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Racialization (how it operates, what is the function in the political system of a racist society) Def: Racialization is the social and historical process of assigning individuals and groups a racial identity and social status (Rodriguez, 2007). The creation of a racial identity and social status includes a series of political processes which construct racial meanings, shape the identities of individuals and groups, and place them into positions of dominance or the dominated. The processes of racialization are always legitimized through ideologies and operate in the various institutional systems/arrangements that are the foundation of our society. In the economic arena, such systems/arrangements lead to stark differences in income on the basis of race, and cause lopsided incarceration rates of people of color in the criminal justice system. A strategic pillar of our society, the educational system has as one of its major latent functions, the perpetuation of a system based on inequality. The educational system historically has been part of our nation- building processes and functioned as the place where our national ideologies are inculcated and disseminated.

2. Christian Theological Epistemology and Secular Scientific Epistemology Christian theological espistemology o dichotomous thinking: yes/no, good/bad polarized way of thinking o Theological: study of god o Worldview: how we understand something o Sought bible as the only truth o Good=christians, evil=non-christians o Every natural phenomena was made by god Secular scientific espistemology o Characteristics: empiricism, positivism o Nature and the world is knowable (positivism) o Humans have reason to understand the world o Scientific method is a tool (inductive and deductive reason) o Human behavior is knowable (positivism) 3. Colonialism and imperialism (what is the relationship between them?) Imperialism/colonialism: A political-economical phenomenon whereby various European nations used their military and ideological might to conquer, settle, racialize, control and exploit large populations of the non-western world. In the process, they destroyed populations and cultures, in order to dominate and subordinate entire nations. Colonialism is the policy and practice of implementing imperialism 4. Race (anti-racist) Race Biology Def: an isolated inbreeding population with a distinctive genetic heritage Creates a sense of hierarchy/rank Immutable and permanent characteristic

 Seen as the basis for physical ability, intelligence Anti-racist def: an arbitrary socio-biological catergory created by Europeans, to assign human worth and social status, using Europeans standards as the model for humanity, with the purpose of legitimating white power and white skin privilege o a social category used to assign human worth and social status using Europeans as a paradigm/example/model

5. De facto and de jure segregation De facto: a system of racial separation and inequality that appears to result from voluntary choices about where to live, work, and so forth. Often, this form of segregation is really de jure segregation in a thin disguise De jure: the system of rigid competitive race relations that followed the post-civil war reconstruction period in the south. It was characterized by a system of strict, pervasive and legal separation of racial groups. Its local form was rooted in Jim crow laws and its national form took the form of apartheid. The apartheid system lasted from the 1890s with the superior courth decision of plessy v. ferguson in 1896 until 1954 when another supreme court decision, brown v board of education, dismantled the legal justification of segregation 6. 4 Stages of racialization (function, consequences, description) Function:Racialization Process/description; Consequence The following 4 Control: limits access/control of land (resources, prestige, time, money,jobs); imposition and subordination Perpetuate racial system: ideology cultural rasicm; institutional arrangement Allows fluid and dynamic strata that adapts and integrates new groups: negotiation and contestation (resist) of status or acceptance and participation in discrimination by ethnic groups; placement in the racial hierarchy Creation of racial identity: assimilation, Americanization, homogenization (lumping), racist oppression, and racist superiority; crystallization of a racial identity

7. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (describe its consequences foe Mexican Americans) Signed in 1848, Ended the Mexican-american war in favor of the United States. War began two years earlier, over a territorial dispute involving texas. Treaty added 535,000 square miles to the US territory, including the land that makes up present day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, new mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. Mexico also gave up all claims to texas and recognized the Rio Grande as Americas southern boundary. 8. Basic geography of Latin America and where are most of Latinos settled in the U.S. (where are Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans?)

 Mexicans: Is western and mid states, including some eastern Puerto Ricasn: in PR, PA, NJ, NY, CT, MA, NH, HI (upper eastern states) Cubans: Florida

9. How was whiteness constructed? What does a comparative taxonomy refer to? Virginia colonial experience. o White as a social category was created to provide a cusion between the wealthy planted elite and the large masses of landless, dispossessed americans. o It was a political category to protect and maintain social inequality (social control) o Comparative taxonomy refers to Classification o In early Virginia, African slaves where a small segment of workforce o 75% of colonist came from indentured servanets (Germany, England, Ireland) o 1662, Virginia enacted law making slavery hereditary through mother 10. One Drop Rule (Susan Gillory Phips story) o social classification as a negro of individuals with ANY African ancestry, meaning a person with one drop of negro blood was considered black. 11. Restricted covenants o Played role in contributing to residential segregation o White property owners would create restrictive deed covenants to exclude people of color from white neighborhoods o State courts would hold that black family moving into white neighborhood did not

violate 14th amendment o Forced non whites to live in areas with segregation (keeping people of different races in different areas) 12. Neo-liberalism (free trade, privatization, deregulation, external investments) o Def: contemporary version of an economic ideology that is rooted in the 18th century british ideas about the economy as a self regulating, balanced mechanism ruled by an invisible hand which required no external regulation in order to perform efficiently. The conomy was a natural order ruled by laws, like supply and demand, which would provide the basis needs of a societys members when all participants where allowed to follow their own self interest. Individuals following their self interest would result in everyones benefit. 13. Roles of la Reconquista in shaping Spains colonial enterprise o the Spanish crusaders, or La Reconquista, succeeded over the centuries in shunting the moords farther south, until only Granada remained in arab hands. o Royalist armies gained the upper hand in the Spanish American wars of independence o Christian forced retook the Iberian peninsula 14. Miscegenation (why more racial mixing in Latin America than in the U.S.) o More racial mixing in Latin America than US because of how the English and Spanish regarded the rights of slaves 15. Roles of social science in creating the race construct (Herbert Spence, Social Darwinism, Eugenics, etc.) Chapter 1 Latino politics o 16. Basic patterns on demography Latino population o Growth of latino population in US is connected to the expansion of the U.S. Empire o Population increase of latinos in CA, NM, TX, and FL o In a decade, population went from 35 to 50 million o In 1990s, immigration was main source of growth o 62% of population growth is through birth 17 Black legend a term indicating an unfavorable image of spain and Spaniards, accusing them of cruelty and intolerance, formerly prevalent in the works of many non-spanish, especially protestants, historians. Black legend and stereotypes about latinos Vicente Guerrero made a mestizo, not an afro-mexican The erasure of Africans from the latin American imaginary

18 Internalized Racist Oppression (IRO) and Internalized Racist Superiority (IRS) in Race and Ethnic vocabulary handout. IRO: a consequence when people are inferior o How it functions: a systematically created and reinforced process that internalizes a pattern of behaviors and ideas that serve as adaptational, coping strategies from groups and individuals. These patterns serve the function of enduring and responding to an experience of oppression and powerlessness o What IRO is: comle, multi-generational process of socialization that teaches people of color to believe, accept and/or live out a negative societal definition of self. These behaviors contribute to the perpetuation of the race construct

IRS: behavioral consequences when people are superior o How it functions: a systematically created and reinforced process that internalizes a pattern of behaviors and ideas that justifies, reinforced and disconnects dominant groups of individuals from awareness of their power and privilege. o What IRS is: a comple multi-generational socialization that teaches white people to believe, accept and/or live out a superior societal definition of self. These behaviors define and normalize the race construct and its outcome white supremacy

19. imperialism/colonialism/neo-colonialism A political-economical phenomenon whereby various European nations used their military and ideological might to conquer, settle, racialize, control and exploit large populations of the non-western world. In the process, they destroyed populations and cultures, in order to dominate and subordinate entire nations. 20. Vicente Guerrero (how was he racially constructed in Mexican history?) The erasure of Africans from the latin American imaginary He made a mestizo not an afro-mexican o A person of mixed Caucasian and native American ancestry

21. How was the Mexican Problem ideology created, what traits does it ascribe to Meican Americans (and by extension to Latinos)? U.S. and mexico relation In step with the emergence of U.S> economic domination, a widely promulgated imperial ideology appeared highlighting a pathological Mexican culture concluded as a Mexican problem

22. Definition of white privilege (racial and ethnic vocabulary) Specific and identifiable benefits and rewards that are delivered to white people simply because thay are white. Produced by a system of white supremacy White supremacy: is both an ideology and a historically based, institutionally perpetuated system of exploitation and oppression of continents, nations, and peoples of color by white peoples and nations of the European continent, for the purpose of maintaining and defending a system of wealth, power, and privilege.

Films: Read your notes on these films/documentaries. You will be asked about what aspects of racialization, discrimination do they illustrate. 1. A Class Divided (Brown Eyes/Blue Eyes) 2. True Colors