English-Chinese Petrochemical Engineering Illustrated Vocabularies

ENGLISH-CHINESE PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
ILLUSTRATED VOCABULARIES

1.
1.1.
Contents
Process Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Column ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1.
Plate Column and Packed Column
1.1.1.1.
1.1.1.2.
1.1.1.3.
Valve Trays
1.1.1.4.
Sieve Trays
1.1.1.5.
1.1.1.6.
1.1.1.7.
1.1.1.8.
1.1.1.9.
Liquid Flow Patterns
Bubble Cap Trays
Dual Flow Trays and Jet Trays
Supports of Tray
7
8
Bottom Structures and Reboilers
Feed and Draw Off
9
10
Packings
12
1.1.1.10.
Liquid Distributors, Redistributors and Support Plates
13
1.1.1.11. Tower Attachments
14
1.1.1.12.
15
1.1.2.
1.2.
CO2
Stair and Platform
CO2 Absorber
1.1.3.
/CO2
1.1.4.
1.1.4.1.
1.1.4.2.
16
Regenerator / CO2 Stripper
Prill Tower
17
18
General Assembly and Prill-Spray Assembly
Prill tower Reclaimer
18
20
Reactor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
1.2.1.
Ammonia Converter
22
1.2.2.
Polymerizer
24
1.2.3.
Cell
26
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.2.3.1.
Diaphragm Cells
26
1.2.3.2.
Mercury Cells
27
Storage Tanks........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
1.3.1.
Floating Roof Tanks
1.3.1.1.
30
1.3.1.2.
Seal Types of Floating Roof Tank
34
1.3.2.
Covered Floating Roof Tanks
35
1.3.3.
Refrigerated Storage Tanks
36
Floating Roof Types
32
Evaporators .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Heat Exchangers .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
1.5.1.
Nomenclature of Heat Exchanger
1.5.1.1.
1.5.1.2.
1.5.1.3.
1.5.1.4.
1.5.1.5.
1.5.2.
1.5.3.
1.5.4.
1.5.5.
1.5.6.
Components of Heat Exchanger
40
40
Types of Stationary Head, Shell and Rear End Head
Tubesheets
42
43
Tube-Tube Sheet Joints, Expansion Join ts and Other Parts
Transverse Baffles and Longitudinal Baffles

Double-Pipc Heat Exchanger and Scraped-Surface Exchanger
Double Pipe Longitudinal Finned Exchanger
Plate-Type Exchangers
Steam Surface Condensers
Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
1.5.6.1.
1.5.6.2.
Bay Arrangements of Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger
1.5.6.3.
1.5.6.4.
1.5.6.5.
Typical Construction of Tube Bundles and Headers
Drive Arrangements for Air Cooler
Fins
44
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Temperature Control of Air Cooler
56
1.5.7.
1 Cooling Towers()
2 Cooling Towers()
1.6.
1.7.
58
Furnace ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 60
1.6.1.
1.6.1.1.
1.6.1.2.
1.1.6.3.
1.1.6.4.
1.1.6.5.
1.6.2.
1.6.3.
1.6.4.
1.6.5.
1.6.5.1.
1.6.5.2.
CO
1.6.5.3.
Primary Waste Heat Boiler
71
1.6.5.4.
Secondary Waste Heat Boiler
72
1.6.6.
1.7.1.
Pipe Heater
60
Types of pipe Heaters (pipe Still Heater)
Heaters
60
62
Burners
63
Tube, Headers and Return Bends
Tube Supports
64
65
Reformers (Reforming Furnaces)

Secondary Reformer
66
67
Shift Converter
68
Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boiler
Heat Recovery
69
69
CO Firing Waste Heat Boiler
Flare Stacks
70
73
Mixing Equipment.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
57
Types of Agitator()
Types of Agitator()
74
76
1.7.2.
1.7.3.
Line Mixers (Flow Mixers)
Mixing Tanks
77
78
1.7.4.
Static Mixers
79
1.7.5.
1.7.6.
Paste and Viscous-Material Mixing Equipments
Solids Mixing Machines
80
82
1.7.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.8.2.
Continuous Contact (Differential Contact) Equipments
Leaching Equipments
84
86
Cyclone, Decanter, Filter and Centrifuger ..................................................................................................................... 87
1 Cyclone Separators ()
Cyclone Separators ()
88
1.9.3.
1.9.4.
Filter
93
1.9.4.1
Pressure Filters
93
1.9.4.2
Pressure Leaf Filters
94
1.9.4.3
Bag Filters
95
1.9.4.4
1.9.5.
1.9.5.1.
1.9.5.2.
1.9.5.3.
Gas Scrubbers
87
1.9.2.
90
Gravity Settlers (Decanters)
Rotary-Drum Vacuum Filter

Centrifugal Separator
Double-Bowl Vacuum Centrifuge
Centrifuges
92
96
97
97
98
Stationary Vane Type Centrifugal Separators
100
Dryers.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 101
1.10.1.
Indirect Dryers
101
1.10.2.
Direct Dryers
102
1.10.3.
Spray Dryers
1.10.3.1.
1.10.4.
1.11.
83
Extractors .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84
1.8.1.
1.9.1.
1.10.
Double Screw Continuous Mixer
1.11.1.
()
104
Spray Nozzles (Atomizers)
Pneumatic Conveyor Dryers
105
106
Miscellaneous ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Fluidization Processes in Petroleum Refinery
107
1.11.1.1.
Fluidization
1.11.1.2.
1.11.2.
108
Distributors for Fluidized Bed

Demister and Its Applications
1.11.2.1.
2.
1.11.3.
1.11.4.
2.2.
111
112
113
Various Types of Pump () ............................................................................................................................................................................ 114
(1)
(2)
Various Types of Pump ()
116
(3)
117
(4)
118
Centrifugal Pump().................................................................................................................................................................................................. 119
(1)
(2)
Centrifugal Pump()
120
(3)
Centrifugal Pump()
121
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
Mixed-Flow Pump ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126
2.7.
Metering Pumps .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 127
2.8.
Jet Pumps ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128
2.9.
2.9.1.
3.
Inline Pump ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122

Duplex Acting Steam-Driven Reciprocating Pump....................................................................................................................................... 123
Double Action Reciprocating Pump, Bucket Type .................................................................................................................................... 124
Ejector Units ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 129
Ejector Structures
130
Compressors Blowers and Fans ................................................................................................................................................................... 131
3.1.
External Thermal Insulation for Vertical Vessel
110
Pump ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114
2.1.
Installation of Mesh and Fiber Mist Eliminator
Supports and Heads of Equipments
109
Screw Compressors ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 131
3.2.
3.3.
Rotary Helical Screw Compressors ............................................................................................................................................................. 132
Piston Compressors ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 133
3.4.
3.5.
()
Reciprocating Compressors ................................................................................................................................................................................ 134
3.5.1.
3.5.2.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.6.
140
Horizontally Split Centrifugal Compressor ............................................................................................................................................ 142
Typical Compressor Installation ............................................................................................................................................................ 148
Conveyor and Elevator ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 149

Vertical Elevator (Conveyor) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 149
()
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
Bucket Elevator
149
Vertical Rising Conveyor and Case Elevator
Twin Riser
150
151
Band (Belt) Conveyor .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 152
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
Conveyor Systems
153
4.2.3.
Band Conveyor
154
4.2.4.
600
4.2.5.
4.2.6.
Band Conveyor Sketch
()
4.6.1.
152
Take-up Unit for Single Drum Drive Belt Conveyor Exceeding 600 Feet Centres
Take-up Unit for Dual Drum Drive Belt Conveyor

Pre-built Sectional Belt Conveyor and Mobile Belt Conveyor
155
156
157
Screw Conveyor ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 158
4.4.1.
4.5.
Unloading Valve and Other Valves
138
Fans .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 146
4.1.
High-Pressure Cylinder and Central Valve
Blowers ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 144
3.9.
4.
High Pressure Compressor for Low Density Polyethylene Process .......................................................................................... 136
Chain Trolley Conveyor and Vibrating Conveyor....................................................................................................................... 159

Units of Chain Trolley Conveyor
160
Roller Conveyors ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 162

Types of Idlers ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 163
()
Construction of Iders
164
5.
5.2.
Impact Jaw Crusher ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 168
5.3.
Gyrasphere Crusher......................................................................................................................................................................................... 169
5.4.
Tray Type Gyratory Crusher............................................................................................................................................................................. 170
5.5.
()
5.6.
5.7.
5.8.
Jaw crusher ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 166
Hydraulic Cone Crusher and Impact Crusher (Impeller Breaker) ..................................................................... 172
Roller Mill ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 173

Double Shaft Hammer Mill ............................................................................................................................................................................... 174
Ball Mill ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 176
5.9.
5.10.
5.11.
Vibrating Screen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 179
Classifiers ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 180
5.12.
6.
Dryer-Pulveriser....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 177
Layout of Backmixing Equipment ........................................................................................................................................................................ 178
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
7.
Crushing and Screening Equipment ........................................................................................................................................................................ 166
5.1.
Forming Machine For Plastics and Rubber ............................................................................................................................................. 181
Extruder........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 181
Screw Injection Moulding Machine ......................................................................................................................................................................... 182
Calender Line for PVC Production ........................................................................................................................................................ 183
Four-Roll Calender .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 184
Feeder, Weighing and Bagging Machine................................................................................................................................................... 186
7.1.
Vibrating Feeder ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 186
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
()
7.5.
Dosing Belt Weigher ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 191
7.6.
Constant Feed Weigher........................................................................................................................................................................................... 192
7.7.
Automatic Bagging System ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 193
Electric Vibrating Feeder ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 188

Apron Feeder ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 189
Smooth Auto-Feeder .............................................................................................................................................................................. 190
8.
8.1.
Steam Turbine ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 194
(1)
Classification of Steam Turbines () .............................................................................................................................................................. 194
(2)
Classification of Steam Turbines () .............................................................................................................................................................. 196
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
8.5.
8.6.
8.7.
Steam Turbine Cycles .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 197

Methods of Steam Supply to a Turbine .......................................................................................................................................................... 198
Single Stage Steam Turbine .................................................................................................................................................................................... 199

Impulse Turbines ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 200
Turbine Glands and Gland Sealings ....................................................................................................................................................................... 202
Lubrication of Steam Turbine ............................................................................................................................................................................... 204
8.8.
8.9.
Turbine Governor .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 208
8.10.
() Overspeed Tripping Device ....................................................................................................................................................................... 210
8.11.
9.
Governors and Governing of Steam Turbine............................................................................................................................................ 206
Installation of Steam Turbine ................................................................................................................................................................................... 211

Boiler ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 212
9.1.
Basic Patterns for Fire and Water Tube Boiler .......................................................................................................................... 212
9.2.
Ellipsoidal Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger ........................................................................................................................................................ 213
9.3.
Cooling Tubes and Jacket Heat Exchanger .................................................................................................................................................... 214
9.4.
(1) Steam Purification and Drum Internals () ............................................................................................................................................. 215

9.5.
Superheater ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 220
9.6.
Attemperators ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 221
9.7.
Air Preheater ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 222
9.8.
Grates ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 224
9.9.
Underfeed Stoker ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 225
9.10.
Burners................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 226
9.11.
Economizer ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 228
9.12.
Spreader Feeders ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 229
9.13.
10.
Pulverizers .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 230

Machine Element ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 231
10.1.
FUniversal Joints ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 231
10.2.
Couplings ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 232
10.3.
(1) Fluid Couplings () ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 234

(2) Fluid Couplings () ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 235
10.4.
Circumferential Seals ................................................................................................................................................................................... 236
10.5.
10.6.
Roller Bearings ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 238
10.7.
Ball Bearings ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 239
10.8.
Oiling Devices ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 240
10.9.
Fastener.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 241
11.
10.9.1.
Bolts and Studs (stud bolts)
241
10.9.2.
Heads and Points of Screw
242
10.9.3.
Nuts
243
10.9.4.
Non-threaded Fasteners
244
() Piping and Fitting ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 245

11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
10
Face Seals, Shaft Sealings and End Fittings ................................................................................................................................ 237
Valve Stem and Bonnet Designs ......................................................................................................................................................................... 245

(1) Valves() .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 246
(2)
Valves() .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 248
(3)
Valves() .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 249
(4)
Valves() .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 250
Gate Valve .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 251
11.4.
Globe Valve ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 252
11.5.
Ball Valve ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 253
11.6.
Check Valve ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 254
11.7.
Spring Safety-Relief Valve ................................................................................................................................................................................... 255
11.8.
Pilot Operated Ball Float Valve ............................................................................................................................................................................ 256
11.9.
Bellows Sealed Gate Valve .............................................................................................................................................................................. 257
11.10.
Thermo Expansion Valve ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 258
11.11.
Valve Operating Mechanisms.................................................................................................................................................................................. 259
11.12.
()() Steam Traps and Air Traps........................................................................................................................................................ 260
11.13.
Pipe Line Fitments .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 262
11.14.
Flanges, Flange Facings and Gaskets ................................................................................................................................................. 264
11.15.
Packings ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 266
11.16.
Pipe Fitting ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 267
11.16.1.
Flanged Fittings
267
11.16.2.
Threaded Fittings
268
11.16.3.
Steel-Welding Fittings
269
11.17.
Plastics Compression Joints ................................................................................................................................................................................ 270
11.18.
Fabricated Pipe Bends and Expansion Joints ................................................................................................................................................. 271
11.19.
Joints in Tubing and Pipe................................................................................................................................................................................................ 272
11.20.
Piping Insulation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 273
11.21.
Pipe Hangers and Pipe Supports ............................................................................................................................................................................ 274
11.22.
Safety Shower and Eyewash Station
12.
Hose
Station ........................................................................................................ 276
Instrumentation ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 277

12.1.
() Level Gage ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 277

12.1.1.
Locally Mounted Direct Reading Level Gages
277
12.1.2.
Displacement Type Level Gages
278
11
12.1.3.
12.2.
12.3.
Level Controllers and Switches
279
Pressure Instruments .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 280

12.2.1.
Manometers
282
12.2.2.
New Developments in Pressure Measurements
283
12.2.3.
Installation of Pressure Guage
284
Flow Measuring Element ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 285

12.3.1.
Inferential Meters (Fluid Velocity Meter)
285
12.3.1.1. Turbine Meter
285
12.3.1.2. Vortex flow meter
286
12.3.1.3. Vortex Flow meter Measurement System
287
12.3.2.
Primary Flow Elements
288
12.3.3.
Positive Displacement Type Flow Meters
290
12.3.4.
() Variable Area Type Flow Meters
292
12.3.5.
12.3.6.
Area Meters and metering pumps
296
(1) Other Flow Meters()
297
12.3.7.
Installation of Head Meters
294
(2) Other Flow Meters() ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 298

12.4.
12
Thermometer ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 299

12.4.1.
Thermocouple
299
12.4.2.
Liquid Expansion and Bimetallic Thermometer
300
12.4.3.
Resistance Thermometer and Thermistor
302
12.4.4.
Filled System Thermometer
303
12.4.5.
Radiation Pyrometer
304
12.4.6.
Optical Pyrometer
305
12.4.7.
Electritic Indicating Controller
306
12.4.8.
Pneumatic Indicating Controller
307
12.4.9.
Multi-Point Long Chart Temperature Recorder
308
12.4.10. Control Station
309
12.4.11.
310
12.5.
Charts
Transmitter .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 311

12.5.1.
Pressure Transmitter
311
12.5.2.
Differential Pressure Transmitters
312
12.5.3.
Pneumatic Temperature Transmitter
314
12.5.4.
Level Transmitters
315
12.6.
()
Controller .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 316
12.6.1.
Liquid Level Controller
316
12.6.2.
Pneumatic Controller
317
12.6.3.
Bourdon Tube Controller
318
12.7.
Control Valve ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 319

12.7.1.
Diaphragm and Piston Actuators
320
12.7.2.
Bonnets of Control Valve
321
(1) Control Valve Bodies ()
322
12.7.3.
(2) Control Valve Bodies () ................................................................................................................................................................................ 323

12.7.4.
Valve plugs and Cages
324
12.7.5.
() Components Valve Trim
325
12.7.6.
Acting and Guiding of Control Valve
326
12.7.7.
Positioner of Control Valve
327
12.7.8.
Handjack Assembly of Control Valve
328
12.7.9.
Pneumatic Piston Positioner
329
12.8.
Oxygen Analysis Equipment ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 330
12.9.
Carbon Dioxide Analyzer ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 332
12.10.
PH
pH meters ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 333
13
12.11.
Viscosity Measuring Instruments ............................................................................................................................................................................ 334
12.12.
Specific Gravity Instrument ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 336
12.13.
Speed Measurement and Control ........................................................................................................................................................................ 337
12.14.
Instrument Panels............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 338
12.15.
Temperature Control ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 340
12.16.
Annunciators Systems ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 341
12.16.1. Integral Annunciators
342
12.16.2. Remote Annunciator and Semigraphic Annunciator
343
12.17.
12.18.
Instrumentation Tube Fittings and Housings ................................................................................................................................................... 346
12.19.
Instrumentation Symbols and Identifications ............................................................................................................................................... 348
12.20.
(1) Total Distributed Control System() ........................................................................................................................................................... 350
12.21.
(2) Total Distributed Control System() .................................................................................................................................................................. 351
12.22.
12.23.
12.24.
12.25.
13.
Electrical Engineering ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 356

13.1.
14
Relays ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 344
Electrical Rotating Machine ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 356

13.1.1.
Direct-Current Machine
356
13.1.2.
Direct-Current Generator
357
13.1.3.
AC
13.1.4.
Alternating-Current Motor
AC Commutator Machine
359
358
13.1.5.
Slip-ring Type Induction Motor
360
13.1.6.
Brushless Synchronous Motor
362
13.1.7.
Brushless Excitation of Synchronous Motor
363
13.1.8.
13.2.
13.3.
Slots and Windings
13.2.1.
Oil Immersed Transformer Front View
365
13.2.2.
Oil Immersed Transformer Side View
366
13.2.3.
Oil Immersed Transformer Exterior
367
Rectifier and Battery ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 368

13.3.1.
Rectifier
368
13.3.2.
(1) Primary Batteries()
369

13.4.
13.5.
13.6.
13.7.
364
Transformer ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 365
370
High Voltage Switchgear ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 372

13.4.1.
Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
372
13.4.2.
Metal-Clad High-Voltage Cubicle
373
13.4.3.
SF6 Circuit-Breaker
374
13.4.4.
T T-Breaker
376
13.4.5.
Motor Drive
377
Low-Voltage Switches ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 378

13.5.1.
Currentt-Limiting Air-Break Circuit-Breaker
378
13.5.2.
Moulded Case Circuit-Breaker
379
13.5.3.
Control Switches
380
13.5.3.1. Pushbutton Switches
382
13.5.3.2. Cam Switches
384
Electromagnetic Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 386

13.6.1.
Electromagnetic Mechanism and Devices
386
13.6.2.
Electromagnetic Relays
388
13.6.3.
Voltage Regulating Relay
390
Electrical Explosion-proof ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 391
15
13.8.
13.7.1.
Power and Lighting Installation in Hazardous Location
391
13.7.2.
Explosion-proof Apparatus
392
Power Supply System..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 394

13.8.1.
13.9.
14.
Thermal Power Plant
394
13.8.1.1. Energy Saving Power plant
396
13.8.2.
Indoor Installations of Electric Substation
398
13.8.3.
Towers and Poles
399
13.8.4.
Electrostatic Precipitator
400
Interior Wiring ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 401

13.9.1.
Cables
401
13.9.2.
Fuses
404
13.9.3.
Connectors and Terminals
406
13.9.4.
Lamps
407
13.9.5.
Electroheating Devices
408
Construction Equipment and Tool ................................................................................................................................................................................ 409

14.1.
Hoisting Machinery ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 409

14.1.1.
Derricks
409
14.1.2.
Erecting Cranes
410
14.1.3.
Hoisting Devices
14.1.4.
(1)
412
Cranes()
413
(2) Cranes() .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 414

(3) Cranes() .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 415
16
14.1.5.
Chain Hoists and Jacks
14.1.6.
14.1.7.
Lifting Attachments for Crane Use
420
14.1.8.
Fork-Truck Attachments
421
Hemp Ropes, Cable Wires, Knots and Sling Chains
416
418
14.2.
Tools ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 422

14.2.1.
Wrenches
422
14.2.2.
Adjustable Wrenches and Pipe Wrenches
423
14.2.3.
Pliers and Nippers
424
14.2.4.
Shanks, Sockets and Sleeves
425
14.2.5.
Taps
426
14.2.6.
Reamers
427
14.2.7.
Twist Drills
428
14.2.8.
14.2.9.
Inspection Gages
Wood Working Tools
14.2.10. Measuring Tools

15.
429
430
431
Welding ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 432

15.1.
Welding of Metals ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 432
15.2.
Welding Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 434
15.3.
Principles of Shielded Arc Welding .................................................................................................................................................................. 435
15.4.
Welding Positions, Types of Joints and Welding ....................................................................................................................... 436
15.5.
Grooves .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 437
15.6.
Detail of Grooves ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 438
15.7.
Defects of Welding .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 439
15.8.
15.9.
Automatic Submerged Arc Welding ............................................................................................................................................................................ 441
15.10.
Gas-Shielded Arc Welding ................................................................................................................................................................................... 442
15.11.
Gas Metal-Arc welding .............................................................................................................................................................................. 444
15.12.
Fillet Welding ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 440
Electrode Guns of Gas Metal-Arc Welding ............................................................................................................................................. 445
15.13.
Conventional Electroslag Welding .............................................................................................................................................................................. 446
15.14.
Electroslag Welding by Consumable Guide Tube ...................................................................................................................................................... 447
17
15.15.
Electrogas Welding............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 448
15.16.
Flux-Cored Arc Welding ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 450
15.17.
Gas Welding Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 451
15.18.
Portable Acetylene Generators ........................................................................................................................................................................ 452
15.19.
Basic Types of Acetylene Generators ...................................................................................................................................................... 453
15.20.
(1)
Welding of Plastics() ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 454
(2)
Welding of Plastics() ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 455
16.
No-Destructive Testing ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 456

16.1.
Non-Destructive Testing Method ............................................................................................................................................................................. 456
16.2.
Borescope and Microscope ................................................................................................................................................................................. 458
16.3.
X X-ray Tube and Its Circuit ......................................................................................................................................................................... 459
16.4.
Photoradiography and Electroradiography .................................................................................................................................................. 460
16.5.
X Mobile X-ray Unit and Penetrometer ....................................................................................................................................................... 461
16.6.
Ultrasonic Test Methods and Search Units .............................................................................................................................................. 462
16.7.
Ultrasonic Transducer and Refraction ............................................................................................................................................... 463
16.8.
Ultrasonic Testing of Weld in Tubing ........................................................................................................................................................ 464
16.9.
Liquid Penetrant Test ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 465
16.10.
Methods of Magnetization .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 466
17.
Civil Engineering and Building ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 467

17.1.
Topographical Map and Subsoil Profile........................................................................................................................................................ 467
17.2.
Soils and Foundations ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 468
17.3.
Types of Pile ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 469
17.4.
17.5.
(1) Anchorage of Heavy Machine() ................................................................................................................................................................... 471
Foundations for Equipment ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 470
(2) Anchorage of Heavy Machine() ................................................................................................................................................................... 472

17.6.
18
Road and Paving......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 473
17.7.
Types of Roof .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 474
17.8.
Shell Roofs ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 475
17.9.
Reinforced Concrete Construction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 476
17.10.
Steel Construction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 478
17.10.1. Structural Steel Connection Details
480
17.10.2. Connection of Steel Members
481
17.10.3. Steel Balustrade
482
17.10.4. Steel Stairs and Ladders
483
17.11.
Multistory Industrial Buildings .................................................................................................................................................................................. 484
17.12.
Types of Doors ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 485
17.13.
Types of Windows ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 486
17.13.1. Components of a Window

17.14.
18.
487
Industrial Structures .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 488
17.14.1. Pipe Supports
488
17.14.2. Types of Chimneys
490
17.14.3. Vent Stacks
491
17.14.4. Types of Water Towers
492
17.14.5. Cooling Towers
493
17.14.6. Galleries and Trestles
494
17.14.7. Silos and Bunkers
495
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments ............................................................................................................................................................................... 496

18.1.
(1) General Apparatus and Instruments() ......................................................................................................................................................... 496

(2) General Apparatus and Instruments() ......................................................................................................................................................... 498
18.2.
Distillation of Petroleum Products........................................................................................................................................................................ 499
18.3.
Viscometer .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 500
18.4.
Specific Gravity Balance (Westphal Balance) .............................................................................................................................................. 501
19
18.5.
Flash and Fire Points Apparatus ...................................................................................................................................................................... 502
18.6.
Carbon Residue and Water Content ....................................................................................................................................................................... 503
18.7.
Freezing Point, Pour Point and Melting Point .................................................................................................................................................. 504
18.8.
Breaking Point, Cone penetration and Softening Point ........................................................................................................................ 505
18.9.
Absorption Column ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 506
19.
Flow Diagram and piping Layout .......................................................................................................................................................................... 507

19.1.
Master Plot Plan ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 507
19.2.
(1)
Diagrammatic Flow Sheet of Petroleum Refinery()..................................................................................................................................... 508
(2)
Diagrammatic Flow Sheet of Petroleum Refinery()..................................................................................................................................... 510
19.3.
Ammonia Plant Process Flow Diagram .................................................................................................................................................... 512
19.4.
Ethylene Plant Process Flow Diagram ......................................................................................................................................................... 514
19.5.
- Piping Layout-Installation Piping .................................................................................................................................................................... 516
19.6.
() Piping Drawing ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 517

19.6.1.
Plan View
517
19.6.2.
Front View
518
19.7.
() Pipe Line Isometric Diagram (Erection Diagram) ............................................................................................................ 519
19.8.
Piping Arrangement of Steam Tracing Lines ................................................................................................................................................... 520
19.9.
Process Piping and Instrument Flow Diagram ......................................................................................................................................... 521

19.9.1.
Piping Code
521
19.9.2.
Line Symbols
522
19.9.3.
Meanings of Identification Letters in Instrument Symbols
524
19.9.4.
- Illustrative Drawing-Ammonia Storage Facility
525
19.10.
20.
20
() Abbreviations for Use on Drawings (in Alphabetical Order) ................................................................................................. 526
Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 536

20.1.
20.2.
Manufacturing Methods of Steel Pipe.................................................................................................................................................................. 538
Steel Sections, Pipes and Tubes ................................................................................................................................................................................ 536
Reference
539
General Alphabetical Index
542
21
1.
Process Equipment
1.1.
Column
1.1.1.
Plate Column and Packed Column
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Plate column (tray column)

davit
vapour outlet
demister
vent
reflux inlet
tray
manhole
support ring
reboiler return
thermometer connection
vortex (vortex breaker, anti ca vita tion baffle)

skirt vent
skirt
access hole
base ring
ladder
liquid outlet
level gauge connection
pressure gauge connection
feed inlet
platform
down comer (downflow, downspout)

packed column
gas outlet
liquid distributor
hold down grid
packing
packing support plate
liquid redistributor
handhole
gas inlet
33. liquid inlet
1.1.1.1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Liquid Flow Patterns
cross flow
reverse flow
U
radical flow
circumferential flow
split flow(double pass)
cascade
double pass cascade
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
four pass
inlet downcomer
outlet downcomer
baffle
side downcomer
center downcomer
intermediate weir
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
inlet weir
outlet weir
recessed seal pan
tray
straight downcomer
tapered downcomer
21. circular downcomer
1.1.1.2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bubble Cap Trays
circular cap tray
bubble cap (bell cap)
riser (vapor riser, upcomer, chimney)
slot
down comer
tunnel cap (rectangular cap)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
uniflux tray
S
Smember
S
flat bubble cap
vaned bubble cap
open slot
closed slot
set on riser
14. swaged riser
15. pull up riser
16. bolt or stud hold down cap
17. wedge hold down cap
18. quarter turn cap
1.1.1.3.
Valve Trays
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Nutter float valve tray
deck(floor)
P(plain) type Nutter float valve

P
D (dimpled) type Nutter float valve D
L (louvered) type Nutter float valve L
DL (dimpled and louvered) type Nutter

float valve DL
F (full cover) type Nutter float valve

F
Chepos valve tray
Glitsch ballast valve tray
10. Downcomer
11~18. float valve
11 V-1 12 V-2
13 V-3 14 V-4
15 V-6 16 V-0
17 A-1 18 A-2
19. K2a slat valve-sieve tray K2a
20. K2a slat valve K2a

21. T type flexitray (fle xible tray)
T
22. A type flexitray (fle xible tray)

A
23. cross flow valve tray
24. pipe valve tray
25. pipe support
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
pipe valve
H y contact valve
Float valve sieve tray
Glitsch combined valve and sieve tray
overflow weir
hole
Turbo float tray (TFT)
cross element
seal damper
tray element
stopper
support bar
seal pan
gird valve tray
Speichim float valve
1.1.1.4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sieve Trays
sieve tray (perforated tray)
hole
sieve (perforated) tray with downcomer
downcomer
Turbogrid with downcomer
()
Linde sieve tray
directional slot
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Hagbarth tray
sieve plate
cap
West tray
tunnel cap
modified sieve type tray
expanded metal
subsupport angle ring
weir
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
major beam
minor beam
minor beam support clamp
support ring
manway
22. M D (multipe downcomer) sieve tray
1.1.1.5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Turbogrid tray
ripple tray
arrangement of float valve and hole
slotted tray
K1 type slat valve

K1
dual flow float valve
Dual Flow Trays and Jet Trays
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
jet tray
tab
directional float tray
Perform tray
stream breaker
inlet weir
downcomer
14.
15.
16.
17.
seal pan
expanded metal
Venturi tray
standard Kittel plate
18. lower plate
19. upper plate
20. cascade tray
1.1.1.6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Supports of Tray
package tray
handhole
cartridge tray
spacer
rod
packing
downcomer
tower wall
separated tray
manway cover plate
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
weep hole
weir
tray floor
bubble cap
support ring
support beam
downcomer bar
screw
washer
clip
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
gasket
overlap type
flanged type
beam support type
angle truss (minor beam)
trapezoidal truss (minor beam)
27. channel truss (minor beam)
28. backing strip
29. irregular gasket
1.1.1.7.
Bottom Structures and Reboilers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
downcomer
bottom tray
target
reboiler return
seal pan
weep hole
baffle
splash deck
manhole
vortex breaker (anti-cavitation baffle)
bottoms
reboiler feed
level controller
reboiler feed and bottoms
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
center downcomer
side downcomer
splash plate
horizontal thermo-syphon reboiler
heat carrier
once pass reboiler
forced circulation reboiler
pump
jacketed kettle
kettle-type reboiler
internal reboiler
vertical therm o-syphon reboiler
1.1.1.8.
10
Feed and Draw Off
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
inlet feed
inlet weir
inlet baffle
top tray
outlet weir
reflux inlet
internal piping
downcomer
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
side downcomer
center downcomer
feed trough
feed area
distribution baffle
bottom vapor baffle
vapor inlet baffle
vapor inlet
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
bottom tray
seal pan (recessed pan)
intermediate feed
feed tray
insulation plate
guard
channal baffle
total trap-out
total draw chimney tray
liquid draw nozzle
total draw-off
draw tray
chimney
spill baffle
draw pan ()
draw nozzle
partial draw-off
return nozzle
partition
partial draw-off nozzle
water draw-off
weld-in draw pan
perforated plate
water draw-off nozzle
11
1.1.1.9.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12
Packings
tacking
dumping
Raschig ring
Lessing ring
cross-partition ring
single spiral ring
double spiral ring
triple spiral ring
9 pall ring
10 Berl saddle
11 Intalox saddle
12 Cannon packing
13 Dixon packing
14 single turn helix packing
15 McMahon packing
16 Spraypak
17 Teller rosette (Tellerette)
18 Goodloe packing
19 wire mesh packing
20 Interpack
21 grid tile (drip -point grid)
22 wood grid
1.1.1.10.
1 perforated pipe distributor
2 weir-riser distributor
3 trough-type distributor
4 bell-cap redistributor
5 wiper redistributor
6 straight side wiper
Liquid Distributors, Redistributors and Support Plates
7 cone side wiper
8 pyramid support and redistributor
9 weir-type redistributror
10 cap type support plate (separate flow

type support plate, gas injection type
support plate)
11 gas riser
12 liquid downflow
13 bar-grid support
14 perforated support place
15 beam type gas injection support plate
16 Hold-down plate
13
1.1.1.11.
Tower Attachments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
14
davit
platform
top platform
hand rail
manhole
taper pin
jack bolt
sleeve
support ring
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
ladder
cage
rung
base ring
Washer
lock nut
anchor bolt
nut
manhole cover
hinge bolt
gasket
support
1.1.1.12.
Stair and Platform
1. structure
2. stair
3. stair landing
4. top rail (handrail)
5. mid rail
6. post (handrail post)
7. platform
8. ladder
9. rung
10. cage hoop
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
vessel wall
lug
brace angle
rivet
gusset plate
flooring
platform elevation
riser
tread width
toe plate
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
winding staircase
newel
safety gate
grating
safety chain
snap
27. checkered plate (checkered sheet)
15
1.1.2.
16
CO2
CO2
Absorber
1.
elliptical head
2.
I.D. (inside diameter)
3.
demister pad
4.
sparger
5.
liquid distributor
6.
hold down grate
7.
packing
8.
bed 1
9.
packing support-gas injection
plate and liquid redistributor
10. bed
11. bed
12. bed
13. Max. liquid level
14. vortex breaker
15. anchor B. C. (bolt circle)
16. vapor out
17. manhole
18. unloading connection
19. vapor sample
20. liquid out
21. access opening
22. anchor bolt
23. vent pipe
24. liquid in
1.1.3.
/CO2
Regenerator / CO2 Stripper

1 vupture dist
2 vapor outlet
3 1iquid in
4 demisting pad
5 distribution trough
#
6 1iquid distributor 1
7 hold down grate

8 packing
9 gas injection plate
andor liquid
redistributor
10 stiffening ring
11 draw off pan
12 liquid drain
13 liquid out
14 antis wirl baffle
15 skirt
16 vent pipe
17 reboiler return ()
18 unloading catalyst
19 vapor sample connection
20 liquid vapor in
21 liquid overflow
17
1.1.4.
1.1.4.1.
18
Prill Tower
General Assembly and Prill-Spray Assembly
1.
prill tower general assembly
2. prill spray assembly

3. reclaimer
4. concrete tower body
5. oil sealed ring
6. outer safety ring
7. Oring O
8. chain
9. plug
10. key
11. ring ()
12. bolt
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
stud end
washer
nut
screw
gasket
motor reducer variator
external shaft
bearing
cover
ring
distance box
cover
gasket
prill bucket
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
tooth
cover
support prill bucket
air breather
gland
turn tube
flange
clamping bolt
pin
charging funnel
level indication pipe
column
handwheel
lifting yoke
19
1.1.4.2.
20
Prill tower Reclaimer
1. pinion
2. ball race slewing rim single row
3. foundation frame
4. compressed air connection
5. drive unit support
6. support of speed controller
7. lubrication for pinion and self aligning roller
bearing
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
support of drive shaft

clearance
maxlength of reclaimer
center part
outside inner frame
lubrication for 2 pinions 2
lubrication system of ball race slewing rim
15. lubrication for 2 selfaligning roller

bearing 2
16. reclaimer arm

17. motor
18. turbo coupling with flexible cam
19. gearing
20. coupling
21. axis of opening
22. maxheight of arm
21
1.2.
Reactor
1.2.1.
Ammonia Converter
22
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
face of flangeexternal vessel

shell metal temperature instrument block
interchanger support surface

basket and interchanger support
anti-rotation clip
hemispberical head external vessel
bypass ring
top of bed 1 1
IDbasket shell
IDexternal vessel shell
inspection opening
drop out rod ()
screen 1
1
grid
quench ring 1 1
distributor plate l
1
top of bed 2 2
catalyst dropout pipe
baffle 2 2
top of bed 3 3
center of gravity
top of bed4 4
alumina tabular balls
gas return collector
hemispherical bottom head external vessel
sectional elevation view

elliptical bottom basket head
thermowell and leader

basket thermal barrier
external vessel
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
basket
toriconical top basket head
basket support surface
interchanger
expansion joint
gas outlet
by pass
catalyst dropout
gas inlet
manhole
quench gas inlet
by pass pipe and sleeve
quench pipe and leader
basket top head
basket top head manhole
external vessel head
flexible hose assembly
S.R. (short radius) elbow
by pass sleeve
basket top head
by pass pipe support
details of skirt and base
skirt access opening
diameter of bolt circle ()
chamfer bottom 6back to 6
blend with base ring
bottom of base ring
manway for catalyst removal
skirt
skirt vent
shell
23
1.2.2.
24
Polymerizer
1.
vessel
8.
support
15. reduction gear
2.
washer
9.
taper pin
16. coupling
3.
anchor bolt
4.
nut
11. gasket
18. agitator
5.
lock nut
12. baffle
19. jacket
6.
manhole cover
13. motor
7.
hinge bolt
10. jack bolt
17. key
20. nozzle connection
14. torque convertor
21. inspection ()
25
1.2.3.
1.2.3.1.
Diaphragm Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
26
Cell
chlorine gas outlet

brine inlet
sight glass
caustic outlet
brine feed line
graphite anodes
anode conductor
insulator
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
concrete bottom
asbestos covered cathode
concrete top
hydrogen outlet
brine feed assembly
cell base
cell liquor cup
anode grid lugs
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
copper grid bar

anolyte manometer
cathode assembly
cell head
carbon electrodes
cathode screens
1.2.3.2.
Mercury Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
electrolyzer
anode
cathode contact
flexible anode connection
switch
decomposer
graphite grid
graphite packing
mercury pump
brine
mercury
flexible seal
amalgam
pump
Cl2 & brine
H2 & NaOH
27
1.3.
28
Storage Tanks
1.
cone roof tank(supported roof)
()
27. south(lower) temperate zone plate
2.
cone roof tank(supported roof)
()
28. bottom crown
3.
dome roof tank(self-supported roof)
29. tie red
4.
litter roof tank(expansion roof tank)
30. base plate
5.
weather skirt
31. support
6.
liquid seal trough
7.
dip skirt
8.
covered floating roof tank
9.
roof deck
32. plain spheroid
33. conservation vent

34. flame arrester
()
10. floating roof tank
35. sheave
36. winch
11. pontoon
37. sump
12. noded Hortonspheroid (spheroid)

13. center support
38. cable
39. swing line
14. tie
40. antifreeze valve
15. truss
41. ladder
16. stairway
17. bracket(girder)
42. free vent
19. stationary gas holder(dry seal gas holder)

21. lightning rod
43. float
18. telescopic gas holder(fluid seal gas holder)

20. spherical tank
44. shell nozzle
45. gage hatch
46. roof manhole
47. foam connection
22. relief valve
48. indicator
23. platform
49. tank gauge
24. top crown
50. bracket
25. north(upper) temperate zone plate
51. shell manhole
26. equator zone plate
52. drain
29
1.3.1.
30
Floating Roof Tanks
1.
wind
2.
stiffen ring
girder
3.
foam dam
27. oil outlet nozzle
28. roof manhole
29. oil inlet nozzle
4.
pontoon
30. heater (coil) ()
5.
roof support
31. platform
6.
rolling ladder
32. handrail
7.
rolling ladder runway
33. spiral stairway (staircase)
8.
roof drain ()
34. weather shield
9.
foam
35. seal
maker
10. horizontal
projection
11. shell manhole

12. mixer nozzle
13. drain
36. guide sleeve
37. guide pole
38. manhole with pressure valve
39. railing
14. level indicator
40. walkway
15. emergency drain
41. rim vent
16. automatic bleeder vent
42. rim seal
17. gage hatch
18. bottom plate
43. shell (wall)
44. nozzle
19. roof drain sump
45. flange
20. flexible hose
46. reinforcing pad (reinforcing plate)
21. drain nozzle
47. wire
22. roof drain nozzle
48. float well
23. roof deck
49. float
24. roof compartement
50. level transmitter
25. bulkhead
51. box deflector
26. pontoon
52. air inlet
manhole
31
1.3.1.1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
32
Floating Roof Types
trussed pan-type floating roof
seal
tank shell
gusset plate
gage hatch
turnbuckle
7.
roof support and truss post
8. deck
9. truss rod
10. center truss ring
11. center of roof
12. drain
13. annular pontoon floating roof with single

center deck ()
14. pontoon
15. emergency drain
16. vent
17. roof support
18. center deck

19. low deck type floating roof with center
pontoon
20. emergency siphon
21. center pontoon
22. high deck type floating roof with center
pontoon
23. high deck type floating roof without
center pontoon ()
24. floating roof with converging double deck
25. double deck pontoon
26. floating roof with parallel double deck
27. center weighted pontoon type floating

roof
28. center weight ()
33
1.3.1.2.
Seal Types of Floating Roof Tank
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
34
mechanical seal (metallic seal)

pantagraph hanger
sealing ring
tank shell
weight
bottom deck ()
bulkhead
rim
top deck ()
continuous seal
weather shield
sealing plate
rubber slab ()
spring
fabric-reinforced rubber ()
hanger
sliding steel shoe ()
pusher
soft seal
foam seal
envelope
polyurethane foam
tube seal
scarf band
flexible hose ()
seal pipe
liquid
bumper
1.3.2.
Covered Floating Roof Tanks

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
covered floating roof tank

gage hatch
roof
open vent
shell vent
roof manhole
semi-fixed foam injection system
nozzle
shell manhole
tank earth
heater
deck manhole
roof support
deck earth
overflow
aludeck internal floating cover tank
bonding wire
center column
guide wire
Z-seal Z
nylon rope
degasing hole
float ()
beam
spacer
deck support
peripheral angle
35
1.3.3.
Refrigerated Storage Tanks

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
1.
2.
3.
4.
36
spherical single-wall tank

LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)
insulation
spherical double-wall tank
32.
33.
34.
outer tank
inner tank
pearlite
compression ring ()
hanger rod
stiffener ring
sway rod
tie rod
support column
flat bottomed cylindrical LNG tank
outer tank roof
anchor bolt
floating foundation slab
ground level (G.L)
suspension deck LNG tank
suspension deck
heater ()
pilling
suspension bar
glass wool insulation
underground storage tank (inground storage tankfrozen earth
reservoir)
roof insulation
spray line
freeze tube
pump
foot valve
membrane (type LNG underground) tank ()
membrane ()
concrete ring
composite shell segment
1.4.
12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Evaporators
forced-circulation (F.C.) evaporator
submerged tube F.C. evaporator
Oslo-type crystallizer
horizontal tube evaporator
evaporator with rotating brush
upward-flow
evaporator
(climbing-film
evaporator)
()
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
long tube evaporator

falling-film evaporator
short tube evaporator
agitated film evaporator
circulation pump
heating element
flash chamber
demixter (demister)
circulation tube
separator (vapor space)
filter
17. feed
18. concentrate
19. central downcomer (central well down
take)
20. filtrate outlet
21. rotating brush
22. steam jacket
23. agitator
24. belt pulley
25. steam inlet
26. condensate outlet
37
1.5.
38
Heat Exchangers
18.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
shell and tube heat exchangers

fixed tube-sheet exchanger
U-tube heat exchanger
U
internal-floating head exchanger
pull-through floating head exchanger
outside-packed floating head exchanger

packed-lantern-ring exchanger --()
kettle-type reboiler
bayonet-type exchanger
tank suction heater
U-tube bundle U
tank
horizontal film type cooler (cascade drip cooler)
cooling water
distributing trough
coil
uniform film
water receiver pool
double-pipe exchanger (hairpin heat exchanger)
tank coil heater

spiral coil
hairpin U
ring header type
jacketed type exchanger
jacket
block heat exchanger ()
spiral tube exchanger
plate type exchanger
air cooled heat exchanger
submerged-pipe coil exchanger
water box
39
1.5.1.
1.5.1.1.
40
Nomenclature of Heat Exchanger

Components of Heat Exchanger
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
internal-floating-head exchanger
outside-packed floating-head exchanger
packed-lantern-ring exchanger --()

kettle-type floating-head reboiler
U-tube heat exchanger
U
fixed-tube-sheet exchanger
lifting lug
channel cover
stationary head flange
instrument connection
stationary head nozzle
pass partition
stationary tubesheet
shell nozzle
impingement baffle
tube
shell
tie rod and spacer
transverse baffle
support plate
floating head backing device
vent connection
shell cover
floating tubesheet
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
floating head cover

drain connection
floating head flange
shell cover flange
shell flange-rear head end
support saddle
shell flange-stationary head end
stationary head-channel
packing box flange
packing
packing follower ring
floating tubesheet skirt
floating head cover-external
slip-on backing flange
split shear ring
lantern ring
weir
liquid level connection
longitudinal baffle
expansion joint
stationary head-bonnet
support bracket
shell side
tube side
41
1.5.1.2.
42
Types of Stationary Head, Shell and Rear End Head
1.5.1.3.
Tubesheets
43
1.5.1.4.
44
Tube-Tube Sheet Joints, Expansion Join ts and Other Parts
45
1.5.1.5.
46
Transverse Baffles and Longitudinal Baffles
1.5.2.
Double-Pipc Heat Exchanger and Scraped-Surface Exchanger
47
1.5.3.
48
Double Pipe Longitudinal Finned Exchanger
1.5.4.
Plate-Type Exchangers
49
1.5.5.
50
Steam Surface Condensers
1.5.6.
Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
51
1.5.6.1.
52
Bay Arrangements of Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger
1.5.6.2.
Typical Construction of Tube Bundles and Headers
53
1.5.6.3.
54
Drive Arrangements for Air Cooler
1.5.6.4.
Fins
55
1.5.6.5.
56
Temperature Control of Air Cooler
1.5.7.
1 Cooling Towers()
57
2 Cooling Towers()
58
59
1.6.
1.6.1.
1.6.1.1.
60
Furnace
Pipe Heater
Types of pipe Heaters (pipe Still Heater)
61
1.6.1.2.
62
Heaters
1.1.6.3.
Burners
63
1.1.6.4.
64
Tube, Headers and Return Bends
1.1.6.5.
Tube Supports
65
1.6.2.
66
Reformers (Reforming Furnaces)
1.6.3.
Secondary Reformer
67
1.6.4.
68
Shift Converter
1.6.5.
1.6.5.1.
Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boiler
Heat Recovery
69
1.6.5.2.
70
CO
CO Firing Waste Heat Boiler
1.6.5.3.
Primary Waste Heat Boiler
71
1.6.5.4.
72
Secondary Waste Heat Boiler
1.6.6.
Flare Stacks
73
Mixing Equipment
1.7.
1.7.1.
74
Types of Agitator()
75
76
Types of Agitator()
1.7.2.
Mixing Tanks
77
1.7.3.
78
Line Mixers (Flow Mixers)
1.7.4.
Static Mixers
79
1.7.5.
80
Paste and Viscous-Material Mixing Equipments
81
1.7.6.
82
Solids Mixing Machines
1.7.7.
Double Screw Continuous Mixer
83
Extractors
1.8.
1.8.1.
84
Continuous Contact (Differential Contact) Equipments
85
1.8.2.
86
Leaching Equipments
1.9.
1.9.1.
Cyclone, Decanter, Filter and Centrifuger
87
88
89
1.9.2.
90
Gas Scrubbers
91
1.9.3.
92
Gravity Settlers (Decanters)
1.9.4.
1.9.4.1
Filter
Pressure Filters
93
1.9.4.2
94
Pressure Leaf Filters
1.9.4.3
Bag Filters
95
1.9.4.4
96
Rotary-Drum Vacuum Filter
1.9.5.
1.9.5.1.
Centrifugal Separator
Double-Bowl Vacuum Centrifuge
97
1.9.5.2.
98
Centrifuges
99
1.9.5.3.
100
Stationary Vane Type Centrifugal Separators
1.10.
1.10.1.
Dryers
Indirect Dryers
101
1.10.2.
102
Direct Dryers
103
1.10.3.
104
Spray Dryers
1.10.3.1.
Spray Nozzles (Atomizers)
105
1.10.4.
106
()
Pneumatic Conveyor Dryers
Miscellaneous
1.11.
1.11.1.
Fluidization Processes in Petroleum Refinery
107
1.11.1.1.
108
Fluidization
1.11.1.2.
Distributors for Fluidized Bed
109
1.11.2.
110
Demister and Its Applications
1.11.2.1.
Installation of Mesh and Fiber Mist Eliminator
111
1.11.3.
112
Supports and Heads of Equipments
1.11.4.
External Thermal Insulation for Vertical Vessel
113
Pump
2.
2.1.
(1)
114
115
(2)
116
(3)
117
(4)
118
2.2.
(1)
Centrifugal Pump()
119
(2)
120
Centrifugal Pump()
(3)
Centrifugal Pump()
121
2.3.
122
Inline Pump
2.4.
Duplex Acting Steam-Driven Reciprocating Pump
123
2.5.
124
Double Action Reciprocating Pump, Bucket Type
125
2.6.
126
Mixed-Flow Pump
2.7.
Metering Pumps
127
2.8.
128
Jet Pumps
2.9.
Ejector Units
129
2.9.1.
130
Ejector Structures
3.
3.1.
Compressors Blowers and Fans
Screw Compressors
131
3.2.
132
Rotary Helical Screw Compressors
3.3.
Piston Compressors
133
3.4.
134
Reciprocating Compressors
135
3.5.
136
()
High Pressure Compressor for Low Density Polyethylene Process
137
3.5.1.
138
High-Pressure Cylinder and Central Valve
139
3.5.2.
140
Unloading Valve and Other Valves
141
3.6.
142
Horizontally Split Centrifugal Compressor
143
3.7.
144
Blowers
145
3.8.
146
Fans
147
3.9.
148
Typical Compressor Installation
4.
Conveyor and Elevator
4.1.
()
Vertical Elevator (Conveyor)
4.1.1.
Bucket Elevator
149
4.1.2.
150
Vertical Rising Conveyor and Case Elevator
4.1.3.
Twin Riser
151
4.2.
4.2.1.
152
Band (Belt) Conveyor

Band Conveyor Sketch
4.2.2.
Conveyor Systems
153
4.2.3.
154
Band Conveyor
4.2.4.
600
600 Feet Centres
Take-up Unit for Single Drum Drive Belt Conveyor Exceeding
155
4.2.5.
156
Take-up Unit for Dual Drum Drive Belt Conveyor
4.2.6.
Pre-built Sectional Belt Conveyor and Mobile Belt Conveyor
157
4.3.
158
Screw Conveyor
4.4.
Chain Trolley Conveyor and Vibrating Conveyor
159
4.4.1.
160
Units of Chain Trolley Conveyor
161
4.5.
162
Roller Conveyors
4.6.
()
Types of Idlers
163
4.6.1.
164
()
Construction of Iders
165
5.
5.1.
166
Crushing and Screening Equipment
Jaw crusher
167
5.2.
168
Impact Jaw Crusher
5.3.
Gyrasphere Crusher
169
5.4.
170
Tray Type Gyratory Crusher
171
5.5.
()
Breaker)
172
Hydraulic Cone Crusher and Impact Crusher (Impeller
5.6.
Roller Mill
173
5.7.
174
Double Shaft Hammer Mill
175
5.8.
176
Ball Mill
5.9.
Dryer-Pulveriser
177
5.10.
178
Layout of Backmixing Equipment
5.11.
Vibrating Screen
179
5.12.
180
Classifiers
6.
6.1.
Forming Machine For Plastics and Rubber
Extruder
181
6.2.
182
Screw Injection Moulding Machine
6.3.
Calender Line for PVC Production
183
6.4.
184
Four-Roll Calender
185
7.
7.1.
186
Vibrating Feeder
Feeder, Weighing and Bagging Machine
187
7.2.
188
Electric Vibrating Feeder
7.3.
Apron Feeder
189
7.4.
190
()
Smooth Auto-Feeder
7.5.
Dosing Belt Weigher
191
7.6.
192
Constant Feed Weigher
7.7.
Automatic Bagging System
193
Steam Turbine
8.
8.1.
(1)
194
Classification of Steam Turbines ()
195
(2)
196
Classification of Steam Turbines ()
8.2.
Steam Turbine Cycles
197
8.3.
198
Methods of Steam Supply to a Turbine
8.4.
Single Stage Steam Turbine
199
8.5.
200
Impulse Turbines
201
8.6.
202
Turbine Glands and Gland Sealings
203
8.7.
204
Lubrication of Steam Turbine
205
8.8.
206
Governors and Governing of Steam Turbine
207
8.9.
208
Turbine Governor
209
8.10.
210
()
Overspeed Tripping Device
8.11.
Installation of Steam Turbine
211
9.
Boiler
9.1.
212
Basic Patterns for Fire and Water Tube Boiler
9.2.
Ellipsoidal Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
213
9.3.
214
Cooling Tubes and Jacket Heat Exchanger
9.4.
(1)
Steam Purification and Drum Internals ()
215
(2)
216
217
(3)
218
(4)
219
9.5.
220
Superheater
9.6.
Attemperators
221
9.7.
222
Air Preheater
223
9.8.
224
Grates
9.9.
Underfeed Stoker
225
9.10.
226
Burners
227
9.11.
228
Economizer
9.12.
Spreader Feeders
229
9.13.
230
Pulverizers
10.
Machine Element
10.1.
FUniversal Joints
231
10.2.
232
Couplings
233
10.3.
234
(1)
Fluid Couplings ()
(2)
Fluid Couplings ()
235
10.4.
236
Circumferential Seals
10.5.
Face Seals, Shaft Sealings and End Fittings
237
10.6.
238
Roller Bearings
10.7.
Ball Bearings
239
10.8.
240
Oiling Devices
10.9.
Fastener
10.9.1.
Bolts and Studs (stud bolts)
241
10.9.2.
242
Heads and Points of Screw
10.9.3.
Nuts
243
10.9.4.
244
Non-threaded Fasteners
11.
() Piping and Fitting
11.1.
Valve Stem and Bonnet Designs
245
11.2.
246
(1)
Valves()
247
(2)
248
Valves()
(3)
Valves()
249
(4)
250
Valves()
11.3.
Gate Valve
251
11.4.
252
Globe Valve
11.5.
Ball Valve
253
11.6.
254
Check Valve
11.7.
Spring Safety-Relief Valve
255
11.8.
256
Pilot Operated Ball Float Valve
11.9.
Bellows Sealed Gate Valve
257
11.10.
258
Thermo Expansion Valve
11.11.
Valve Operating Mechanisms
259
11.12. ()()
260
Steam Traps and Air Traps
261
11.13.
262
Pipe Line Fitments
263
11.14. Flanges, Flange Facings and Gaskets
264
265
11.15.
266
Packings
11.16.
Pipe Fitting
11.16.1. Flanged Fittings
267
11.16.2. Threaded Fittings
268
11.16.3. Steel-Welding Fittings
269
11.17.
270
Plastics Compression Joints
11.18.
Fabricated Pipe Bends and Expansion Joints
271
11.19.
272
Joints in Tubing and Pipe
11.20.
Piping Insulation
273
11.21.
274
Pipe Hangers and Pipe Supports
275
11.22.
276
Safety Shower and Eyewash Station
Hose Station
12.
Instrumentation
12.1.
()
12.1.1.
Level Gage
Locally Mounted Direct Reading Level Gages
277
12.1.2.
278
Displacement Type Level Gages
12.1.3.
Level Controllers and Switches
279
12.2.
280
Pressure Instruments
281
12.2.1.
282
Manometers
12.2.2.
New Developments in Pressure Measurements
283
12.2.3.
284
Installation of Pressure Guage
12.3.
Flow Measuring Element
12.3.1.
Inferential Meters (Fluid Velocity Meter)
12.3.1.1. Turbine Meter
285
12.3.1.2. Vortex flow meter
286
12.3.1.3.
Vortex Flow meter Measurement System
287
12.3.2.
288
Primary Flow Elements
289
12.3.3.
290
Positive Displacement Type Flow Meters
291
12.3.4.
292
() Variable Area Type Flow Meters
293
12.3.5.
294
Installation of Head Meters
295
12.3.6.
296
Area Meters and metering pumps
12.3.7.
(1)
Other Flow Meters()
297
(2)
298
Other Flow Meters()
12.4.
Thermometer
12.4.1.
Thermocouple
299
12.4.2.
300
Liquid Expansion and Bimetallic Thermometer
301
12.4.3.
302
Resistance Thermometer and Thermistor
12.4.4.
Filled System Thermometer
303
12.4.5.
304
Radiation Pyrometer
12.4.6.
Optical Pyrometer
305
12.4.7.
306
Electritic Indicating Controller
12.4.8.
Pneumatic Indicating Controller
307
12.4.9.
308
Multi-Point Long Chart Temperature Recorder
12.4.10. Control Station
309
12.4.11. Charts
310
12.5.
Transmitter
12.5.1.
Pressure Transmitter
311
12.5.2.
312
Differential Pressure Transmitters
313
12.5.3.
314
Pneumatic Temperature Transmitter
12.5.4.
Level Transmitters
315
12.6.
()
12.6.1.
Liquid Level Controller
316
Controller
12.6.2.
Pneumatic Controller
317
12.6.3.
318
Bourdon Tube Controller
12.7.
Control Valve
319
12.7.1.
320
Diaphragm and Piston Actuators
12.7.2.
Bonnets of Control Valve
321
12.7.3.
322
323
12.7.4.
324
Valve plugs and Cages
12.7.5.
() Components Valve Trim
325
12.7.6.
326
Acting and Guiding of Control Valve
12.7.7.
Positioner of Control Valve
327
12.7.8.
328
Handjack Assembly of Control Valve
12.7.9.
Pneumatic Piston Positioner
329
12.8.
330
Oxygen Analysis Equipment
331
12.9.
332
Carbon Dioxide Analyzer
12.10. PH
pH meters
333
12.11.
334
Viscosity Measuring Instruments
335
12.12.
336
Specific Gravity Instrument
12.13. Speed Measurement and Control
337
12.14.
338
Instrument Panels
339
12.15.
340
Temperature Control
12.16. Annunciators Systems
341
12.16.1. Integral Annunciators
342
12.16.2. Remote Annunciator and Semigraphic Annunciator
343
12.17. Relays
344
345
12.18.
346
Instrumentation Tube Fittings and Housings
347
12.19.
348
Instrumentation Symbols and Identifications
349
12.20. (1)
350
Total Distributed Control System()
12.21. (2)
351
12.22. (3)
352
12.23. (4)
353
12.24. (5)
354
12.25. (6)
355
13.
Electrical Engineering
13.1.
13.1.1.
Direct-Current Machine
356
Electrical Rotating Machine
13.1.2.
Direct-Current Generator
357
13.1.3.
358
AC AC Commutator Machine
13.1.4.
Alternating-Current Motor
359
13.1.5.
360
Slip-ring Type Induction Motor
361
13.1.6.
362
Brushless Synchronous Motor
13.1.7.
Brushless Excitation of Synchronous Motor
363
13.1.8.
364
Slots and Windings
13.2.
Transformer
13.2.1.
Oil Immersed Transformer Front View
365
13.2.2.
366
Oil Immersed Transformer Side View
13.2.3.
Oil Immersed Transformer Exterior
367
13.3.
13.3.1.
Rectifier
368
Rectifier and Battery
13.3.2.
369
370
371
13.4.
13.4.1.
372
High Voltage Switchgear

Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
13.4.2.
Metal-Clad High-Voltage Cubicle
373
13.4.3.
374
SF6 Circuit-Breaker
375
13.4.4.
376
T T-Breaker
13.4.5.
Motor Drive
377
13.5.
13.5.1.
Currentt-Limiting Air-Break Circuit-Breaker
378
Low-Voltage Switches
13.5.2.
Moulded Case Circuit-Breaker
379
13.5.3.
380
Control Switches
381
13.5.3.1.
382
Pushbutton Switches
383
13.5.3.2.
384
Cam Switches
385
13.6.
13.6.1.
Electromagnetic Mechanism and Devices
386
Electromagnetic Apparatus
387
13.6.2.
388
Electromagnetic Relays
389
13.6.3.
390
Voltage Regulating Relay
13.7.
Electrical Explosion-proof
13.7.1.
Power and Lighting Installation in Hazardous Location
391
13.7.2.
392
Explosion-proof Apparatus
393
13.8.
13.8.1.
Thermal Power Plant
394
Power Supply System
395
13.8.1.1. Energy Saving Power plant
396
397
13.8.2.
398
Indoor Installations of Electric Substation
13.8.3.
Towers and Poles
399
13.8.4.
400
Electrostatic Precipitator
13.9.
Interior Wiring
13.9.1.
Cables
401
402
403
13.9.2.
404
Fuses
405
13.9.3.
406
Connectors and Terminals
13.9.4.
Lamps
407
13.9.5.
408
Electroheating Devices
14.
Construction Equipment and Tool
14.1.
14.1.1.
Derricks
Hoisting Machinery
409
14.1.2.
410
Erecting Cranes
411
14.1.3.
412
Hoisting Devices
14.1.4.
(1) Cranes()
413
(2) Cranes()
414
(3) Cranes()
415
14.1.5.
416
Chain Hoists and Jacks
417
14.1.6.
418
Hemp Ropes, Cable Wires, Knots and Sling Chains
419
14.1.7.
420
Lifting Attachments for Crane Use
14.1.8.
Fork-Truck Attachments
421
14.2.
14.2.1.
422
Tools
Wrenches
14.2.2.
Adjustable Wrenches and Pipe Wrenches
423
14.2.3.
424
Pliers and Nippers
14.2.4.
Shanks, Sockets and Sleeves
425
14.2.5.
426
Taps
14.2.6.
Reamers
427
14.2.7.
428
Twist Drills
14.2.8.
Wood Working Tools
429
14.2.9.
430
Inspection Gages
14.2.10. Measuring Tools
431
15.
Welding
15.1.
432
Welding of Metals
433
15.2.
434
Welding Symbols
15.3.
Principles of Shielded Arc Welding
435
15.4.
436
Welding Positions, Types of Joints and Welding
15.5.
Grooves
437
15.6.
438
Detail of Grooves
15.7.
Defects of Welding
439
15.8.
440
Fillet Welding
15.9.
Automatic Submerged Arc Welding
441
15.10. Gas-Shielded Arc Welding
442
443
15.11.
444
Gas Metal-Arc welding
15.12.
Electrode Guns of Gas Metal-Arc Welding
445
15.13.
446
Conventional Electroslag Welding
15.14.
Electroslag Welding by Consumable Guide Tube
447
15.15. Electrogas Welding
448
449
15.16. Flux-Cored Arc Welding
450
15.17.
Gas Welding Equipment
451
15.18.
452
Portable Acetylene Generators
15.19.
Basic Types of Acetylene Generators
453
15.20. (1)
454
Welding of Plastics()
(2)
Welding of Plastics()
455
16.
No-Destructive Testing
16.1.
456
Non-Destructive Testing Method
457
16.2.
458
Borescope and Microscope
16.3.
X-ray Tube and Its Circuit
459
16.4.
460
Photoradiography and Electroradiography
16.5.
Mobile X-ray Unit and Penetrometer
461
16.6.
462
Ultrasonic Test Methods and Search Units
16.7.
Ultrasonic Transducer and Refraction
463
16.8.
464
Ultrasonic Testing of Weld in Tubing
16.9.
Liquid Penetrant Test
465
16.10. Methods of Magnetization
466
17.
Civil Engineering and Building
17.1.
Topographical Map and Subsoil Profile
467
17.2.
468
Soils and Foundations
17.3.
Types of Pile
469
17.4.
470
Foundations for Equipment
17.5.
(1)
Anchorage of Heavy Machine()
471
(2)
472
Anchorage of Heavy Machine()
17.6.
Road and Paving
473
17.7.
474
Types of Roof
17.8.
Shell Roofs
475
17.9.
476
Reinforced Concrete Construction
477
17.10. Steel Construction
478
479
17.10.1. Structural Steel Connection Details
480
17.10.2.
Connection of Steel Members
481
17.10.3.
482
Steel Balustrade
17.10.4.
Steel Stairs and Ladders
483
17.11.
484
Multistory Industrial Buildings
17.12.
Types of Doors
485
17.13.
486
Types of Windows
17.13.1. Components of a Window
487
17.14.
Industrial Structures
17.14.1. Pipe Supports
488
489
17.14.2. Types of Chimneys
490
17.14.3. Vent Stacks
491
17.14.4. Types of Water Towers
492
17.14.5. Cooling Towers
493
17.14.6. Galleries and Trestles
494
17.14.7. Silos and Bunkers
495
18.
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments
18.1.
(1)
496
General Apparatus and Instruments()
497
(2)
498
General Apparatus and Instruments()
18.2.
Distillation of Petroleum Products
499
18.3.
500
Viscometer
18.4.
Specific Gravity Balance (Westphal Balance)
501
18.5.
502
Flash and Fire Points Apparatus
18.6.
Carbon Residue and Water Content
503
18.7.
504
Freezing Point, Pour Point and Melting Point
18.8.
Breaking Point, Cone penetration and Softening Point
505
18.9.
506
Absorption Column
19.
Flow Diagram and piping Layout
19.1.
Master Plot Plan
507
19.2.
508
(1)
Diagrammatic Flow Sheet of Petroleum Refinery()
509
(2)
510
Diagrammatic Flow Sheet of Petroleum Refinery()
511
19.3.
512
Ammonia Plant Process Flow Diagram
513
19.4.
514
Ethylene Plant Process Flow Diagram
515
19.5.
516
Piping Layout-Installation Piping
19.6.
()
19.6.1.
Plan View
Piping Drawing
517
19.6.2.
518
Front View
19.7.
()
Pipe Line Isometric Diagram (Erection Diagram)
519
19.8.
520
Piping Arrangement of Steam Tracing Lines
19.9.
19.9.1.
Piping Code
Process Piping and Instrument Flow Diagram
521
19.9.2.
522
Line Symbols
523
19.9.3.
524
Meanings of Identification Letters in Instrument Symbols
19.9.4.
Illustrative Drawing-Ammonia Storage Facility
525
19.10. () Abbreviations for Use on Drawings (in Alphabetical Order)
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
20.
Miscellaneous
20.1.
536
Steel Sections, Pipes and Tubes
1.
profile steel
2.
narrow flange I-beam
3,12.
22. half-oval steel

rolled steel joist
Vertical leg (web)
4.
taper flange
5.
wide flange I-beam
6.
square edge parallel flange
7.
channel(Usteel)
8.
flange
9.
angle steel
23. half-round steel

24. web off-centre
25. out-of-squareness
26. web bow

27. outside diameter(OD)
29. inside diameter(ID)
10. side(leg)
30. wall thickness

T-
28. nominal diameternominal dimension nominal bore, nominal

size
11. T steel (T-bar)
31. schedule number
13. square steel (square stock)
32. schedule wall
14. flat bar
33. Std(Standard weight pipe)standard pipe
35. XXS(double extra strong) ()
17. hexagonal steel bar
36. specified length
18. width across flat
37. (single) random length
19. hollow square section
()
( 1820
1222 )
20. round steel

21. round-edge zeds
()
34. XS(extra strong)
15. crane rail

16. flanged bottom
38. double random length
()
(pipe)
ANSI() API() pipe
()
(tubetubing)
tube tubing
537
20.2.
538
Manufacturing Methods of Steel Pipe
Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Perry, R. H. and Chilton, C. H.: Chemical Engineers Handbook. 5thed.,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973.
Treybal, R. E. :Mass-Transfer Operations, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1968.
Ludwig, E.E. :Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants.
Vol.1-3. Gulf Publishing Company, HoustonTexas, 1977.
Jamison, R. H.: DistillationInternal Design Techniques. Chem. Eng. Prog. , 65.
3.P. 46~51. (1969)
Brownell, LE.: Process Equipment Design. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 1959.
Cooper, A.: Trends in Distillation Technology. Chem. Proc. Eng. 51,6,P. 115
120(1970)
Mekler, L. A.: Mechanical Design of Process Tubular Heaters. Petro. Eng. , Apr.
C 31(1956)
Bell, H. S.: American Petroleum Refining, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
1959.
Csathy, D. G.: Heat Energy Conservation in Refineries. Oil & Gas J.,70,44, p58
66.1972.
Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufactures Association. 5th ed., TEMAInc.
New York.1968.
API 661 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Services. 1st ed. ,
American Petroleum Institute. New York, 1968.
Heat Exchange Institute: Standards for Steam Surface Condensers. 6th ed. ,
New York. 1970.
API 2550, Method for Measurement and Calibration of Upright Cylindrical
Tanks. 1965.
Sherwood, D. R. and Whistance, D. J.: The Piping Guide 1st edition (revised).
USA. 1976.
Strauss, W. : Industrial Gas Cleaning. 1st ed., Pergamon press.1966.
McCabe, W. L. and Swith, J. C.: Unit Operations Of Chemical Engineering.
McGraw Hill Book Company. Inc., 1956.
Coulson, J. M. and Richarason. J. F. Chemical Engineering. Vo12, 2nd ed.,
Pergamon. Press. 1968.
Heat Exchange Institute: Standards for Steam Jet Ejectors. 3rd ed., New York.
(addenda) 1962.
19. Trevbal, R. E. : Liquid Extraction. 2nd ed. , McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc.,
1963
20. Tate, R. W.: Sprays and Spraying for Process Use. Chem. Eng., 72. 15. P. 157
162 (1965).
21. Higgins. L. R & Morrow. L. C. ed.: Maintenance Engineering Handbook . New
York. McGraw Hill. 1977.
22. Karassik, I. J.: Pump Handbook. New York McGrw-Hill.1976. Marks:
Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. 7th ed., McGraw-Hill Book
Company.1967.
23. Rollins, J. P.: Compressed Air and Gas Handbook. 4th ed., CAGI. New York.
1973.
24. William, S. M.: Machine Design 47 (27): 2oNov 20. 1975.
25. William, S. M.: Machine Design 49 (15): 181 June 30.1977.
26. Weaver, R.: Process Piping Drafting. Houston Gulf Pub. Co., 1970.
27. Weaver, R.: Process Piping Drafting. Houston Gulf Pub. Co., 1970.
28. Rase, H. F.: Piping Design for Process Plants, New YorkWiley, 1963.
29. William, J.M.: The Encyclopedia of Chemical Process Equipment Reinhold
Publishing Corporation.1964.
30. The Fachredaktionen: The English Duden, Librarie Marcel Didier.
Paris-BruxelIes, 1960.
31. Merritt. F. Standard Handbook For Civil Engineering. 2nd edition. New York.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1976.
32. Institute of PetroIeum. London. I. P. Standard for Petroleum and 1ts Products.
Pt. 1. sectional. 31st ed. 1972.
33. Wier. J.T.: ChemEng. 82(25): 62(1975).
34. Holmes, Ernest. ed. : Handbook of lndustriaI Pipework Engineering. New York.
McGraw-Hill.1973.
35. Shields. C.D.: Boiler, F. W. Dodge Corporation. New York. 1961. Croft. T.:
Steam Power Plant Auxiliaries and Accessories.
36. McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc., 1946.
37. I056952.
38. 1263002.
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540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
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551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
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ENGLISH-CHINESE PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Process Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Plate Column and Packed Column

Liquid Flow Patterns

Bubble Cap Trays

Dual Flow Trays and Jet Trays

Bottom Structures and Reboilers

Feed and Draw Off

Liquid Distributors, Redistributors and Support Plates

1.1.1.11. Tower Attachments

Stair and Platform

Regenerator / CO2 Stripper

General Assembly and Prill-Spray Assembly

Prill tower Reclaimer

Floating Roof Tanks

Seal Types of Floating Roof Tank

Covered Floating Roof Tanks

Refrigerated Storage Tanks

Floating Roof Types

Nomenclature of Heat Exchanger

Components of Heat Exchanger

Types of Stationary Head, Shell and Rear End Head

Tube-Tube Sheet Joints, Expansion Join ts and Other Parts

Transverse Baffles and Longitudinal Baffles

Double Pipe Longitudinal Finned Exchanger

Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

Bay Arrangements of Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger

Typical Construction of Tube Bundles and Headers

Drive Arrangements for Air Cooler

Temperature Control of Air Cooler

Primary Waste Heat Boiler

Secondary Waste Heat Boiler

Types of pipe Heaters (pipe Still Heater)

Reformers (Reforming Furnaces)

Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boiler

CO Firing Waste Heat Boiler

Line Mixers (Flow Mixers)

Paste and Viscous-Material Mixing Equipments

Solids Mixing Machines

Continuous Contact (Differential Contact) Equipments

Cyclone, Decanter, Filter and Centrifuger ..................................................................................................................... 87

Pressure Leaf Filters

Gravity Settlers (Decanters)

Rotary-Drum Vacuum Filter

Stationary Vane Type Centrifugal Separators

Double Screw Continuous Mixer

Pneumatic Conveyor Dryers

Miscellaneous ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107

Fluidization Processes in Petroleum Refinery

Distributors for Fluidized Bed

Various Types of Pump () ............................................................................................................................................................................ 114

Various Types of Pump ()

Various Types of Pump ()

Various Types of Pump ()

Centrifugal Pump().................................................................................................................................................................................................. 119

Mixed-Flow Pump ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126

Metering Pumps .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 127

Jet Pumps ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128

Inline Pump ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122

Ejector Units ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 129

Compressors Blowers and Fans ................................................................................................................................................................... 131

External Thermal Insulation for Vertical Vessel

Pump ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114