Broadband Anti-reflection

Coating Design
UCF
Quarter Wave Transformer (1)
4
g

Z
0
Z
01
0
2
01
Z
R
Z
Z
L
in
= =
) (real R
L
0 01
Z R Z
L
=
Require the load is resistive.
UCF
Quarter Wave Transformer (2)
Narrow bandwidth
UCF
Theory of Small Reflection (1)
d
T
21
T
12
Z
1
Z
2
1 2
1 2
1
Z Z
Z Z
+

= I
1 2
I = I
2 1
2
1 21
2

1
Z Z
Z
T
+
=
I + =
2 1
1
2 12
2

1
Z Z
Z
T
+
=
I + =
u j
e

u j
e

u j
e

u j
e

u j
e

L
L
Z
I
3
I
12
T
3
I
12
T
3
I
2
I
1
1
I
2
2
3
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
+

= I
u = d k
z
21
T
UCF
Theory of Small Reflection (2)
...
4
2
2
3 21 12
2
3 21 12 1
+ I I + I + I = I
u u j j
e T T e T T
( )
n
n
j j
e e T T

=

I I I + I =
0
2
3 2
2
3 21 12 1
u u
u
u
j
j
e
e T T
2
3 2
2
3 21 12 1
1
1

I I
I + I =
1 12 1 21 1 2
1 , 1 , Since I = I + = I = I T T
( )( )
u
u
j
j
e
e
2
3 1
2
3 1 1 1
1
1
1 1

I I +
I I + I + I = I
u
u
j
j
e
e
2
3 1
2
3 1
1

I I +
I + I
=
UCF
Theory of Small Reflection (3)
When the differences between Z
1
& Z
2
, and Z
2
& Z
L
are small,

1
|&|
3
| are small.
If |
1

3
|<<1,
u j
e
2
3 1

I + I ~ I
The total reflection is dominated by the reflection from the
initial discontinuity (
1
) and the first reflection from the
second discontinuity (
3
e
-2j
)
e
-2j
accounts for the round-trip phase delay

UCF
Multi-section Transformer (1)
u
,
0 1
0 1
0
Z Z
Z Z
+

= I
Z
0
Z
1
Z
2
Z
N
u u
Z
L
0
I
1
I
2
I
N
I
,
1
1
n n
n n
n
Z Z
Z Z
+

= I
+
+
N L
N L
N
Z Z
Z Z
+

= I
( )

=

I = I + + I + I + I = I
N
n
jn
n
jN
N
j j
e e e e
0
2 2 4
2
2
1 0
...
u u u u
u
For small reflections:
Note: at center frequency.
2
t
u =
n
n n
n
n
n n
n n
n
Z
Z Z
x x x
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
= A A ~ A +
|
|
.
|

\
|
~
+

= I
+ +
+
+ 1 1
1
1
, ) 1 ln( since , ln
2
1
UCF
Multi-section Transformer (2)
( ) | |
( ) ( )
| | { } ...
2 2
1 0
+ + I + + I = I
u u u u u
u
N j N j jN jN jN
e e e e e
In designing wide-band transformers, we force the
reflection coefficients to be symmetrical, i.e.
Note, this does not imply that the Z
n
s are symmetrical.
,... , ,
2 2 1 1 0
I = I I = I I = I
N N N
UCF
Multi-section Transformer (3)
When N is odd,
When N is even,
Can synthesize any desired reflection coefficient response as a
function of frequency (u) by properly choosing
n
s and using
enough sections (N).
( ) ( ) ( )
(

I + + I + + I + I = I

2
1 0
2
1
... 2 cos ... 2 cos cos 2
N n
jN
n N N N e u u u u
u
( ) ( ) ( )
(

I + + I + + I + I = I

u u u u u
u
cos ... 2 cos ... 2 cos cos 2
2
1 1 0 N n
jN
n N N N e
UCF
Specifications on Bandwidth
Design specs: center frequency f
0
, bandwidth Af ,
maximum allowable reflection coefficient I
m
Fractional bandwidth:
t
u
t
u t
u
u
m m
f
f 4
2
2 /
2
0 0
=

=
A
=
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
0
2
4 f
f
m
t
u
or
f u
m
u
m
u t
0
t 2 /
0
t u =
m
u t u 2 = A
UCF
Binomial Design (1)
satisfies the above 2 conditions

= =
I
= = I
=
1 - 1,2,...N n for 0
2
when 0
2
t
u
u
t
u
n
n
d
d
( ) ( )
N
j
e A
u
u
2
1

+ = I
( ) ( ) | |
N
j j j
e e e A
u u u
u

+ = I
u
N N
A cos 2 | | =
Require:
We can let
UCF
Binomial Design (2)
Design specs: center frequency , bandwidth ,
maximum allowable reflection coefficient
Need to determine: (1) order N
(2) all Z
n
s.
( )
0
0
2 0
Z Z
Z Z
A
L
L N
+

= = I
m
N
L
L
m
Z Z
Z Z
u cos
0
0
+

= I
( )
m
N N
m m
A u u cos 2 = I = I
m
I
f A
0
f
Let f=0 or u=0
At u=u
m
0
0
2
Z Z
Z Z
A
L
L
N
+

=

Step 1: determine N
) ln(cos
ln
0
0
m
L
L
m
Z Z
Z Z
N
u
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
I
=
Round up to the next integer!
(MatLab: ceil)
Always overdesign a little bit.
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
0
2
4 f
f
m
t
u
UCF
Binomial Design (3)
( ) ( )
( ) ! !
!
where , 1
0
2 2
n n N
N
C e C A e A
N
n
N
n
jn N
n
N
j

= = + = I

=
u u
u
) , 1 , : (Note
1 1 0
N C C C C C AC
N
N
N N N
n N
N
n
N
n n
= = = = = I

Step 2: determine Z
n
( )

=

I = I
N
n
jn
n
e
0
2 u
u
MatLab: nchoosek(N,n)
The essence using this approximation can make the design to be consistent.
We obtain N+1 I
n
s for n = 0,1,N. But we need to find only N Z
n
s for n = 1,2,N.
|
|
.
|

\
|
~
+

=
+
0
) 1 (
0
0
ln 2 2
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
A
L
N
L
L
N
n
n n
n
n
n n
n n
n
Z
Z Z
x x x
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
= A A ~ A +
|
|
.
|

\
|
~
+

= I
+ +
+
+ 1 1
1
1
, ) 1 ln( since , ln
2
1
n
e Z Z
n n
I
+
=
2
1
use iteratively
UCF
Binomial Design (4)
N
L m
m
Z
Z
/ 1
0
1
ln
2
cos
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
| I
=

u
Find actual fractional bandwidth (due to overdesign)
t
u
m
f
f 4
2
0
=
A

From the definition of Z

n
, we can find c
rn
and then find k
zn
at f
0.
Then from k
zn
d
n
= t/2, find d
n.
m
N L
m
Z
Z
u cos ln
2
1
0
|
|
.
|

\
|
= I
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
0
) 1 (
ln 2
Z
Z
A
L
N
L
L
N
N
m
N
m N
Z
Z
Z
Z A Z C A Z Z ln ln ln 2 2 ln 2 ln ln
0
0 0
0
0 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + = + =

=
+
L N
Z Z =
+1
(consistent!)

= =
+
+ = I + = I + =
n
p
N
p
n
p
p n n n
C A Z Z Z Z
0
0
0
0 1
2 ln 2 ln 2 ln ln
UCF
Binomial Design (5)

0 0
, c
x
z
i
k
k i
a k
1
=
y
r
k
r k
a k
1
=
t
k t
k a k
2
=
i

1 0
, c
2 0
, c
1 0
,
N
c
N
c ,
0
1 0
,
+ N
c
1
d
2
d
1 N
d
N
d
Design a multi-section binomial transformer for 45
o
TE incidence
from air to a thermal plastic antenna radome material with c
r
=3 at
center frequency of 5 GHz. Require SWR = 1.01 from 4GHz to
6GHz. All the materials are non-magnetic.
Standing wave ratio SWR =
m
m
I
I +
1
1
1 SWR
1 SWR
or
+

= I
m
UCF
Binomial Design (6)
0
0
0
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
0 0
2
0
2 2
0
2
0
2 2
0
sin
2
sin
1

sin
1
sin
sin sin
f
c
Z
k
Z
Z
Z
k
Z
k k k k k k
n
i rn
zn
gn
i
n
rn
i rn
n
n
i rn
zn
n
i rn i rn x rn zn
=
=

= =
+ =

= =

= =
= = =

u c
t

u c
u c
q
u c
q e
u c u c c
Details in binomial.m
UCF
Chebyshev Design (1)
Ripple in passband!
UCF
Chebyshev Design (2)
Chebyshev function
o o n T
n
cos ) (cos =
o o o o ) 2 cos( cos ) 1 cos( cos 2 + = n n n since
) (cos ) (cos cos 2 ) (cos
2 1
o o o o

=
n n n
T T T
Let o cos = x
we have
) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2 1
x T x xT x T
n n n
=

x x x T
x x T
x x T
x T
3 4 ) (
1 2 ) (
) (
1 ) (
3
3
2
2
1
0
=
=
=
=
If n is even, T
n
(x) is even.
If n is odd, T
n
(x) is odd.
UCF
Chebyshev Design (3)
) cos cos( ) (
1
x n x T
n

=
) cosh cosh( ) (
1
x n x T
n

=
UCF
Chebyshev Design (4)
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
)
cos
cos
(
... 2 cos ... 2 cos cos 2
1 0
m
N
jN
n
jN
T Ae
n N N N e
u
u
u u u u
u
u

+ I + + I + I = I
m
u
m
u t
0
t 2 /
0
t u =
m
u t u 2 = A
| | | ) ( | A
m m
= I = I u
obviously
UCF
Chebyshev Design (5)
Key: expansion of
) cos (sec )
cos
cos
( u u
u
u
m N
m
N
T T =
in terms of cos(nu)
) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2 1
x T x xT x T
n n n
=
) cos ( )] cos ( cos 2 [
) cos ( ) cos ( cos 2 ) cos (
2 1
2 1
u u u
u u u u
p T p T p
p T p T p p T
n n
n n n


=
=
Let
m
p u sec =
from
u u u u ) 1 cos( ) 1 cos( cos cos 2 + + = m m m since
)] cos ( cos 2 ) cos (
1
u u u p T p S
n n
=
Let
This means the coefficient of cosmu ( ) in T
n-1
will add to
the coefficients of cos(m+1)u and cos(m1)u in S
n.
MatLab program: Chebycoeff.m
) 2 cos( ) 1 ( ) cos (
, cos ) cos ( , 1 ) cos (
2 2
2
1 0
u u
u u u
p p p T
p p T p T
+ =
= =
for
0 = m
UCF
Chebyshev Design (6)
Design specs: center frequency , bandwidth ,
maximum allowable reflection coefficient
Need to determine: (1) order N
(2) all Z
n
s.
( )
0
0
) (sec 0
Z Z
Z Z
AT
L
L
m N
+

= = I u
m
I
f A
0
f
Let f=0 or u=0
Step 1: determine N
Round up to the next integer!
Always overdesign a little bit.
| | A
m
= I
) cosh cosh( ) (
1
x n x T
n

=
0
0
1
) (sec
Z Z
Z Z
T
L
L
m
m N
+

I
= u
0
0
1
1
)) (sec cosh cosh(
Z Z
Z Z
N
L
L
m
m
+

I
=

u
) (sec cosh
1
cosh
1
0
0 1
m
L
L
m
Z Z
Z Z
N
u

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

I
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
0
2
4 f
f
m
t
u
UCF
Chebyshev Design (7)
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
) cos (sec
... 2 cos ... 2 cos cos 2
1 0
u u
u u u u
u
u
m N
jN
n
jN
T Ae
n N N N e

+ I + + I + I = I

=

=
,... 2 , 1 , 0
2
) 2 cos( ) cos (sec
n
n N m N
n N D T u u u Assume
2
2n N
n N n
AD

= I = I
,... , ,
2 2 1 1 0
I = I I = I I = I
N N N
Step 2: determine Z
n
If N is even
0
2
AD
N
= I
,
1
1
n n
n n
n
Z Z
Z Z
+

= I
+
+
From
n
n
n n
Z Z
I
I +
=
+
1
1
1 use iteratively
n
n
n n
Z Z
I +
I
=
+
1
1
1
or
0
0
1
)) (sec cosh cosh(
1
Z Z
Z Z
N
A
L
L
m
+

=

u
UCF
Chebyshev Design (8)
We obtain N+1 I
n
s for n = 0,1,N. But we need to find only N Z
n
s for n = 1,2,N.
There may always be a little error in the design. Since the whole methodology is
developed from small reflection approximation, we need to check using rigorous
impedance transformation formula or chain matrix approach and find whether the
specs are satisfied.
(1) If N is odd:
1
1
1
1
1

I
I +
=
n
n
n n
Z Z Use
for n = 1, , (N-1)/2
n
n
n n
Z Z
I +
I
=
+
1
1
1
Use
for n = N, N-1, , (N+3)/2
2
3
2
1
2
1 + +
=
N N N
Z Z Z
Although this will grantee
2
1
2
1 +
I = I
N N
the value will deviate a little from the designed value.
( ) ( ) ( )
(

I + + I + + I + I = I

u u u u u
u
cos ... 2 cos ... 2 cos cos 2
2
1 1 0 N n
jN
n N N N e
UCF
Chebyshev Design (9)
(2) If N is even:
1
1
1
1
1

I
I +
=
n
n
n n
Z Z Use
for n = 1, , N/2
n
n
n n
Z Z
I +
I
=
+
1
1
1
Use
for n = N, N-1, , N/2+1
This will never use
2
N
I
whose actual value will deviate from the designed value.
( ) ( ) ( )
(

I + + I + + I + I = I

2
1 0
2
1
... 2 cos ... 2 cos cos 2
N n
jN
n N N N e u u u u
u
UCF
Chebyshev Design (10)
m
u
Find actual fractional bandwidth (due to overdesign)
t
u
m
f
f 4
2
0
=
A

0
0 1
1
)) (sec cosh cosh(
Z Z
Z Z
N
L
L
m
m
+

I
=

u
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

I
=

0
0 1
1
cosh
1
cosh sec
Z Z
Z Z
N
L
L
m
m
u
From the definition of Z
n
, we can find c
rn
and then find k
zn
at f
0.
Then from k
zn
d
n
= t/2, find d
n.
UCF
Tapered Line
since
dz
Z
Z
dz
d
e
L
dz z k j
z
z
|
|
.
|

\
|
}
~ I
}

0
0
) ( 2
ln
2
1
) (
0
u