Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Amit Misra
A Nigel D. Br
Browning
Guest Editor for this issue of MRS Bulletin
G Department of Chemical Engineering and
C
Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Sc
Science, University of California–Davis,
Materials Physics and Applications Division,
M One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA; tel. 530-
LLos Alamos National Laboratory, New 754-5563; aand e-mail nbrowning@ucdavis.edu.
Mexico, USA; e-mail amisra@lanl.gov.
M Browning hholds appointments as professor in
M
Misra is the co-director of the Center for Mate- the Departm
Departments of Chemical Engineering and
rrials at Irradiation and Mechanical Extremes, Materials SScience and Molecular and Cellular
aan Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) of Biology at the University of California, Davis
tthe U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic (UC Davis) and is a senior scientist in the Physi-
Energy Sciences. He joined Los Alamos National
E cal and Lif
Life Sciences Directorate at Lawrence
Laboratory (LANL) as a postdoctoral researcher
L Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). At UC
iin November 1996 and was promoted to a staff Davis, he d
directs the Interdisciplinary Center for
scientist in August 1998. Misra earned his MS and PhD degrees in materials Electron Microscopy, and at LLNL, he leads the dynamic transmission electron
science and engineering from the University of Michigan and his bachelor’s microscope (DTEM) project. Browning earnearned his PhD degree in physics from
degree in metallurgy from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Cambridge University in 1992. Since that time, he has authored more than 200
India. He has co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed articles in archival jour- peer-reviewed publications on the development and application of advanced
nals, conference proceedings, and book chapters. He served as a 2009 volume techniques in electron microscopy with high spatial, temporal, and energy
organizer for MRS Bulletin, has co-organized five symposia at the Materials resolution. He has received the Burton Award from the Microscopy Society of
Research Society, and was recently appointed a meeting chair for the 2012 MRS America (2002), the Coble Award from the American Ceramic Society (2003),
Fall Meeting. Misra also received the 2008 LANL Fellows Prize for outstanding and was a co-recipient of R&D 100 and Nano 50 awards in 2008 for the develop-
research in nanomechanics. ment of the DTEM.
Michael Demkowicz
M Kazuhiro Hono
K
D
Department of Materials Science and N
National Institute for Materials Science
EEngineering, Massachusetts Institute iin Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan; and e-mail
oof Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, kkazuhiro.hono@nims.go.jp.
USA; e-mail demkowicz@mit.edu.
U H
Hono is managing director of the Magnetic
D
Demkowicz is the John C. Chipman assistant Materials Center and a professor with the Insti-
M
professor at the Massachusetts Institute of
p ttute for Materials Science at the University of
Technology (MIT). He obtained undergraduate
T Tsukuba, Japan. He received his master’s degree
T
degrees in physics, aerospace engineering, and
d iin materials science at Tohoku University,
humanities (Plan II Program) from the Univer-
h JJapan, and his PhD degree in 1988 in materials
ssity of Texas at Austin. He received his MS and sscience at the Pennsylvania State University. As
PhD degrees in mechanical engineering from
P a postdoctoral researcher and senior scientist,
MIT, studying under Ali Argon, and went on to
M Hono worked at the Department of Metallurgical
H
become a director’s postdoctora
postdoctoral fellow and then a staff scientist at Los Alamos Engineering and Materials Scienc
Science at Carnegie Mellon University, at the Institute
National Laboratory. In his research, Demkowicz focuses on applying atomistic for Materials Research at Tohoku University, Japan, and at the National Research
modeling to materials subjected to irradiation, mechanical loading, and environ- Institute for Metals (NRIM), Japan. He also is a fellow of the National Institute for
mental degradation. Materials Science (NIMS). Hono’s primary fields of interest are nanostructured
metallic materials, magnetic materials, spintronics materials, atom probe field
ion microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.
JJohn David Embury
M
McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada;
ttel. 905-525-9140; and e-mail emburyd@ Reiner Kirchheim
R
uunivmail.cis.mcmaster.ca. M
Materials Physics Institute at the University of
E
Embury is Professor Emeritus at McMaster Göttingen; and e-mail rkirch@ump.gwdg.de.
G
University. He received his bachelor’s degree
U K
Kirchheim is a professor of Lower Saxonia at the
iin metallurgy at the University of Manchester, University of Göttingen and external member of
U
UK, and his PhD degree in metallurgy at Cam-
U tthe Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung in
bridge University, UK, in 1963. He worked as
b Düsseldorf in Germany. He worked at the Max-
D
a research scientist for U.S. Steel, at the Uni- Planck-Institut for Metals Research from 1971
P
vversity of Newcastle, and as a professor at the tto 1993 and received his PhD degree in physics
Department of Materials Science and Engineer-
D ffrom the University of Stuttgart in 1973. From
iing at McMaster University, Canada. As visiting 1993 to 2008, Kirchheim was the director of the
1
professor, Embury worked at a nnumber of places such as in Brazil at Aluminum
professor IInstitute for Materials Physics at the University
Pechiney, at Cambridge University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the of Göttingen. He works on thermodynamics and
o
Catholic University in Louvain, Belgium. His main interests lie in the microstruc- kinetics of materials.
materials He also is a member of the Göttingen Academie of Science
ture and mechanical behavior of steels and aluminum alloys, in composites, and the National Academy of Technical Sciences. Kirchheim’s honors include the
formability, damage, and the behavior of ultrahigh strength materials. Carl Wagner Prize (1990), the Honda Memorial Award (2003), the Heyn Memo-
rial Medal (2005), the Lee Hsun Lecture Award (2007), and the Staudinger-
Durrer Lecture (2009).
Tim Germann
T
T
Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National
LLaboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; tel. Marquis A.
A Kirk
5505-665-9772; and e-mail tcg@lanl.gov. Materials Sc
Science Division, Argonne National
G
Germann is in the Physics and Chemistry of Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne,
Materials Group at Los Alamos National Labo-
M IL 60439, USA;
U tel. 630-252-4998 and
rratory, where he has been a staff scientist since 630-252-5222; and e-mail kirk@anl.gov.
630-252-52
2000. He received dual BS degrees in chemistry
2 Kirk is didirector of the IVEM-Tandem user
aand computer science from the University of facility at Argonne National Laboratory. He
IIllinois, and a PhD degree in chemical physics received his
h PhD degree from Northwestern
ffrom Harvard University. His research interests University in 1972. He has authored more
iinclude the use of high-performance comput- than 200 ppublications on irradiation effects in
iing to study high strain-rate material dynamics metals, sem
semiconductors, and superconductor
and the role of interfaces on m
material behavior. Among his awards, Germann materials.
has received a 1998 IEEE Gordon Bell Prize and a 2006 LANL Fellows Prize for
research.
Aleksander
Al
A k d Kostka
JJames A. Hawreliak M
Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
C
Condensed Matter and Materials Division, iin Düsseldorf, Germany; and
LLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO ee-mail a.kostka@mpie.de.
Box 808 L-286, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; tel.
B K
Kostka is the head of the High Temperature
9925-424-2905; and e-mail hawreliak1@llnl.gov. Materials Group at the Max-Planck Institut
M
H
Hawreliak is a research scientist at Lawrence iin Düsseldorf. He received his MS and PhD
Livermore National Laboratory where he works
L degrees at the University of Silesia in Poland
d
on developing in situ x-ray diagnostics for
o under the guidance of Professor Henryk
u
tthe Shock Physics group in the Condensed Morawiec. Kostka’s research focuses on the
M
MMatter and Materials Division. He earned his iinvestigation of metallurgical processes gov-
PPhD degree in atomic and laser physics at the eerning formation and evolution of interfacial
UUniversity of Oxford, studying non-local heat microstructures of advanced engineering alloys
m
ttransport in laser-produced plasmas. His work processing, creep and w
during processing welding, and correlation of the microstructure
mainly focuses on high
high-power
power laser
la systems, which can simultaneously gener- with mechanical properties of these materials.
ate the drive and x-ray backlighter. Currently, Hawreliak is working on bringing
in situ probing techniques onto the NIF for ultrahigh pressure studies.
Terence G. Langdon
T Reinhard Pippan
R
D
Department of Aerospace and Mechanical E
Erich Schmid Institute in Leoben, Austria;
EEngineering, University of Southern California, aand e-mail reinhard.pippan@oeaw.ac.at.
LLos Angeles, CA 90089-1453, USA; P
Pippan is a professor at the University of
ttel. 213-740-0491; and e-mail at langdon@usc.edu. Leoben, Austria, and also vice director of the
L
L
Langdon is the William E. Leonhard Professor Erich Schmid Institute and head of the Chris-
E
of Engineering at the University of Southern
o ttian Doppler Laboratory for local analysis of
California in Los Angeles and a research pro-
C deformation and fracture. He studied physics
d
ffessor of materials science at the University aat the Technical University Graz and passed his
of Southampton in the UK. He holds BSc and
o doctoral studies and the Habilitation degree in
d
DSc degrees from the University of Bristol and
D ssolid-state physics at the University of Leoben.
a PhD degree from Imperial College, Univer- His main activities are focused on mechanical
H
ssity of London. His research interests are in properties of metals, alloys, and composites.
p
high
high-temperature
temperature creep
creep, superp
superplasticity, and the processing and properties of
ultrafine-grained materials.
Dierk Raabe
D
M
Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
Florence Lecouturier
F iin Düsseldorf, Germany; and
L
Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques ee-mail d.raabe@mpie.de.
IIntenses at CNRS, Toulouse, France; and R
Raabe has been director at the Max-Planck-
ee-mail florence.lecouturier@lncmi.cnrs.fr. IInstitut für Eisenforschung since 1999 and a
L
Lecouturier works on the development of high professor at Rheinisch-Westfälische Technis-
p
sstrength conductors at the French National cche Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Germany. He
High Magnetic Field Laboratory (Toulouse
H sstudied music, metallurgy, and metal physics.
aand Grenoble). She received her PhD degree IIn 1992, Raabe earned his PhD degree, and
iin materials science in 1995 from the National tthen received his Habilitation degree at RWTH
IInstitute for Applied Sciences in Toulouse, Aachen in physical metallurgy and metal phys-
A
FFrance. Lecouturier is primarily active in iics in 1997. Between 1997 and 1999, he worked
processing by severe plastic deformation,
p Engineering Department at Carnegie Mellon Univer-
at the Materials Science and Eng
mechanical and physical properties, and mod-
m sity in Pittsburgh, USA, and at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in
eling of copper/stainless steel macrocomposites and Cu/X (with BCC/FCC Tallahassee, FL, USA. Raabe is mainly active in computational materials science,
combination as CuNb, CuTa) nanocomposite wires for high magnetic field crystal plasticity, alloy design, and biomaterials.
applications.
Bruce A. Remington
B
Yujiao Li
Y I
Inertial Confinement Fusion Program, NIF
M
Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung in Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National
D
Düsseldorf, Germany; and e-mail y.li@mpie.de.
D Laboratory, L-481, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; tel.
L
L is a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute
Li 925-423-2712; and e-mail remington2@llnl.gov.
9
ffor Materials Physics, University of Göttingen. R
Remington has been a staff physicist at Law-
Currently she works as a visiting scientist at
C rrence Livermore National Laboratory in the
tthe Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung. Li IInertial Confinement Fusion Program since
rreceived her bachelor’s degree in 1993 and her 1988, working on laser-driven, high energy
1
master’s degree in 1996 in metal working from
m density (HED) fluid instabilities, HED labora-
d
Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,
X ttory astrophysics, and solid-state dynamics at
China. Afterward, she worked there as a lec-
C high pressures and rates. He received his BS
h
tturer for six years. In 2006, Li received her PhD degree from Northern Michigan University in
d
degree in materials science from the University
d 1975 and his PhD degree in nucnuclear physics from Michigan State University in
of Erlangen
Erlangen-Nuremberg,
Nuremberg German
Germany, where she studied deformation kinetics of 1986. Remington is a recipient of the American Physical Society (APS) Division
nanostructured metals and creep behavior of Mg alloys. Her current research is of Plasma Physics Excellence in Plasma Physics award for his work on ablation-
focused on the decomposition mechanism of cementite in heavily cold drawn front Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and is a fellow of the APS.
pearlitic steel by using atom probe tomography.
Robert E. Rudd
R
Ke Lu
K C
Condensed Matter and Materials Division,
I
Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
L
Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Rd.,
A L
L-045, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; tel. 925-
Shenyang 110016, China; tel. 86-24-
S 4
422-4292; and e-mail robert.rudd@llnl.gov.
22390-6826; and e-mail lu@imr.ac.cn. R
Rudd has been a staff physicist at Lawrence Liv-
L is a professor and director of the She-
Lu eermore National Laboratory since 2000, using
nyang National Laboratory for Materials
n aatomistic and multiscale computer simulation to
Science in the Institute of Metal Research of
S sstudy mechanics at the nanoscale with an empha-
tthe Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). His ssis on plasticity, fracture, surface growth, and fluid
rresearch interests include synthesis, struc- iinstabilities. He received his BS degree from the
tture, phase transformation, and mechanical University of Virginia in 1987 and his PhD degree
U
properties of nanostructured metals and
p ffrom Princeton University in 1992. Rudd invented
aalloys. He is a Materials Research Society the concurrent multiscale modelin
modeling technique, Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynam-
fellow
fellow, a member of CAS
CAS, and a member of the German National Academy ics. He is an editor of the book series, Oxford Series on Materials Modelling. In
of Science (Leopoldina). addition, he received the Gordon Bell Prize in Supercomputing in 2007.
Xavier Sauvage
X JJustin S. Wark
Institut de Physique at the University of Rouen, D
Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory,
France; and e-mail xavier.sauvage@univ-rouen.fr. University of Oxford, Parks Rd., Oxford,
U
S
Sauvage is at the French National Center for Sci- OX1 3PU, UK; tel. 44-1865-272251; and
O
eentific Research (CNRS), Institut de Physique in ee-mail Justin.wark@physics.ox.ac.uk.
tthe Groupe de Physique des Matériaux at the W has been a faculty member at the Univer-
Wark
University of Rouen. He studied at the Ecole ssity of Oxford since 1988, where he is a profes-
Normale Supérieure de Cachan, France, earned ssor of physics. He received his undergraduate
his master’s degree in physics of materials in degree in physics from Oxford in 1982 and his
d
1998, and his PhD degree in 2001 at the Univer- PhD degree from Imperial College, London, in
P
ssity of Rouen, France, under the supervision of 1985. Wark’s research interests are in using
1
professor D. Blavette. In 2002, he was a post- ultra-fast x-ray pulses to diagnose shock com-
u
doctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute
d pressed matter, the creation and diagnosis of
p
off St
Stuttgart,
tt t G Germany. His
Hi primary
i research is in the fields of severe plastic warm dense matter
matter, and the exp
exploitation of fourth generation light sources for
deformation (SPD) of metallic alloys, stability of metallic nanostructures, phase high energy density physics research.
transformation induced by SPD, and deformation mechanisms in nanostruc-
tured materials.
Brian Wirth
B
D
Department of Nuclear Engineering, University
Nobuhiro Tsuji
N of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; tel.
o
D
Department of Materials Science and ((865) 974-2554; and e-mail bdwirth@utk.edu.
EEngineering, Graduate School of Engineering, W
Wirth is a professor and Governor’s Chair of
Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-
K Computational Nuclear Engineering in the
C
kku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; tel. 81-75-753- Department of Nuclear Engineering at the Uni-
D
55462; e-mail nobuhiro.tsuji@ky5.ecs.kyoto-u. vversity of Tennessee, Knoxville, which he joined
aac.jp; and www.tsujilab.mtl.kyoto-u.ac.jp. iin July 2010. He received a BS degree in nuclear
N
Nobuhiro Tsuji is a professor in the Depart- eengineering from the Georgia Institute of Tech-
ment of Materials Science and Engineering at
m nology in 1992 and a PhD degree in mechanical
n
Kyoto University (KU), Japan. He received his
K eengineering from the University of California,
PhD from the Department of Materials Science
P Santa Barbara, in 1998, where he was a Depart-
S
aand Engineering at KU in 1994. He worked as Engineering graduate fellow. Following several years
ment of Energy Nuclear Enginee
aan assistant professor and then as an associate in the High Performance Computational Materials Science Group at Lawrence
professor at Osaka University fro
from 1994 to 2009, during which time he devel- Livermore National Laboratory, Wirth joined the faculty at the University of Cali-
oped the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process with his colleagues. Tsuji fornia, Berkeley, as an assistant professor of nuclear engineering in 2002. He
has studied bulk nanostructured metals energetically and has been working as was promoted to associate professor in 2006. His research interests involve the
a professor of physical metallurgy in the Department of Materials Science and combination of multiscale modeling and advanced microstructural characteriza-
Engineering at KU since March 2009. tion to develop improved understanding and models of microstructure–property
relationships and microstructural evolution during processing and service in
hostile environments, with an emphasis on irradiation effects. He has received a
Ruslan Val
Valiev number of awards, including the 2007 Fusion Power Associates David J. Rose
Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Excellence in Fusion Engineering Award and the 2003 Presidential Early Career
Ufa State Av
Aviation Technical University, 12K. Award for Scientists and Engineers.
Marx St. Ufa 450000, Russia; tel. 7(347)
273 34 22; ee-mail rzvaliev@mail.rb.ru
Valiev is pr
professor, founder, and director of the Yuntian Zhu
Y
Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa C
College of Engineering, Materials Science
State Avait
Avaition Technical University since 1995. aand Engineering Department, North Carolina
He is the chairman
c of the International Steer- State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
S
ing Committee
Comm on Severe Plastic Deformation ttel. 919-513-0559; and e-mail ytzhu@
(SPD) and a member of several international ncsu.edu and www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu.
n
professional committees. He has published
professiona Z is a professor at the North Carolina State
Zhu
numerous publications and books and holds University (NCSU). He was a team leader at
U
more than 35 patents related to SPD nanom
nanomaterials. Los Alamos National Laboratory before joining
L
NCSU in 2007. His research interests include
N
m
metals and alloys with nano/ultrafine-grain
sstructures, and carbon nanotube composites.
Zhu recently received the 2010 The Minerals
Z
Metals and Materials Society’s Materials Processing and Manufacturing Divi-
sion Distinguished Scientist/Engineer Award, the NCSU Alumni Distinguished
Research Award, and the American Society for Metals (ASM) fellow award.
hierarchy. This means that upon increasing co-deformation, As an example, Figure 4 shows results from atom probe
a sequence in the microstructure evolution and also in the tomography, where in a two-phase Fe-5 at.% Cu alloy with a
corresponding microstructure-property relations appears. large miscibility gap, the individual phases gradually start to
The sequence of mechanisms generally does not follow dissolve under intense deformation obtained via ball milling.51–53
the same strain dependence. However, as a rule, at low The initial two-phase sample, analyzed after two hours, has
strains (micrometer spacing of interfaces), dislocation- not yet been completely mixed at an atomic scale (Figure 4a).
based Orowan loop expansion and Hall-Petch mechanisms Besides regions in which Cu atoms are dissolved in the Fe
at the interfaces prevail, while at large strains (nanometer matrix, some Cu-rich fragments still exist. These fragments
spacing of interfaces), dislocation-assisted atomic-scale are formed by repeated fracture and cold-welding processes of
processes through the interfaces determine the evolution powder particles trapped between colliding balls. After 20 h ball
of microstructure and strength. More specifi cally, in the milling, no Cu-rich fragments appear (Figure 4b). The Cu atoms
nanoscopic regime, a number of mechanisms play a role, are nearly homogeneously distributed in the Fe matrix.
including structural decomposition, dislocation source size Of particular interest in this context is the question why
limitation, interface dislocation reactions, internal stresses, extremely co-deformed composites still reveal very high
mechanically driven alloying across heterophase boundaries, and further increasing strength, although, in most cases, the
and phase decomposition. interfaces are gradually dissolved and hence lose their sepa-
rating function between the initial phases. This aspect will
6000 be discussed in the final section. This article is structured
Ochiai et al. -Steel G
0.96 C-0.21 Si
following the microstructure hierarchy, placing attention first
5000
–0.3 Mn-0.21 Cr
Ochiai et al. -Steel F
on the extreme co-deformation of metal matrix composites
0.96 C-0.21 Si
Tensile Strength (MPa)
–0.3 Mn-0.21 Cr
4000 Choi and Park
Piano Wire 0.94 C-0.21 Si
–0.85 Mn a
Kanetsuki et al.
3000 1.15 C-0.23 Si
Embury and Fisher –0.52 Mn
0.93 C-0.2 Si-0.37 Mn –0.98 Co
2000
Kim and Shemenski
0.8 C-0.5 Si-0.3 Mn-0.3 Cr
1000
0.01 0.1 1 10
Wire Thickness (mm)
Fine pearlite
3.5
Proof Stress (GPa)
2.0
Coarse pearlite
0.7
Swaged iron
zones, where strengthening more likely results from these solute This mechanism attributes accelerated diffusion in binary
effects rather than from sharp-interface mechanics (Figure 7).64 systems to a deformation-induced increase in the non-equi-
For instance, for drawn pearlite, it is usually sufficient to impose librium vacancy density. These additional diffusion carriers
true strains of 3, 4, or 5 to achieve a nanoscaled structure, lead to chemical mixing across the interface. Although this
cementite decomposition, and high strength. When drawing effect is possible, one argument stands against it for explain-
further, the strength increases, although the cementite has—to ing spontaneous alloying. All phases in a mechanically mixed
some extent—already dissolved, so that sharp interfaces can alloy are plastically strained, though not to the same extent (i.e.,
no longer play a dominant role for the strength. an increased vacancy concentration is present in all phases).
In the following section, we discuss mechanically induced However, the excess vacancy concentration and their mobility
mixing in more detail. Various explanations were suggested do not have to be the same in all phases, so this could give rise
to understand forced chemical mixing during co-deformation to asymmetric diffusion gradients.
of phases consisting of non-soluble elements. The first one Hence, we conclude that deformation-stimulated increased
assumes a purely diffusion-driven mechanism.65,66 The sec- diffusion is possible within the phases and also across the het-
ond one assumes defect-enhanced diffusion (dislocations, erophase interfaces, but the net flux in either direction depends
vacancies).67,68 The third one is mainly built on interface rough- on the asymmetry in the defect densities and mobilities. Also,
ening and plasticity-driven mechanical mixing (followed by although diffusion across the interfaces is likely, it still can-
subsequent short-range diffusion) via shear transfer (disloca- not explain the massive non-symmetric interphase mixing
tions, shear bands) across heterophase interfaces.67–72 The latter observed,71 because there are not sufficiently high thermody-
mechanism is also referred to as dislocation shuffling.71 namic driving forces.
A purely diffusion-driven approach can be ruled out for A related mechanism of mechanical mixing is conceivable,
explaining forced chemical mixing among multiphase alloys, though, in cases where the density of dislocations is so high that
with small mutual solubility owing to the absence of thermo- they attract larger quantities of solute atoms from the neigh-
dynamic driving forces. Even under consideration of enhanced boring phase, owing to their high solubility. This effect is well
vacancy densities, capillary pressure (Gibbs–Thomson effect), known in the Fe-C system, where tertiary carbides dissolve as
and internal stresses, no negative mixing enthalpy among most the C has a higher binding energy at the dislocation than within
of the Cu- and Fe-based systems studied so far is obtained. The the carbide. Such an effect might also be responsible for the
absence of a sufficient driving force for spontaneous interdif- phenomenon that in heavily wire-drawn pearlite, strain aging
fusion and phase dissolution is also evident from annealing after deformation leads to an increase in strength and loss in
experiments, which show that wire-drawn and mechanically ductility. This mechanism is, however, not based on pipe dif-
alloyed metal-matrix composites undergo immediate de-mixing fusion or higher vacancy densities but on the higher solubility
and coarsening rather than further diffusion-driven alloying. of dislocations for solutes.
The second group of approaches for explaining mechanical In contrast to these mechanisms that are more driven by dif-
mixing is based on plasticity-assisted short-range diffusion. fusion and enhanced defect solubility, it is also conceivable that
transphase dislocation-assisted carrier mecha-
nisms assist mechanically induced chemical
a b
mixing. This phenomenon is described by the
dislocation-shuffle mechanism.71 While ele-
mentary single-slip heterophase transmission
effects, as described previously, can explain
local structural changes of the interfaces and
the buildup of internal stresses, corresponding
multislip shear transfer (shear on more than one
slip system) across heterointerfaces can lead
to massive chemical mixing (Figure 8). Dis-
location shuffling describes transphase plastic
deformation on more than one slip system. Such
shearing and interface roughening can create
small embedded particles consisting of atoms
Figure 7. (a) Front view (top) and top view (bottom) of 3D atom probe tomography of
cold drawn pearlitic steel wire (Fe-0.81C-0.2Si-0.49Mn wt% or Fe-3.66C-0.39Si-0.48Mn from one phase in the other. Such tiny mate-
at.%) at a true wire strain ε = 2. The reconstructed volume is 54 × 52 × 122 nm3 containing rial portions can be further cut by dislocations
6.8 million atoms. Only 20% of the carbon atoms (large green dots) and 0.5% of the iron
atoms (small blue dots) are displayed for clarity. An isoconcentration surface (green) running through them, thereby increasing their
drawn at 7 at.% C is shown to visualize the cementite lamellae. (b) As (a) for ε = 5.40, energy through the Gibbs–Thomson effect so
the reconstructed volume is 60 × 60 × 180 nm3 containing 20 millions atoms.64 Although that they finally dissolve.71
the interfaces between phases are no longer well defined, the strength of this material
continues to increase with increasing strain. In a corresponding experiment with a thin
multilayered starting microstructure consisting