Arabic translationX u#e cico-ne volavano basse*u BLiterally: The cuckoos flied at a low altitude*C u~qN 7xh Jxh [ MLfxMD N @<b < N*u The trans0osition occurs as a result o3 the shi3t in translation 3rom the )talian .erb volavano to the Arabic ad.erbial Lf xTN* uMedardo aveva appreso che in Wuei 0aesi il .olo delle cico-ne se-no di 3ortuna*u BLiterally: Medardo knew that, in this country, the fli ht of cuckoos was a ood!luck si n"# uTMD xl> <RN cz8MD J; [MLfxMD D<:^ F Jxh Gc_De:N LP*u A trans0osition once a-ain occurs because o3 the shi3t in translation 3rom the )talian au4iliary .erb combination aveva a$$reso to the Arabic noun xh* &rom The Associated PressX u)n Saudi Arabia, armored 0ersonnel carriers and doAens o3 o33icers in riot -ear surrounded se.eral hundred demonstrators ,ho ,ere shoutin- calls 3or re3orms and eWuality bet,een the sects*u N yLN "! # MD ]T;LUN yD7o N yD<h kehL9dF ]><U9YMD yLh_edMD |NLo v]>c7Y9MD J; Gu u*D7\MD :F kDGL9dMLF G yLazs{LF ]8ML\N yL;L= DGcc_ >MD ><Ln=dMD uThe siAe o3 e40enditure is not the $o%us o3 -ender-sensiti.e bud-etin-*u u*rL~K{D la Jxh JhLd=D 7qxM ]99T=dMD yL:KDE:dMD &'() Gu X&rom (a-uib Mah3ouAjs Ihildren o3 $ebela,i u]f>eTMD xNz9F *+",-. JKL=T=MD 7}8MLF xlN JM LqFH oD7MD Lhc LN 7> G*u One day the master o3 the house summoned his sons to the do,nstairs dra,in--u u*room, ,hich opened on the terrace

* Modulation
Modulation is a .ariation o3 the 3orm o3 the messa-e, obtained by a chan-e in the *0oint o3 .ie, XModulation 3alls into se.eral cate-ories o o o o o o o o o Abstract 3or conceret* Iause-e33ect* $eneral-s0eci3ic* Part-,hole* Part- 0art* (e-ation* Acti.e-0assi.e* "e3inite-inde3inite* Plural-sin-ular*

This te4t is ta1en 3rom the short story u9~q8MD wfau BliterallyX the 3ield o3 .ioletsC by the Syrian ,riter achariah TamerX u*L:F ]:TM M /01 x`Dc Q; xl> LPG v<:8P el9N JMD ?D7\` ?cLoGu u!is 3eet led him to a lar-e mosWue, and inside it sat a reli2ious tea%3er ,ith a ,hite beard*u Reli ious teacher is a -eneral term that is not associated ,ith a certain reli-ion, unli1e :R ,hich comes across as 0eculiar or s0eci3ic to )slam* &rom the (%TX uThe ca0italist bubble burst as a result o$ the 3inancial crisis, ,hich 0ro.o1ed a -lobal recession*u _Ll~KD J; 4 45 MLYMD 7=9N Jxh cLm=oD cL9UMD N ]MLa h y<~bH J=MD ]>cLm=oD ]NOpD |KLPu u*]:MLdbH<MD ]hLf~MD Iate-oryX 33ect-cause modulation* uObamajs Syria s0eech delivered this mornin- is 6ost probably Americajs last ,arnin- 3or Assad*u ]MLb_ 7 7:MD L8s L>_7b J; Z7MD S7a LNLFGH :<MD < -= MD @L\MD 7U> H 784"9,-. :; 0-u u*ebpD _L8M keT=dMD yL>7MD N k<:`pD<>T=MD Iate-oriesX Passi.e-acti.e modulation, a33irmati.e-ne-ati.e modulation*

)* Wui.alence
Wui.alence is the method ,hich 0roduces eWui.alent te4ts that render the same situation usin- com0letely di33erent stylistic and structural methods* The method o3 creatin- eWui.alences is 3reWuently a00lied to idioms* On the line 55 |><~h P Jxh TdMD Jxh Too many coo1s s0oil the broth 55 r< ? :9>_ L}M QxMD P<dMD #et slee0in- do-s lie 55 ]dLK ]q=~MD c Vum0 out o3 the 3ryin- 0an into the 3ire 55 _LqMLF LN<MD N <:l=9dMLP Wor1 around the cloc1 55 _L}K w:M wdY> +uAA1ill 55 yLhLdlMD r<~N G yDxMD cL

))* Ada0tation
Ada0tation is used in those cases ,here the ty0e o3 situation bein- re3erred to by the S# messa-e is un1no,n in the T# culture* An e4am0le 3rom (a-uib Mah3ouAjs Children of %e&elawiX uw8o N D< :nK JTMD L}M e}> M J=MD cH >?@ |KLP G*u u*The district had ne.er seen anythin- li1e the bride-roomjs pro%ession o3 Adhamu The conce0t o3 zaffa, the -y0tian e4traordinarily loud ,eddin- 0rocession, can easily be lost on TT readers ,ho are by no means 3amiliar ,ith -y0tian ,eddin-s* *There3ore, the translator o0ted 3or ada0tation