Chapter 1

Fluid and Its Properties

Outline
Definition of fluid mechanics Concept of shear stress Properties of fluid Density and specific gravity Specific weight Viscosity Surface tension Pressure Units and conversion Types of fluid

Learning Outcome
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to !" %" &" '" Define the term #fluid$ Determine various types of fluid Determine properties of fluid Solve fluid related problems using different unit conversions

FLUID MECHANICS FLUID

substance that lack the ability to resist deformation forces

MECHANICS
A study of forces and motions

FLUID MECHANICS
A study of fluid either at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics) and the subsequent effects of the fluid on the boundaries

Significance?
Chemical( )ngineering +i,uid(and(gas(flow(in(pipeline Design(of(vessel Design(of(water(filter )nvironmental( )ngineering Design(of(metering(e,uipment

Aerodynamics *edical

Significance?
Chemical( )ngineering

)nvironmental( )ngineering

-ormation(of(tornado,(hurricane Temperature(profile(of(continent -low(of(plume(.smo/e0(at(different(time

Aerodynamics *edical

1iver(hydraulic

Significance?
Chemical( )ngineering

)nvironmental( )ngineering

Aerodynamics *edical

Design(of(vehicle Design(of(smo/e(stac/ Design(of(buildings

Significance?
Chemical( )ngineering

)nvironmental( )ngineering

Aerodynamics *edical 2lood(flow(system Design(of(medical(e,uipment Digestion(of(food(in(intestine 1espiration(system

What is fluid?

3as(to(understand(the(concept(of( 4stress5(and(4shear(stress5

-orce Stress = Area

Types of stress
!6(/g !6(/g

!6(/g

1ope(holding( up(a(weight

A(column(holding( up(a(weight

7lue(.at(the(wall0( holding(up(a(weight

Tensile(stress(
Stress(that(tends( to(pull(things(apart

Compressive(stress(
Stress(that(tends(to( crush(the(column

Shear(stress
Stress(that(tends(to( ma/e(one(surface(being( #sliced$(or(slide(parallel( to(another(surface

Shear force Shear stress, = Area

Shear force
Shear(force(is(a(force(which(acts tangentially to(a( surface(and(causes the surface to deform

A 8

A5

25

Shear strain
Deformation(is(measured(by(the(angle(9 9 :(shear(strain
A 8 A5 2 25

F
9

Newtons law of iscosity

A 8 A5 2 25

F
9
); 8 y

9 :(8<y 1ate(of(9 :(8<yt(:(.8<t0y(:(V<y Assume(((((((((((((((((((((((((,(( rate of so( V/y = V/y

V(:(8<t( :(velocity(of(particle(at()

= dV/dy

= dynamic viscosity

!ifferences "etween solids and fluids

&(types(of(matter

Solid Permanently( resist( deformation

+i,uid

7as

+ac/(the(ability(to(resist(a(deformation( force

 Solid = permanently(resist(large(shear(force(.provided(the( elastic(limit(not(e8ceeded0 = >hen(sub?ected(to(shear(force( move(short( distance = Set(up(internal(shear(force,(then(stop(moving

@nitial

-orce(applied

-orce(removed

 Liquid and gas = +ac/(the(ability(to(resist(deformation = Deforms(continuously(under(the(action(of(shearing( forces,(no(matter(how(small" = Aeep(on(moving(for(as(long(as(the(force(is(applied = @f(force(is(removed,(fluid(won5t(be(the(same(as( initial(state

@nitial

-orce(applied

 Shear(stress(

= develops(when(fluid(in(motion = i"e"(particles(move(relative(to(each(( other(that(they(have(different( velocities(

ua ub uc

 @f(velocity(of(fluid(is(the(same(at(every(point,(condition( of(no(shear(stress
.fluid(at(rest(relative(to(each(other0
ua ua ua

-luid(at(rest(= no(shear(stress

Fluid Properties
Viscosity(B(/inematic(viscosity Density Specific(volume,(Specific(weight,(Specific(gravity Surface(tension( Pressure

#iscosity
Property(that(determines(the(amount(of(resistance(to( shear(force" Due(primarily(to(interaction(between(fluid(molecules

#iscosity
U F V y Fluid

-luid(is(filled(between(plate To(/eep(plate(moving(at(constant(velocity,(U( a(constant(force,(-(must(be(applied

#iscosity

AU F y

F dV A dy dV dy

#iscosity

dV = dy
Coefficient(of( viscosity(((((((((((
.dynamic(viscosity0

#iscosity
dV = dy
Cewton5s(law(of(viscosity(
Shear(stress(is(linearly(proportional(to(the(velocity(gradient

dV dy

= f (types of fluid, time and T)

$ypes of fluids

Newtonian fluids
-luids(that(obey(Cewton5s(law(of(viscosity

NonNon-Newtonian fluids
-luids(that(do(not(obey(Cewton5s(law(of(viscosity

 varies with types of fluid

Newtonian fluids
is(proportional to(dV<dy All(gases All(li,uids(having(simple( chemical(formula = )"g (3%D,(C3&D3,(CE3E *ost(dilute(solution(of( simple(molecules(in(water(or( organic(solvents = *etal(ion(solution,(sugar( in(water

Newtonian fluids Straight line through origin

% aries with types of fluid

NonNon-Newtonian fluids

Shear(stress(is(a function of the(velocity( gradient" .viscosity(is(not(a( constant0

% aries with types of fluid

Bingham fluids
1esist(small(shear(stress" -low(easily(under(larger( shear(stress
.-orce(must(be(given(in( order(to(move(the(fluid0

)"g"(2read(dough,( toothpaste,(?ellies

% aries with types of fluid

Pseudoplastic fluids
Shear(thinning(fluids as(dV<dy( )"g"(Polymer(solutions,( blood(

% aries with types of fluid

Dilatant fluids
Shear(thic/ening(fluids as(dV<dy( )"g"(Starch(suspension

 varies with time

Viscosity is time inde endent

All Ne!tonian "luids are time inde endent Most o" non#Ne!tonian "luids are time inde endent

% aries with time

Rheopectic
Viscosity increases !ith time

% aries with time

Thixotropic
Viscosity decreases !ith time

&nit of
Unit( = PaFs(<(C<m%s(<(/g<mGs.S@0 = @bm<ftGs( = Poise( centipoise(.cP0 -or(water,( :(!(cP(.at(%6oC0

% aries with $
= Ae
b $

'Andrade e%uation&

b ln = ln A + $

$ = o $o

' o!er la!&

* )

$ $o + S = 'Sutherland( s e%uation& o $o $ + S

'inematic #iscosity
=
Unit = m%<s(.S@0 = ft%<s(.270 Common(unit (centisto/e(.cSt0
) ) + c/ #1 m 0 "t + cSt = = +, = +.,- +, g s s + * cm