CE479: DESIGN OF BUILDING COMPONENTS & SYSTEMS FALL 2012 J.

LIU
MASONRY: Introduction

Topics

History of Masonry Materials Building Elements / History of Masonry (Some photos courtesy of Prof. Richard Klingner) Load-Bearing Buildings Masonry Units CE479 Skip to here, Fall 2012, since we Photos 747 North LaSalle had Ed Gerns Some properties (for design) guest lecture last Friday.

History of Masonry Materials

Stone Clay Units Concrete Masonry Units Mortars

Stone

First masonry crude stack of selected natural stones with earth (soil) packed in between Later, stone masonry units shaped into polygonal or squared units with close-fitting joints Sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstones and limestones) Now, most stonework is a thin non-structural veneer

Sawn Units

Stone
Stone Wall, New Zealand

Dry Stone Wall, Great Britain

Clay Units / Brick

In use for at least 10,000 years Sun-dried bricks (adobe) used in Babylon, Egypt, Spain, South America, Indian reserves of U.S., etc. By 3000 BC, discovered that baking or firing brick greatly increased strength and durability 1858 introduction of Hoffman kiln, allowed for firing of bricks in continuous process

Concrete Masonry Units

1866 techniques for making hollow blocks in wooden molds Fairly dry mixture of sand, cement, and water was placed in mold and tamped by hand Modern concrete blocks manufactured by vibrating mixture of portland cement, sand, aggregate in a mold under pressure

Mortars

Early mortars used to fill cracks

May

have been clay or clay-straw mixtures

18th century John Smeaton in England mixed pozzolana with limestone (with high proportion of clayey matter) to produce a durable mortar 19th century portland cement mixed with sand, lime and water to produce a much stronger mortar

Building Elements

Pyramids Walls Columns and Towers Beams or Lintels Arches Vaults and Domes

Pyramids

Simplest way of building is to stack masonry units on top of one another

Walls

Less material than pyramid construction Used for retaining earth, fortification of communities, enclosing buildings

History of Masonry

Columns and Towers

Trajans Column
Rome,

113 AD

Tower of Pisa, 1174

Beams or Lintels

Post-and-lintel construction

Arches

Greater spans are possible with two inclined stone slabs resting against each other to form a primitive arch Corbelled arches

Arches

First true arches about 1400 BC Wedge-shaped stones (voussoirs) arranged to form a semicircle

Arches

Shapes
Parabolic Semi-Circular

Gothic

(Pointed, concentrated load at top)

Cable-Arch Analogy

History of Masonry

Vaults and Domes

Vaults extension of arch construction Earliest domes formed by corbelling

History of Masonry

Load-Bearing Buildings

Earliest (Rome) were masonry walls with timber roof with clay tiles First multi-story examples also by Romans
cellular

floor layout to provide stability and lateral

resistance

Later multi-story commercial buildings used timber columns in interior

Thicker

exterior walls used at base to provide resistance to lateral loads

History of Masonry

Masonry Units CE479

Clay Brick

Concrete Block

Clay Bricks

Three grades: SW, MW, NW (ASTM C62) SW and MW (two grades for hollow brick)
SW

high degree of resistance to frost action even if permeated with water MW moderate degree of weathering resistance

NW restricted to interior applications; exposure to weather not an issue

Grade SW required

Also required whenever brick in other than vertical surfaces (i.e. walls) are in contact with soil

Clay Bricks

Available in many sizes based generally on a 4x4 inch module (for an overall 24 x 24 inch planning grid) Nominal dimensions differ from specified dimensions by 3/8 mortar joint

Clay Bricks - Hollow

Net cross sectional area between 40 75% of gross cross-sectional area Effect of reduction in area significant enough that net cross-section is used in calculations Larger units
Fewer

units for a given wall area Not heavier (voids)

Concrete Masonry Units

Grades N and S Grade N higher strength and resistance to moisture penetration and severe frost action Grade S moderate strength and resistance to frost action and moisture penetration For both grades, two types
Type

Grade classifications removed in 1990 ASTM C90

I moisture controlled unit; meant to limit shrinkage and cracking Type II not moisture controlled

Mortar and Grout

Mortar - used to bond masonry products together. Composed of portland cement, sand, lime and water. Conforms to ASTM C270. Types M and S are used for exterior use, Types S or N used for interior load-bearing walls. Type O used for nonload-bearing interior walls. Grout - similar to mortar, except used as a filler, especially for vertically-reinforced walls. Specified as either fine-grained or coarse-grained. Conforms to ASTM C476.

Concrete Masonry Units

Solid or hollow Hollow less than 75% of solid horizontal crosssectional area In practice, hollow blocks used most frequently because of reduced weight, ease of handling, ease of reinforcing, overall economy
Percent

solid is usually 50 60%

Concrete Masonry Units

Sizes fit into same modular planning grid (as for clay brick) Typical nominal size of 8x8x16 inch Standard Block Minimum face shell and web thicknesses for loadbearing units
For

example, 1-1/4 in. minimum face thickness and 1 in. minimum for webs for nominal 8 in. unit

Concrete Masonry Units

Concrete Masonry Units

Masonry Elements

Single-Wythe Walls Solid and Composite Walls Cavity Walls Veneer Walls Columns and Pilasters Beams and Lintels

Single-Wythe Walls

Used in load-bearing and non-load-bearing applications

Solid and Composite Walls

Two or more closely spaced wythes joined by header units or metal ties (cavity filled with mortar or grout) Can be reinforced

Course of headers

Metal Ties

h
t l

Orientation (and names) of masonry elements in walls

Joint Reinforcement

Cavity Walls

Typically 2 in. apart and connected with metal ties Moisture collected in cavity and diverted by flashing and weep holes to exterior of building Usually inner wythe load-bearing, outer wythe nonload-bearing Lateral loads resisted by bending of both wythes

Joint Reinforcement

Metal Ties

Veneer Walls

Nonstructural cladding anchored to a structural backup wall

Metal wire tie

Expansion Joints

Columns and Pilasters

Columns isolated vertical members Pilaster thickened wall section built integral with the wall, sometimes described as an engaged column Both can be reinforced

Beams and Lintels

Roof beams, floor beams, bond beams, grade beams Bond beams typically located at roof and floor levels and tie the building around perimeter, act as chord members Lintel horizontal beam spanning over a door or window opening All must be reinforced Stirrups for shear may be required

From Masonry Designers Guide, Sixth Edition, The Masonry Society, Boulder, CO, 2010

Example of use of modern Masonry (TGRW Structural Engineers, Chicago ILL

747 North LaSalle Chicago, Illinois
Primary Structural System Load Bearing CMU Composite Metal Deck / Framing CMU Shear Walls Exterior Wall System Architectural Split Face CMU and Glass Curtain Walls

fm for clay masonry units

fm for concrete masonry units

Masonry Assemblages (Prisms)

Compressive Strength of Concrete Masonry Prisms Made with Mortar Type S and Variable Grout Mixes Juan Manuel Salguero Mendizbal, MS Thesis, Brigham Young University

Compression Tests

Strength of prisms higher than that of mortar cubes and lower than masonry units (alone) Weaker mortar expands laterally faster than the masonry unit Masonry confines mortar Vertical tension cracks develop in masonry Note: in grouted concrete masonry, compressive strength of grout shall be equal to or greater than the compressive strength of the concrete masonry units

Flexure (Tension) tests

Tension normal to head joints

Tension parallel to bed joints

Numerical analysis of concrete block masonry beams under three point bending Vladimir G. Haach, Graa Vasconcelos , Paulo B. Loureno

Wall tests

http://www.thenbs.com/topics/Environment/articles/earthBricks.asp http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleid=382

For design
Treat units as isotropic Compressive behavior Governed by crushing Tensile behavior Bond strength between units and mortar typically controls capacity