Hail and Farewell

Lesson One Elizabethans; however, would have used much more wordy greetings and would have embellished with many colorful terms. Attend: Fenton (a gentleman): How now good woman; how dost thou? Mistress Quickly (a servant): The better that it leases your good worshi to ask! Fenton: "hat news? How does retty Mistress #nne? -Shakes eare!s "he #erry $ives of $indsor So here we see that although %&ail% is good, %How now good woman; how dost thou?% is much better. Elizabethans loved redundancy 'more so when it came to insults(. &ere we see that the servant has been asked the same thing twice in one sentence - %How now 'how are you)( good woman; how doest thou?% 'how are you doing)(. "his gives us two e*am les that we can either use together or inde endently of one another. +n ast times 'i.e. the Elizabethan ,enaissance( death was all too common %-ee ing% or %Saving% a erson!s life was all im ortant. "his can be seen in greetings such as, %$od give you good morrow% which is the same as saying %#ay .od give to you a good morning%. "he hrase can also be said with the word .od being understood as in %$ive you good Morrow%. /arewells were also a arting wish for safety. %$od save you% Fare you well&% Some sam le greetings to learn or to make macros by: ',ank will be e* lained later in %"itles and ,ank% and again in %"hees and "hous%( Greeting .ood morrow .ive you good morrow .od give you good morrow .od ye good morrow .ood day 0 .ood den .ive you good day .od you good day .od give you good day .od ye good day .od ye good den Meaning .ood morning .ood morning .ood morning .ood morning 'addressing more than one erson - familiar or lower rank( .ood day .ood day .ood day .ood day .ood day 'addressing more than one erson - familiar or lower rank( .ood day 'addressing more than one erson - familiar or lower 'den 1 day(

rank( .ood even .ive you good even .od give you good even .od ye good even .ood afternoon or evening .ood afternoon or evening .ood afternoon or evening .ood afternoon or evening 'addressing more than one erson - familiar or lower rank( .ood afternoon or evening where e!en 1 evening. 'addressing more than one erson - familiar or e2ual0lesser rank( .lad to see you 0 it is well 'good( meeting you &ow are you doing) &ow are you doing) 'Addressing familiar or e2ual0lesser rank( &ello, .lad to see you

.od ye good e!en

$ell met3 &ow now) &ow dost thou) &ail and well met3

Some Farewells .ood-byes or /arewells 'as mentioned above( often have to do with a wish for the continued safety and well being of the erson to whom the farewell is directed. Even our modern %.ood-bye% stems from the hrase %.od 4e with you%. Embellish your farewells with a ho e for future meetings or as a sign of faith that you will meet again. %Fare thee well% ' shall thee anon% 'anon means %shortly%, %soon% or %before long%(. Here are some Macro examples: Good bye /arewell /are thee well Meaning or comment "o /are ' ass your time( well - given to familiar or e2ual0lesser rank "o /are ' ass your time( well - given to familiar or e2ual0lesser rank "o /are ' ass your time( well - given to familiar or e2ual0higher rank A56 to horses 'will e* lain later(. A wish for safety while arted

/are you well .od kee you

.od save you /are you well + shall see you anon Adieu

A wish for safety while arted "o /are ' ass your time( well - given to familiar or e2ual0higher rank + will see you soon0shortly 'anon 1 soon, shortly etc(. 7sed if /rench, well learned or retentious.

Titles and Rank

Lesson Two 8ets take a look at a art of the e*cer t from "he #erry $ives of $indsor from lesson one. Fenton (a gentleman): How now good woman; how dost thou? Mistress Quickly (a servant): The better that it leases your good worshi to ask! -Shakes eare!s "he #erry $ives of $indsor &ere we see that /enton, a gentleman is addressing #istress 9uickly, a servant. $hen #istress 9uickly answers /enton!s 2uestion she does so with %your good worshi %. "his seems only a ro riate and we would e* ect such behavior from a servant addressing one of higher rank. :et we also see that /enton used %good woman% while addressing the servant in the first lace. "his is not sim ly an acknowledgment that #istress 9uickly is good, it!s a title3 Elizabethan titles included even common words such as woman or man and most used some other descri tive as a refi* such as good, kind, fair or noble. "itles also recognized a erson!s status or rank, age and se* - and in many cases occu ation. 8et!s look at some of these titles. Addressing Men - Rank and Station The King :our #a;esty; :our .race; :our #ost .racious #a;esty

Nobility. Clergy, Important Officials #y 8ord's(; #y .ood 8ord's(; :our worshi ; 5oble Sir's(; .ood .entles 'used if s eaking to more than one( Middle Class Craftsmen, Merchants, Peasants Sir 'as in: .ood Sir - $ell met Sir - .ood 6ay Sir(

#aster; .oodman; 'use both as you would use #r. as in: #aster 4rown or #aster Sirith - .oodman <ones or .oodman 4arleycorn( lderly Peasant /ather; .affer 'grandfather(

!o"ng Man or close male friend 8ad '%$ood day my (ine lads%(; Occ"pation #aster :ou see a man with a -atana and a shield: %#aster Swordsman%; %.randmaster Swordsman%. '&ail, #aster swordsman, well met3%( Ins"lts /ellow; 'to be moderately rude and clearly condescending( Sirrah; 'you des ise the man enough to flamestrike him( Elizabethan allows for a great deal of variety so use these titles with other terms and remember that even the word %.ood% is a title. 7se it and other descri tive in front of titles as in these e*am les: %.od ye good e!en, your good worshi 6el% - %/are thee well, .ood 8ad <ones%. "ry to call every sir a good sir or kind sir and every mistress a kind mistress or fair mistress and every wench a sweet wench - it adds so much to your greetings3 '=ontrary to o ular belief %wench% sim ly means %girl% and it was not considered rude(. Addressing Women - Rank and Station The #"een :our #a;esty; :our .race; :our #ost .racious #a;esty #!8ad 'for #y lad(

Noblewomen #y 8ady; 5oble 8ady; 5oble #adam; .ood my lady; '"he latter meaning %#y .ood 8ady%. "his use of .ood can be used in other laces as well. A .uild #aster s eaking to his assembled members might start by saying %$ood My )eo le&% meaning my good eo le(. .ood .entles 'used if s eaking to more than one( Middle Class and !eoman $i%es, Peasants

#istress; 6ear #istress; -ind #istress; /air #istress; Sweet #istress '#istress is a kind title that makes 5> reference to marital status or rank( %$ood Morrow% kind Mistress *aven% How dost thou)% .oodwife; %"ell met% $oodwi(e +ilac%. .oody; %Hail $oody Mara%. .oody is a less formal use of goodwife as in: %"ell met% $oody #ine& ,idst thou hear o( $oody +avender? -he did slay ten ettins barehanded.% .oody works well for gossi and is usually a lied to married women 'however, in 7> we might take liberties with it!s use(. .ood $oman: #uch the same use as .oodwife. %$od you good den% $ood "oman .rown%.

Peasants Only& $ench

"he easant class woman would be called by the same titles as those for the middle class with the addition of the title %$ench%. 'e*am les: fair wench; sweet wench; kind wench(. lderly Peasant #other; .ammar 'grandmother(

!o"ng $oman or close 'emale friend 8ass '%$ood day my lass%(; #aid; #aiden '%Hail Maiden Mara%(. Occ"pation Although #aster is used for male occu ation titles no such distinction is used for women. ,ather one uses the same titles as for middle class or merchant then adds the name of the rofession. :ou see a woman at a loom or wheel: %$ood day Mistress "eaver% 'where weaver is not her name but her occu ation as in %$ood day sweet milkmaid%(.

Arc aic Terms and ! rases

Lesson Three "here are some modern words that can be used. "here is nothing wrong with using :es and 5o 'these two words were used in Elizabethan times( yet there are more colorful ways of saying many of these still acce table terms. /irst we will look at that which so many of you already know and use - %Aye% and %5ay%. :es and no are totally acce table but these are more colorful3 T is is acceptable :es 5o T is is M"#H more color$%l Aye 'sounds like Eye( :ea 'rhymes with day( 5ay 'rhymes with day(

A ending some descri tive term after :ea makes a nice touch. %?erily%; an archaic term meaning %"ruly%, was often used to affirm the %yes% statement as in %:ea verily% '%:es truly%(. 8ord "ermir: %&ast thou seen the #istress 8ilac)% @easant /isherman: %:ea verily, good my 8ord "ermir. + did see her at yon stable% :ou can use %:ea ?erily% to start off a sentence like %:ea verily, + did go to :ew. . . % but that would get old fast if yea verily is all you ever used. "here are other colorful terms and hrases like %/orsooth% or %+n sooth% 'sooth means truth( that can be used as e*clamations or as the beginning or end of a sentence. %+n Sooth, + did go to :ew and there did kill a 8ich3% &ere is a list of some other colorful terms and hrases together with their meanings. Term or ! rase /orsooth +n sooth +n good sooth +n "roth 4y my troth ?erily Surely +ndeed #eaning %"ruthfully% "roth is yet another word for truth Sooth is another word for truth. Meaning

#arry

A kind of an oath. %#arry% refers to St. #ary and although the reformation frowned u on this use it was still seen in everyday conversation. +t means basically, %4y Saint #ary%. #eaning: %+ vouch 'assert( that this is true%.

+ vouchsafe

&ere are some archaic e*clamations to use in lace of modern ones.

Use these terms and phrases

.ood now .ood #ethinks + trow '4elieve(

Instead of these terms and phrases

"o use in lace of >"o use in lace of: + think + guess + daresay %Methinks the dragon is dead&% "o use in lace of: 6o you know) or :a! know) %/nowest thou the *oad to 0es er?% 1/now you not the way to 2ove?%

+ think me -now you "row you -nowest thou

#ayha @erchance 4elike @eradventure .o to3 +s it even so) E!en so)

"o use in lace of #aybe or @erha s %To slee % erchance to dream ! ! % %Mayha the kind Mistress #rwen will accom any us u on our 3ourney!% "o use in lace of: ,eally) 5o kidding) :a! sure) %$o to& ' wouldst think it not

/orsooth or +nsooth) Away3 - Away with thee3 #arry3 '4y St. #ary(

ossible&% "o use instead of %.et out of here3% %Away with thee, foul beast3% "o use in lace of: $ow3 "oo cool3 $ay cool3 %Marry& Tis a (ine leather tunic&% %'4(aith& Four $olems didst thou slay&%

5ow, by my faith3 +!/aith3 '+n faith3(

.od - a - mercy3 '.od have mercy( .od!s #e3 '.od save me3( !>ds #e3 '.od save me3( Alas $ell a day "his is an oath or a cry of sur rise, shock or amazement. +t is a contraction of %2hrist4s "ounds%. "he word was ronounced Swoonds 'never %zounds%(. :ou may decide for yourself if you wish to use the correct s elling in the game or use the s elling %Swoonds% 'in order to hel others %hear% the word in our te*t based environment(. "o use in lace of: Any %four letter% word such as 6arn3 6amn3 6amnit3 'and others + will not mention here(. %Fie me& ' be me in need o( regs&% %5ut u on it& This dungeon be too (earsome and (oul&% "o be used in lace of: >h, no3 >hh that!s too bad3 etc.

Aounds3

Alack3 Alackaday3 Alas3 /ie3 >ut u on it3

!lease and T ank yo%

&Pray pardon% $oodman .arleycorn! Prithee% wouldst thou be so kind as to s are

me a (ew gold that ' might by regs to recall me home?% 7 on giving the gold + would like to hear: %Gramercy, .ood Sir 4arleycorn, for thy kindness%. 8et!s look at some of the new terms in the e*change above. "he beggar starts out with %@ray @ardon%. $ell, ardon is fairly obvious - we use the word today in %+ beg your ardon%. +n affect we are begging the erson to % ardon% 'or forgive( our intrusion into his busy day. "o ray is sim ly to ask or to beseech so we see that ray ardon translates to something like %@lease forgive my intrusion% '@ray % lease% - @ardon %forgive%(. "oday we might sim ly say %E*cuse me%. @rithee is a contraction of %@ray "hee% '+ beseech thee or ask thee(. "oday we might say: %#ight + ask you if . . . % +n his thank you statement the beggar says %.ramercy% another contraction of sorts meaning %.rant #ercy% from the longer version %'#ay( .od .rant 'you( #ercy%. >ne way of thanking a kind soul for a good deed was to bestow this wish u on him that .od would grant him #ercy in view of his kindness. "ake a look at some other forms of ardon me, lease and thank you. "se t ese $or &'xc%se me& or &!ardon me& + cry you mercy3 + crave your ardon @ray ardon 7se for %+ beg your ardon%. %@ray ardon, #!lord, rithee show me to the mage sho e)%

"se t ese $or &!lease& An it lease you 'or thee( + ray you 'or thee( @rithee @ray %An% is an archaic from of the word %if% %+f it leases you . . . % %An it lease :our .race + wilt go straightway unto the city of #inoc, there to seek the Shadow +ron ingots you do re2uire for your smith%.

"se t ese $or &T ank yo%&

.od grant you mercy .rant you mercy .ramercy #any good thanks #any and hearty thankings .od :ield you or thee 'or .od !ild you or thee(

+n 7> %Many good thanks% might mean more to a layer than %$ramercy%. :et if we use these lesser known terms we have an o ortunity to share our knowledge of the language. +nstead of using %.od grant you mercy% try a %.ramercy -ind Sir %and see if you get a %huh)% or a %:ou!re welcome%. -------------------%$ramercy% $oodman 2ali(a6! Thou didst save me (rom yon host o( brigands%.

&as a warrior ;ust saved your fruit bearing ack horse from being made toast by a renegade and not too friendly fire elemental) :ou may try using: %Many and hearty thankings; $ood -ir /night% (or saving mine a les&%

&Here and t ere& or &Hit er( T it er and )on&

Although Elizabethans used words like &ere and "here, a more colorful way of saying these words is to use &ither, "hither and :on. &ither means the same as Here and "hither can be used in lace of T ere. +nstead of %come here to this side of the road . . % say: %2ome ye to the hither side o( the road; my $ood $entles% that we might slay these .one /nights that do cause much anguish to travelers who do ass this way%. +nstead of saying %go there to the blacksmith . . % say %$o ye thither unto yon blacksmith that you might mend your shields%. '5ote that in both e*am les we are talking to more than one erson as can be seen by the use of the word %:e%. #ore about thee, thou and ye will be covered later in %"hees B "hous%(. :onder was a word much in use and meant %farther away than there% or in some cases the same as our modern hrase %over there%. +t could also mean a vague% out there somewhere%. %"hilst sho ing (or regs this day ' didst go here% there and yonder in my search%.

:onder can also be shortened to :on 'over there(. %$et thee unto yon tailor and buy there cloth (or bandages whilst ' tarry here (or thee%. <ust as thither is farther than ere, yon is farther than t is or t at.

%$o ye ast this butcher4s 'this( , and ast that baker4s 'that( to yon )loughman4s Market%.

7se these words in lace of their more modern counter arts. (se this sometimes :onder :on Instead of "sing this all of the time >ff in that direction, >ver that way. Away off over there.

Elizabethans 'es ecially the easant and middle class( 8>?E6 to gossi . An archaic name for a erson who was a chronic gossi was %flibbertigibbet% ' ronounced flib ber - ti - gibbet(. Say that three times real fast3 $omen in the market laces or the washing wells loved to do the old %he said, she said% routine and the men in the taverns were ;ust as bad. An archaic way of saying %said% was to use the word %*%ot %. 7se +%ot , or +%ot e or s e as in this e*am le: %' goes me to the smith in ,elucia to the (ellow who does sell the deeds o( re air% 1Master -mith1% quoth I 1hast thou deeds to sell?% %#ye% Marry do '%1 quoth he% 1they be seven hundred gold a iece&% %5ut u on it&1% quoth I% 1Tis si6 times more than they be worth&% %Then hie thee hence to the city o( Minoc1% quoth he% 1where there be smiths a lenty&% '&ie thee hence means %go you to% or %get you out% at once - immediately( Even if you can!t sound like the 4ard of Avon himself '$illiam Shakes eare( you can throw some of these terms into your everyday 7> s eech and you will sound closer to it. As always, have fun with it, try some mi*ing and matching and come u with some of your own contrivances. +n many cases s eaking ro er Elizabethan 'or 4ritannian( means to s eak +#@,>@E, modern English3 Su erlatives and 6ouble 5egatives are not acce table in our modern tongue and will more than likely get you a oor grade on your ne*t book re ort. 5e*t time we shall see how some of these unacce table uses were com letely acce table in Elizabethan English. $e will also take a look at some common contractions of the time 'such as Tis for %it is%( and learn which modern contractions 'such as &it-s% for it %it is%( to throw out3 =onfused) "hen read on . . . >r as the Elizabethans might say, %$o ye then there(ore that ye might know o( it%.

Grammar( Syntax and #ontractions

Lesson 'o"r +f you take naught else from this lesson at the very least try to use some of the following ti s concerning the use of 4e, 6o and $ere3

.o-/e-Were
5o, it!s not some new kind of bog creature fresh out of the swam s of :ew - it!s an old way of using three common words. "oday we are taught this usage is retty much im ro er but in Elizabethan times such usages were common lace. "o begin with, lace %,o% and %,id% 4E/>,E your verbs3 +n other words, rather than ;ust saying: %'( you go to "ind alone% ' (ear you may die there3% 7se the word %do% before the verbs: %'( you do go to "ind alone% ' do (ear you may die there3% =onsider the ne*t line: %"e used to visit the -alty ,og! #ye% we ate and drank well there&% =hange the tense of ate and drank from ast to resent and use the word %did% before the verbs of the sentence, as in the following e*am le: %"e did use to visit the -alty ,og! #ye% we did eat and drink well there&% "his forces the whole sentence into ast tense yet still uses resent tense verbs making the statement more authentically Elizabethan 'or in our case 4ritannian(.

Also, you may use %.e% and %"ere% to re lace %'s%, %#m% and %#re% as in the following three e*am les. "ake note of tense in each line for future reference. %#ye% they be (ishmongers and ' be one as well&% %' were gatherin4 the wheat with $oodman .arleycorn.% %' were re77in4 2ali(a6 when the 5gre +ords did (all u on us3% 5otice how much more colorful this sounds than saying %' was1 or 1they are1. 5otice also how it a ears that + changed tense near the end of the last e*am le, a bit of a %no-no% today, but "&+S is Elizabethan and +S ast tense even with the resent tense %fall% used in the sentence.

Me( Me( Me0 ,t-s all abo%t Me1

Another way of getting sim le sentence to sound more % eriod% is by adding the word %me% after first erson verbs. + do this 2uite fre2uently in 7> and eo le seem to en;oy it!s usage u on hearing it for the first time. +t adds a great deal of flavor to

narratives too3 +nstead of saying sim ly: %' will sit down u on this log and think here a while .% "ry utting %me% after the first erson verbs 'in this case the words sit and think(. %' will sit me down u on this log and think me here a while.% 5otice the usage in some of these e*am les: %' go me unto the village o( 2ove there to (ind a (isher%. %' did recall me home and there did meet me $argoyles awaitin4 at my door%. %' go me to yon mage sho and seek me there reagents%. +t is even ermissible to go totally overboard and use %me% after terms like %#ethinks%. &ow is "&A" for redundancy) %Methinks me this wench be cu shot&% 'methinks; + think. cu shot; into*icated, drunk.( 7sing these terms 'as in the e*am les shown above( in your everyday conversations will im rove your 7>0Elizabethan s eech a great deal and give your conversations that s ecial % eriod% flavor. @eo le may even call you silver tongued3

Mine( Mine( Mine1 ,t-s all Mine1

Elizabethans e* ressed ossessive forms ;ust as we do today, saying things like %$illiam!s hat% or %#artha!s shoes% yet they might also have said %$illiam and his hat% or %#artha and her shoes%. "his usage was more common in the written age but can be used to add a little more flare to your s eech in the game.

!ast Tense
As shown above lacing the word %,id% before resent tense verbs would ut them into ast tense '%' did eat well in the -alty ,og Tavern% as o osed to %' eat well% which is resent tense(. Elizabethans also used the modern day method of adding an %ed1 ending to some of their words to force them into ast tense '% He talked1( and by altering the s elling of other words '%He s oke%( much as we do today. :et some words were altered in their s elling in more than one way as in %He - ake%. =heck out some of the e*am les below. A few e*am les: !resent Tense S eak =row !ast Tense did s eak did crow s oke crowed s ake crew

Show

did show

showed

shew

/or other e*am les of ast tense verbs take time to look through writings from the eriod. "he writings of $illiam Shakes eare, 4en <ohnson and even the -ing <ames version of "he 4ible are all good sources of Elizabethan s eech.

We don-t %se no do%ble negati2es

3or maybe we do14

ere1

5ow we come to the art of the lesson that could make your high school English teacher!s hair turn white3 $e all know that double negatives 'as in: %"e don't have no bread!%( and double su erlatives 'as in: %That bread is more better than this bread!%( are +#@,>@E, and should never be used. :et Elizabethans found many of them acce table and did em loy them at times3 $e all remember that negatives are words of negation like no or not and that su erlatives are words of com arison like more and most, better and best, worse and worst. 4elow are some acce table uses of .o%ble 5egatives and .o%ble Su erlatives that you can use in the game to hel you sound more %archaic%. Study this chart of double negative and su erlatives that you can use to make your s eech sound more %Elizabethan% and as you do so think about others you can come u with on your own for use in the game. 5egati2es Single $e have no fish steaks to eat. &e did not carry a sword. >rcs do not s eak any 4ritannian. 6ouble $e do not have no fish steaks to eat. &e did not carry nosword. >rcs do not s eak no4ritannian.

S%perlati2es Single better; best worse; worst greater; greatest smaller; smallest "he unkindest insult of all, or "he most %nkind insult of all. 6ouble more better; most best more worse; most worst more greater; most greatest more smaller; most smallest "he most unkindest insult of all.

"ry using some of these e*am les in your everyday 7> s eech such as in: 1-he did not have no reagents which made matters more worse&1 +t can add a nice flare to your narrative about your last dungeon e*cursion.

-Tis( -Twas( -Twere1 #ontractions1

$e all know that contractions can combine two words by dro ing a letter and adding an a ostro he. .o not becomes .on-t by dro ing the second o and re lacing it with -. Some modern contractions were known to the Elizabethans yet even the ones that were known were rarely used in everyday s eech. >ver time these did become more acce table but in general you will sound more archaic if you avoid certain modern contractions. See the e*am les below of contractions you should avoid. +nstead of saying this: don!t can!t its ain!t Say this: do not can not it is am not; is not; are not

"here are however #A5: good contractions of Elizabethan origin that you S&>786 use and these you should use A 8>"3 "ake a look at some e*am les of these below. +nstead of always saying this: it is it was it were it will it would is it) Sometimes say this: !tis !twas !twere !twill !twould is!t)

"ake a look at a cou le of these e*am les - try to come u with some of your own. %#ethinks -twas a foul time of it we had us in yon dungeon of 6es ise. #ayha -two%ld behoove us to be we better re ared !ere we go us there again% %>h, -twere a long walk we had from "rinsic unto 4ritain and -twill be many a day !ere we take us that walk again. -Tis a long ;ourney indeed3% %@ray ardon kind sir, is-t far from here to ?es er)%

5otice that in the second e*am le + used the contraction for it were rather than it was which would seem more ro er but in Elizabethan both usages would have been acce table.

Another form of contraction that the Elizabethans em loyed involved removing the internal ? from certain words and substituting an a ostro he. $e have seen e*am les of this in revious lessons, for instance in %.od ye good e-en% meaning %.od grant you a good e2ening%. 4elow are three commonly used e*am les. +nstead of always saying this: even or evening never over %"hat man be a ne-er do well, trust him not3% Such usage is good if you are role laying a rustic ty e of character, or a character who might not have a well rounded education such as a rouge or a easant for instance. Sometimes say this: e!en ne!er o!er

Some contractions used by Elizabethans dro ed not only one letter but entire words3 $hile it may sound somewhat archaic to say %+et us get away (rom this lace% it is also ;ust as 'if not more so( archaic to dro the %get% and say %+et us away (rom this lace%. 4elow are some e*am les, again read these and then try to come u with some of your own. +nstead of always saying this: $e will go away. +!ll a2e none of that3 8et us go to bed. +f + were -ing 0 + wish + were -ing. Sometimes say this: $e will away. +!ll none of that 8et us to bed $ould + were -ing.

%. . . we must away ere break of day. . .%

-<,, "olkien

"he last form of contraction we will look at is one concerning the word %o$%. Elizabethans often dro ed the %$% from %o$% and substituted with an a ostro he. &ere are some 2uick e*am les.

&e was born o!/riday. &e died o! the Sabbath. $hat is o! the clock) $hat is!t o!clock) +t is twelve o! the clock. >ne last little trick + shall mention here is the dro ing of certain letters from the ends of verbs as in the %g% from %ing% endings or the %e% from %ed% endings. Although this is noticeable more in the s oken language it still comes out very nicely in te*t and it can give a very convincing illusion of an accent when ty ing your lines in 7>. "his form of contraction 'if indeed it can be called that( is more revalent in oetry rather than rose. &owever + use it a great deal in 7> and + always get a nice res onse from other layers. &ere are some e*am les. %Aye #!lord, we be goin- unto :ew where we be $ig tin- many foul beasts3% %+ were walkin- unto 4rit for the sellin- o! my wares.% %She were talkin- to those goodwives which were gat er-d at the was in- well.% %"hou wilt be a! breat in- thy last if thou do be a! goin- into yonder dark dungeon3% +n the word %gat ered% 'in the second e*am le( + dro ed the %e% from the %ed% ending and added an -. >ther e*am les of this might include words like talk-d; walk-d; dance-d; etc. 5otice some of the other laces in the above e*am les where + substituted an a ostro he for a letter. /or instance in M-lord 'dro the y( and the use of a- before the verbs in the last e*am le. @lay around with your own %contractions% to see what kinds you can come u with. +t can really hel other layers %hear% what you ty e and is a great way to flesh out a bawdy character.

Horses( #arts and 6stards - w ic

comes $irst7 - Word 6rder

#ake sure to vary your word order 'synta*(. +n modern English we almost always lace our sub;ect before the verb. Elizabethans would have varied the way in which they strung their words together to form sentence. 8ook at the following e*am le. $here a modern word order might be: 5ur horse 'sub;ect( was hitched 'verb( to yon cart 'ob;ect(. Elizabethans might have moved the ob;ect and said it thus: To yon cart was our horse hitched! 5ote these e*am les of other variations in word order:

%I shall go now to seek my (ortune.% #ove the verb: %Shall I go now to seek my (ortune.% '"his might seem to turn the statement into a 2uestion by our modern standards - but to Elizabethans its still a statement3( %He were an ancient and ill-tempered "yvern.% Se arate the ad;ectives: %He were ancient "yvern and ill-tempered.%

,nterc ange yo%r parts o$ speec

As mentioned earlier the Elizabethans used language that would have curled your English teacher!s hair3 +ndeed they seemed to defy A88 of the rules3 Almost any word can be used as any art of s eech as in the following e*am les. 7se nouns as verbs: %Malice not thine enemies nor gl%tton thyself on revenge.% 7se nouns as ad;ectives: %=ease thy plag%e talk and thy co$$in fears.% 7se ad;ectives as verbs: %"his will green his eyes with envy and appy me most well.% 7se ad;ectives as adverbs: %So$t did she walk and +%iet s eak.%

Application
As the final art of this lesson + will show you some ways to a ly some of what we have learned so far. "his section is taken from a booklet entitled %"he Elizabethan 8anguage 4ook% by .erald /. Ae eda. "his booklet is used by actors of the ,enaissance @leasure /aire which for many years was held in #arin =ounty =alifornia ';ust north of San /rancisco and south of Sonoma =ounty(. %&ere are some sentence resented in modern form, each followed by a good Elizabethan version and a better Elizabethan version thanks to some vocabulary and grammar changes.

, went to t e was ing well and spoke to my good $riend( Rowena0 good:

' did go me to the washin4 well and did s eak to my good gossi % *owena! better: To the washin4 well ' did go me% aye% and s ake there unto my good gossi % *ownena% bless her!

5o way1 W y wo%ld t e 8ing come kidding0

ere7 )o% gotta be

good: $o to& "hy would the /ing come here? -urely thou dost 3est! better: $o to& "here(ore does His ma3esty come hitherto? Marry% sir% thou dost but 3est!

, am really tired o$ Ripper and Foote and all t eir p%ritan preac ing0 Most weary am ' o( *i good: er and Foote and their uritan babble!

better: 'n sooth% doth Master *i er rate and Master Foote rattle on with such windy smites8and8begattings as to cause both lords and (ishwives to (ear the -abbath! .e there no recourse $odly or otherways against this ceaseless reachment? #n it rove (atal% ' die here a martyr! .rine mine ears and relic me as -t! )atience the long su((ering! .et the idea)%

"Thees" and "Thous) Lesson 'i%e Using Thee and Thou is more than just placing the one of the words before or after a sentence. There is a specific usage for each word depending one of two forms of address. At one time English employed these two forms which consisted of a formal address and an informal address. Formal address was usually directed at people of a higher station in life than that of the speaker. A good UO example might be that of a member of a guild when speaking to his guildmaster. The guild member is of lower rank than his master and would use a more formal mode of speech. et there also other considerations to take into account when using these terms. !et"s take a look at the proper usage of Thee and Thou then we shall see how to properly conjugate the #erbs that are associated with them. Formal and Informal - it's not just how you dress! $ontrary to popular belief the words You and Your %E&E used in Eli'abethan language. The formal mode - You ( was used to address social superiors and strangers to whom one wanted to be polite. )ay You to the *ing+ the ,ueen+ your parents+ your employer+ your guildmaster or any person abo#e you in &ank -check out his or her paperdoll to see if it says .lorious !ord or not ( that should gi#e some indication as to their rank and station in UO life/. Also say You to persons you are flattering and to -belie#e it or not/ horses0 1orses were considered to be noble beasts in Eli'abethan times and were addressed accordingly. 2n Ultima Online this could also extend to Ostards and other riding beasts. 3You3 can also be used sarcastically to imply that someone beneath you is beha#ing abo#e their station+ for instance+ to the rude and clueless newbie who just in#ited you to Fellucia for a little 4layer #s. 4layer. The informal mode ( Thou ( was used to address one"s intimates -friends/ or social inferiors. )ay Thou to your spouse+ your close friends+ guildmates -of e5ual or lower rank/+ children+ ser#ants+ employees+ players you are insulting+ non(horse+ or non(riding beasts+ inanimate objects and -in Eli'abethan times this was widely used/ e#en to .od. Additionally+ if you don"t mind that other players 5uestion your sanity+ you can also say Thou to 6on(4layer $haracters or to the 7alron who is about to tear you into tiny bits. T e !roper "se o$ T ee and T o%
@arts of this lesson are going to be a bit more difficult to learn and to ut into everyday use, es ecially the verbs with archaic endings, but for the most art using "hee and "hou is retty easy. <ust remember that T o% is the sub;ect and T ee is the ob;ect of a sentence.

As the sub;ect of sentences, t o% @E,/>,#S the action. T o% art a fine mage withal. $hat thinkest t o% of that) $hat sayest t o%) T o% knowest not thine own mind3 .o t o% unto the village of =ove. .oest t o% 2uickly3 As the ob;ect of sentences, t ee ,E=E+?ES or #>6+/+ES the action. &ere shall + sit with t ee and s eak kind words to t ee. $e do have fine ales for t ee. + do thank t ee fair lass. +n the village of =ove will + wait for t ee. As a last e*am le of this take a look at the following: %$o thou unto the city o( 0e ser that ' might meet thee there.% &ere we see that the layer being s oken to has been addressed as both t o% and as t ee in the same sentence. 8et!s break this sentence down and see why. %$o thou 'thou - the sub;ect is doing the going or erforming the action( unto the city o( 0e ser that ' might meet thee 'thee - the ob;ect is receiving the action of being met( there!% $ith ;ust a little bit of ractice you can greatly im rove your archaic s eech by sim ly em loying the ro er use of these two tiny words - thee and thou. <ust kee in mind that: T o% 1 subject and T ee 1 object.

W at-s mine is mine and w at-s yo%rs is mine - !ossessi2e Forms

T y and t ine in Elizabethan s eech are the e2uivalent of yo%r. T y is the ossessive form of thou used before words beginning with a consonant: thy shoes 8 thy hands 8 thy hat 8 thy sta(( 8 thy cloak 8 thy house. %There be a (oul cold in the dungeon o( 'ce% take there(ore thy hat and thy cloak.% T ine is the ossessive form of thou used before words beginning with a vowel: thine a les 8 thine eyes 8 thine ears 8 thine ostard 8 thine arrows . %+ see thou hast forgotten t ine arrows.% -----------------------Me and mine in Elizabethan s eech are the e2uivalent of my. My is the ossessive form used before a consonant: 'much as it is today( my shield 8 my surcoat 8 my chair 8 my table. %&ere shall + sit, on my chair at my table%.

Mine is the ossessive form used before a vowel: mine armor 8 mine a6e 8 mine arrogance. %+ seek me a smith to mend mine armor.% ---------------------"he ossessive form of yo% remains yo%r. 6on!t forget to change form when needed as in these e*am les: %Mine eyes have roved greater than my stomach.% %"hou didst come, riding on t y horse and followed by t ine ostard.%

, Walket ( , 'atet ( , 9o2et

- Arc aic :erb 'ndings

$hen using T o% and T ee verbs should end in either ost or est as in the e*am les below. %"hou goest to 6oom alone3% 'you go( %"hou eatest these fine ies% 'you eat( %"hou walkest into yon moongate% 'you walk( $hen using e, s e, it or t ey the verbs could end in et as in: %&e goet 'he goes( - %She lovet % 'she loves( - they eatet % 'they eat( - it walket 'it walks(. -nowing when to use a ro er ending can be confusing at first. Study the following charts and take note of the con;ugation of the verbs. @ractice by reading the ronoun first then the ne*t verb in the row 'e*am le: Thou art% Thou dost% Thou hast etc(. 4egin with T o% and try to learn the endings associated with it. "he other endings are all o tional and you might want to learn their usage at a later time. E*am les: is , We )o% T o% He;S e;,t T ey am are are art is are do do do0doth do dost does0doth do0doth a2e have have0hath have hast has0hath have0hath go go go0goeth go goest goes0goeth go0goeth

#ore E*am les: say , We )o% T o% say say0sayeth say sayest walk walk walk0walketh walk walkest eat eat eat0eateth eat eatest lo2e love love0loveth love lovest

He;S e;,t says0sayeth walks0walketh eats0eateth loves0loveth T ey say0sayeth walk0walketh eat0eateth love0loveth

@ractice this with other verbs like sit, sing, stand, lay etc. Also remember that these are ?E,4 forms and are never used with nouns such as in: #aneth, $omaneth or &orseth 'however saying %+ laggeth% would be acce table in 7> since the word lag is used as a verb A56 a noun(. ,emember that these forms are almost never o tional when using T o%. -ee in mind that when using t o% verbs generally change by t, st or est to the end. Study these e*am les and come u with some of your own. are do drink eat go have make say shall walk will art dost drinkest eatest goest ast makest sayest s alt walkest wilt Thou art a knave and a toss- ot3 $hat dost thou think) 'what thinkest thou)( ,rinkest thou here a fine dark ale Thou eatest more than any three men3 $here goest thou, .ood #istress) $hat hast thou) Thou hast a comely face. Thou makest a good keg of ale. -ayest that thou dost love me. Thou shalt eat, drink and merry be3 "hou walkest like a man in his cu s. 'i.e. ti sy( Thou wilt stay a while. "ilt thou walk with me)

%+ laggeth me in this busy dungeon, let us away from this foul lace3 $hat thinkest thou, withal, of that)%

Hear )e1 Hear )e1 T e !roper "se o$ )e1

7sing )e is easy3 7se it then talking to two or more eo le or large grou s in a formal setting. :e is essentially the lural form of you in formal situations. Some of the more commonly known e*am les might be %Hear )e1 Hear )e1% or %5h come all ye (aith(ul%. Some 7> s ecific e*am les: %,e ent, all ye foul necromancers3% %/ly ye, all of you, into yon moongate !ere we die us all3% +t can also be used as a shortened form 'a collo2uial contraction( of )o% as in %.od ye good den% '$od grant you a good day( or as in %$hat d!ye lack)% 'what do you lack? or what do you need?). - %$o ye (orth into all the lands and seek ye there your fortunes%. 5ote: =ontrary to o ular belief )e 5E?E, 'and + mean 5E?E,, E?E,( means TH' as in %Ye 5lde )ublic #le House%, %Ye olde Mage -ho e% or as in %Ye olde s inning wheel%. "his is a modern />8- contrivance and)e was 5E?E, used by Elizabethans for the word T e in any way, sha e or form3 + can 5>" stress this enough, avoid it like the lague 'or like a lague beast(.