361: LlecLromagneuc

1heory
LlecLrosLauc llelds ll
Patrick Sibanda
Conductors in Electrostatic
Equilibrium
The electric field is zero everywhere inside the
conductor
Any net charge resides on the conductors
surface
The electric field just outside a charged
conductor is perpendicular to the conductors
surface
By electrostatic equilibrium we mean a situation where
there is no net motion of charge within the conductor
Conductors in Electrostatic
Equilibrium
Why is this so?
If there was a field in the conductor the charges
would accelerate under the action of the field.
The electric field is zero everywhere inside the conductor
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E
in

E E
The charges in the conductor move
creating an internal electric field that
cancels the applied field on the inside of
the conductor
The charge on the right is twice the magnitude of the charge on the left
(and opposite in sign), so there are twice as many field lines, and they
point towards the charge rather than away from it.
Combinations of charges. Note that, while the lines are less dense where the
field is weaker, the field is not necessarily zero where there are no lines. In fact,
there is only one point within the figures below where the field is zero can you
find it?
When electric charges are at rest, the electric
field within a conductor is zero.
The electric field is always perpendicular to the
surface of a conductor if it werent, the
charges would move along the surface.
The electric field is stronger where the surface is
more sharply curved.
Worked Example 4
Any net charge on an isolated conductor must reside on its surface and
the electric field just outside a charged conductor is perpendicular to its
surface (and has magnitude /
0
). Use Gausss law to show this.
For an arbitrarily shaped conductor we
can draw a Gaussian surface inside the
conductor. Since we have shown that the
electric field inside an isolated conductor
is zero, the field at every point on the
Gaussian surface must be zero.
From Gausss law we then conclude that the
net charge inside the Gaussian surface is
zero. Since the surface can be made
arbitrarily close to the surface of the
conductor, any net charge must reside on the
conductors surface.
!
E!
!
!
d
!
A=
Q
in
!
0
Worked Example 4 contd
We can also use Gausss law to determine the electric field just outside
the surface of a charged conductor. Assume the surface charge density
is . Since the field inside the conductor is
zero there is no flux through the face
of the cylinder inside the conductor. If
E had a component along the surface
of the conductor then the free charges
would move under the action of the
field creating surface currents. Thus E
is perpendicular to the conductors
surface, and the flux through the
cylindrical surface must be zero.
Consequently the net flux through the
cylinder is EA and Gausss law gives:
0 0 0
or
in
E
Q A
EA E
! !
" " "
# = = = =
Worked Example 5
A conducting spherical shell of inner radius a and outer radius b with a
net charge -Q is centered on point charge +2Q. Use Gausss law to
find the electric field everywhere, and to determine the charge
distribution on the spherical shell.
a
b
-Q
First find the field for 0 < r < a
This is the same as Ex. 2 and is the field due to a
point charge with charge +2Q.
2
2
e
Q
E k
r
=
Now find the field for a < r < b
The field must be zero inside a conductor in equilibrium. Thus from
Gausss law Q
in
is zero. There is a + 2Q from the point charge so we
must have Q
a =
-2Q on the inner surface of the spherical shell. Since the
net charge on the shell is -Q we can get the charge on the outer surface
from Q
net
= Q
a
+ Q
b
.
Q
b
= Q
net
- Q
a
= -Q - (-2Q) = + Q.
+2Q
Worked Example 5 contd
a
b
-Q
+2Q
Find the field for r > b
From the symmetry of the problem, the field
in this region is radial and everywhere
perpendicular to the spherical Gaussian
surface. Furthermore, the field has the same
value at every point on the Gaussian surface
so the solution then proceeds exactly as in
Ex. 2, but Q
in
=2Q-Q.
( )
2
4 E dA EdA E dA E r ! " = = =
# # #
! !
" " "
Gausss law now gives:
( )
2
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 1
4 or
4
in
e
Q Q Q Q Q Q
E r E k
r r
!
" " " !"
#
= = = = =
1he elecLrlc eld lnslde a conducLor ls zero.
Summary of key polnLs (elecLrosLauc case):
Any neL charge on Lhe conducLor lles on Lhe ouLer surface.
1he poLenual on Lhe surface of a conducLor, and everywhere
lnslde, ls Lhe same.
1he elecLrlc eld [usL ouLslde a conducLor musL be perpendlcular
Lo Lhe surface.
LqulpoLenual surfaces [usL ouLslde Lhe conducLor musL be parallel
Lo Lhe conducLor's surface.
AnoLher key polnL: Lhe charge denslLy on a conducLor surface wlll
vary lf Lhe surface ls lrregular, and surface charge collecLs aL sharp
polnLs.
1herefore Lhe elecLrlc eld ls large (and can be huge) near sharp
polnLs.
When Lhere ls a neL ow of charge lnslde a conducLor, Lhe physlcs ls
generally complex.
!"#$%&'() '%+ ,-$(+) .$'/ 0"%+12#"/)
When Lhere ls no neL ow of charge, or no ow aL all (Lhe
elecLrosLauc case), Lhen a number of concluslons can be reached
uslng Causs Law and Lhe concepLs of elecLrlc elds and poLenuals.