PHD Abstracts India-Microbiology

DEPARTMENT OF MYCOLOGY & PLANT PATHOLOGY Ph.D.
THESIS ABSTRACTS
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8ame of the student and 6dmission 8o. 8ame of 3a)or 6d!isor Title of Thesis <ear of completion of :egree 6bstract of Thesis
iran (ala 3ehta (9".$"6"$":) :r. &.;.Jandai, 9tudies on physiology and culti!ation of Pleurotus sapidus (9chul2er) alch. 1/.%
The sporophores of Pleurotus sapidus were white, moderately fleshy, typically oyster shaped, pileus measuring maximum upto 11 cm diameter. The morphological features closely resembled the type species, P. ostreatus (Jacq. ex. Fr.) ummer but had a lilac spore print. The physiological studies on P. sapidus re!ealed that it gi!es best radial growth on potato"dextrose agar whereas, maximum mycelial weight was recorded in glucose"asparagine solution. The optimum temperature and p# for maximum !egetati!e growth were found to be $%o& and %.', respecti!ely. (oth sorbitol and glucose pro!ed to be the best carbon sources while alanine, tyrosine and asparagine, pro!ed best sources of nitrogen. P. sapidus rapidly colonised ba)ra and Jowar grains, howe!er, maximum yields were obtained with wheat grain spawn and acti!e mycelial spawning. *heat straw and paddy straw when supplemented with fi!e per cent wheat bran ga!e the best yield. +ood yields were obtained when bags were opened after $% days of spawning and subsequently ,ept in the temperature range of $-"$%o& with .%"/% per cent relati!e humidity. The freshly har!ested fruit bodies can easily be stored in sealed polythene bags upto 0$ hours (maximum) at room temperature ($-"1-o&) and in free2e (-"%o&) upto $ months. 3oreo!er, fruit bodies can be dehydrated either mechanically (4-"'- o&) or in sun. The rehydration ratio was 15. approximately. 6nalysis of different de!elopmental stages of P. sapidus !i2., primordia, mature and o!er mature fruit bodies showed the presence of about /- per cent moisture. &arbohydrates, fat, protein, fibre and ash were in the range of %1.'"'$.-, -.."$.-, 14.4"1..$, 11.0"1%.' and ..1"11.1 per cent, respecti!ely. The mineral analysis re!ealed that calcium, phosphorus and potassium !aried from - to '-, 1-'- to 1$-- and 0%11 to 1-4.% mg71-- g and iron, copper and manganese from 11%.% to 1'-.%, $0.% to 41.- and 1/.% to 41.- ppm, respecti!ely. The breeding studies by intermating compatible mating types re!ealed a tetrapolar mechanism of incompatibility.
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8ame of the student and 6dmission 8o. 8ame of 3a)or 6d!isor Title of Thesis
+ulam 3ohamad :ar (9".1"6"1":) :r. =. .9eth 9tudies on Cladobotryum dendroides ((ull. per 3erat) *. +am. > #oo2am., causing cobweb disease of Agaricus bisporus (;ange) 9ing., and its control 1/.%
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<ear of completion of :egree 6bstract of Thesis
The mean disease incidence !aried between %.%- to $$.14 per cent. The pathogen was found to attac, all the de!elopmental stages of this mushroom. ?arliest symptoms of the disease appeared on the mushroom trays infested 1$ days after casing. 6ttac,ed mushrooms loo,ed li,e cottony balls. @noculation 1$ days after casing recorded the highest incidence of the disease. The maximum incidence was associated with spent compost casing material. The pathogenic fungus sur!i!ed in sterili2ed casing soil for a period of % months under laboratory temperatures (1-"$%o&) whereas, under natural conditions it sur!i!ed upto 0 months and its !irulence decreased with the increase in storage period. 3icroscopic examination re!ealed extensi!e necrosis of the mycelium of Agaricus bisporus. 6mongst the solid and liquid media, 9abouraudAs agar and glucose asparagine solution supported maximum growth of the pathogen. 6 temperature range of $1"$4o& and p# range between '.-"'.4 was found most suitable for the growth of the pathogen. 6 &58 ratio of %-51 pro!ed optimum for fungal growth. Thermal sensiti!ity re!ealed spores under dry state were capable of sur!i!ing 1-- o& for 1% minutes, whereas, under wet state they sur!i!e only 4%o& for 1% minutes. 9ignificant reduction of phenol (both total and orthohydric), total sugars, non"reducing sugars, fungal starch, total carbohydrates, proteins (both soluble and crude proteins), fats and free amino acids in !arying degrees on account of pathogenesis by C. dendroides. Bpon infection the acti!ity of peroxidase decreased rapidly but acti!ity of polyphenol oxidase was augmented at initial infection but decreased significantly at ad!ancement of the disease conditions. The acti!ity of amylase increased significantly with increase in disease de!elopment but expression of in!ertase was more pronounced at initial disease condition as compared to an ad!ance stage of pathogenesis. Themotherapy re!ealed that the pathogen being ,illed below the pasteuri2ation temperatures of casing and compost. (a!istin C T3T: at -.' and -./ g7m$ and T(D at -./ g7m$ treatments pro!ed most effecti!e against cobweb disease and ga!e yields comparable to the untreated uninfected control.
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uldeep umar 9harma (9".1"6"4":) :r. E. .+upta ?pidemiology and control of powdery mildew of apple 1/.%
The maximum disease incidence upto .- per cent was obser!ed in 3ashobra, whereas at 9olan it was minimum ($-F). 6t ullu, Thanedhar, Ga)garh and ot,hai the incidence was '/, '1, %1 and 4$ per cent, respecti!ely. The disease incidence was low in :elicious culti!ars whereas culti!ars namely Jonathan, 3c@ntosh, (aldwin and TydemanAs *orcester were highly susceptible. &onidia germinated from %"1-o& with maximum at $-"$%o& on apple lea!es whereas on slides the germination started at 1-o&. Hn dry glass slides, conidial germination initiated at /' per cent G# but on apple lea!es the germination started at .%.% per cent G#. 8o germination was obtained in free water on slides. @t did not occur below /..% per cent and at %, 1- and 1- o&. Two culti!ars namely, <antar,a 6ltais,aya and (ag2an,a aschenco were highly resistant with no apparent infection. The conidia germinated and produced germ tubes on lea!es of all the non"host plants (peach, plum, apricot, oa,, almond, cherry, pear, Cotoneaster) studied in addition to apple but did not cause any infection in them. These germinated and produced germ tubes of almond equal length on the lea!es of both the resistant and susceptible apple culti!ars. ?ach perithecium had a single ascus (1'"4-.% x 1'"40.% Im) which in turn, produced 4". hyaline ascospores (11.%"1..- x 11.%"1%.0% Im) o!al to globose in shape. The ascospores failed to germinate in water. 3aximum inhibition of spore germination (0..-/F) was obtained with saprol followed by calixin (0'.-/F). 6ll fungicides completely suppressed sporulation in established lesions for 14 days and (a!istin and (aycor did not allow spore production for $1days in such spots. 6mongst the fungicides (aycor (-.-%F) pro!ided the most effecti!e control of powdery mildew. 6mongst the non"systemic fungicides, 9ulfex was significantly superior to arathane in controlling the disease.
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:hanbir 9ingh (9".1"6"$":) :r. G. .6garwala 9tudies on apple can,er caused by Sphaeropsis malorum (er,. and its control 1/.%
Temperature ranging between $-"$$o& accompanied by high relati!e humidity (.-"/-F) during July"6ugust fa!oured the leaf spot and can,er lesions de!elopment under field conditions. 3aximum can,er incidence (/$F) was recorded in ullu !alley orchards. The can,er incidence decreased with the increase in altitude in ullu !alley. 3aximum incidence (1...-F) was recorded on 33 1-' followed by &rab apple seedlings (1'.1/F) and $$.4. per cent on trees with 33 1-4 rootstoc,. The can,er incidence in scion !arieties with 3 0 and 3 / rootstoc, was only 1'.'' and $-.-- per cent, respecti!ely. The maximum se!erity of leaf spot (4/.'-F) was recorded on +olden :elicious by Ged :elicious. 3aximum lesion si2e (1..%- mm) on twig was de!eloped on Tropical (eauty followed by Goyal :elicious (1'.%. mm). Fruits of ten apple culti!ars without exception were found susceptible to the diseases. The conidia remained !iable more than 101 days on dead twigs and 110 days in mummified fruits. =otato dextrose agar and GichardAs medium were found as best suited solid and liquid media, respecti!ely for obtaining maximum growth. Hnly oat meal agar supported the sporulation of the test fungus. The pathogen exhibited optimum growth at temperature $%o& and p# 0.-. The optimum temperature for conidia germination was found as $% o&. The acti!ity of peroxidase was increased in lea!es and bar, but it decreased in fruits upon infection. 8o polyphenol oxidase acti!ity was obser!ed in diseased fruits, howe!er, it increased in diseased lea!es and bar,. 6mongst pectinolytic and cellulolytic en2ymes, =3+ and cellobiase were the most acti!e. (enomyl was ad)udged to be the best fungicide in reducing the leaf spot of apple both in pots and the field. =rehar!est sprays of thiabenda2ole and benomyl at %-- ppm were significantly superior in controlling the blac, rot incidence in storage. 6mong fungicidal paints tested, cowdung clay paint ran,ed first in healing the scarified can,er wound (.1.%F). =rehar!est spray of benomyl was highly economical in chec,ing posthar!est spoilage of apple.
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9. .+upta (9".1"6"0":) :r. G. .6garwala &rop rotation and soil amendment studies in control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (;ib.) de (ary 1/.%
&ultural practices were found to be !ery effecti!e in controlling the disease. @t was found that the paddy rotated cauliflower plants ga!e higher yields and also had reduced disease incidence appreciably followed by mai2e rotation. 9ignificant reduction in sclerotial population was obser!ed in sunflower ca,e and sarson ca,e amendments. 6mong different fungal antagonists tried, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus terreus caused significant reduction in sclerotial population. 6ll the antagonists screened were found effecti!e against the test fungus but the best antagonistic acti!ity was due to F. solani and A. terreus. *ith the de!elopment of the disease, reduction in phenolic content of the stal,s was obser!ed. 6fter infection total phenols were decreased in all treatments. Total and reducing sugars increased in all treatments in the healthy mature plants except A. terreus. Toxic metabolites production by antagonistic fungi re!ealed that all the antagonists inhibited the growth of test pathogen.
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9uresh umar 8ayar (9".1"6"'":) :r. G. .6garwala 9tudies on leaf rust resistance in wheat 1/.%
9ix wheat culti!ars J& 1-', E; 4$1, *# 1$$, 0/10, Ga) 1/0$ and #B* 1$ were tested at the seedling stage against all the a!ailable 1/ races of leaf rust ( Puccinia recondita tritici) namely, 1- (11G1/), 11(-G.), 1$ (%G%), 1$6 (%G11), 1$( (1G%), 10 ('1G$4), $- (%G$0), '1 (-G."1), 00 (4%G11), 006 (1-/G11), 006"1 (1-/G$1), 1-4 (10G$1), 1-46 ($1G11), 1-4( ($/G$1), 1-' (-G/), 1-0 (4%G$1), 1-. (11G$0), 1'$ (/1G0) and 1'$6 (/1G1%). #B* 1$ carry ;r14aK & 1-', ;r1 and E; 4$1, ;r1% C ;r1, whereas Ga) 1/0$, 0/10 and *# 1$$ ha!e ;r1%, ;r1 and ;r1-, respecti!ely along with one more ;r gene which could not be postulated on the basis of @T data. The presence of almost all the postulated genes was !alidated by genetical methods except for ;r1 where either a different gene or modifiers are in!ol!ed. ;r genes namely ;r$a, ;r1-, ;r10 and ;r11 (;r1.) were sensiti!e to temperature against some specific races.
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&hander :e! Thapa (9".-"6"11":) :r. &.;.Jandai, 9tudies on the dry bubble disease of mushroom (Agaricus brunnescens =ec,) caused by Verticillium fungicola (=reuss) #assebr. 1/.%
The pathogen could spread through water splash, contact, sciarid flies (adults and lar!ae), springtails and mites. (eside Agaricus brunnescens, the pathogen could infect A. bitorquis successfully and was able to grow and sporulate on fruit bodies of different Pleurotus species without expressing typical symptoms. 3aximum spore germination of Verticillium fungicola was recorded at $%o& and p# %.%. 9pore germination of the pathogen was fa!oured by extracts of mushroom fruit bodies. The mycelium and spores of V. fungicola when exposed to wet heat (4%o& and abo!e) for 1- minutes failed to exhibit growth and germination. 9pores and mycelial discs when exposed to different temperatures in dry state, the former could germinate (1F) e!en after exposure of /- o& whereas the latter could grow only after exposure to .- o& for 1- minutes. The pathogen could sur!i!e for . months under natural conditions. (est growth of the pathogen was supported by coat meal agar and GichardAs solution. Hptimum temperature and p# for the !egetati!e growth and sporulation of V. fungicola were found to be $%o& and %.%, respecti!ely. :ecrease in both total phenol and orthodihydroxy phenols upon infection as compared to the healthy. There was decrease in total and non"reducing sugars due to infection of V. fungicola. The nitrogen content was less in diseased mushrooms at all the stages except in pinhead stage. The contents of potassium, iron and calcium were more in diseased fruit bodies at all the stages7parts analysed. *hen !arious fungicides with different concentrations were amended in the solid medium, the per cent inhibition in growth of V. fungicola was maximum with (a!istin C T3T:. *hen four sprays were gi!en separately at an inter!al of fifteen days, the per cent reduction in disease incidence was correspondingly more with four sprays as compared to one spray in all the fungicides used except in case of (enlate, :aconil and Tecto which resulted in less reductions in per cent disease incidence. The loss in yield was minimum with one spray of (enlate and (a!istin C T3T:.
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3ohinder umar (ehl (9".-"6"%":) :r. 9.&.&howfla 9tudies on shoe"string disease (Lycopersicon esculentum 3ill.) 1/.% of tomato
&haracteristic symptoms produced by the !irus on tomato included mosaic, !ein clearing, downward curling and shoe"stringing of lea!es. The !irus was found to be easily sap transmissible as well as through aphid !ectors. Myzus persicae was the most potent !ector followed by Aphis cracci ora and A. gossypii. @t was not transmitted through seed. 6pterous forms of aphid transmitted the !irus most efficiently. Hptimum pre"acquisition fasting period recorded was /- minutes, whereas, the acquisition and transmission threshold period were % minutes each. The !irus had a thermal inacti!ation point between %%"'-o&, dilution end point ranged between 151-,--- to 151,--,--- and longe!ity in itro was 4 days at room temperature ($."1$ o&). =hosphate buffer (-.$ 3 p# 0.-) was found to be suitable extracting medium. &hloroform plus carbon tetrachloride (151) mixture was the best organic sol!ent for purifying the !irus. The antiserum prepared against the !irus had a titre of 15%1$ to 151-$4 against crude and purified !irus preparations, respecti!ely. The !irus was found to be serologically related to =E< and under electron microscope it was obser!ed to ha!e flexuous particle with 0%- x 11.1$ nm si2e. @t was identified as necrotic strain of =E< by !irtue of its inducing !einal necrosis on the indicator host i.e. !. tabaccum !ar. 9asun 88. Hut of 11% !arieties tested only #& $1. and 9"1$ were found to be highly resistant. @noculated resistant line contained more phenols and H: phenols than the inoculated susceptible !ariety. 6t initial stages of infection peroxidase acti!ity was more in resistant line, whereas, polyphenol oxidase acti!ity was more in susceptible !ariety. Eirus infection resulted decrease in total, reducing and non"reducing sugar content. :uring early infection the changes obser!ed in leaf tissues were hypertrophy of epidermal and palisade parenchymatous cells and xylem and phloem !essels. The stem of infected plants showed under de!eloped !ascular bundles. 3ean air temperature and relati!e humidity were the main contributing !ectors and an a!erage temperature of $$L$o& was found to be most congenial temperature fore the disease de!elopment.
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:alip 9ingh +uleria (9"00"6"11":) :r. G. .6garwala 9tudies on Agaricus bitorquis (Muel.) 9acc. 1/.%
6mong different strains studied 1$ and $' grew faster than the rest of the strains on synthetic compost. The optimum temperature and p# fore best growth were found to be 1-o& and '.%, respecti!ely for all the strains studied. Hut of 1$ carbon and 11 nitrogen sources tried, maltose and proline, respecti!ely supported best growth of all the strains. *hen different carbon 5 nitrogen (glucose 5 asparagine) ratios were tried, significantly best !egetati!e growth of all the strains was recorded with '-51 ratio. @n !itamin nutrition, thiamine was found to enhance significantly best growth of all the strains followed by biotin. 9uitability of different spawn substrates to support yield of different strains indicated that spawn prepared on Jowar grains supported maximum yield of all the strains. 3aximum yield of mushroom was recorded with through spawning method followed by double layer spawning. *hen trays were co!ered with polythene sheet, yield was better as compared to newspaper co!ering. &ompost p# of 0.$ supported maximum yield and decline in p# was much faster in inoculated cased compost as compared to uninoculated. 6mong different casing materials tried, use of decomposed farm yard manure supported maximum yield of all the strains. *hen F<3 and loam soil were used in combination (151 !7!), yield was superior as compared to other combinations of casing materials. &asing depth of 4 cm ga!e maximum yield of all the strains. 6 temperature of $.o& followed by 1-o& fa!oured optimum yield of mushrooms. The time required for spawn run was also minimum (1-"1$ days) with these temperatures. Gelati!e humidity of abo!e .% per cent and aeration 4"% hours7$4 hours supported maximum yield. 6mong !arious pathogens and competitors recorded Verticillium. fungicola" Cladobotryum dendroides and #richoderma iride were of frequent occurrence. Two sprays of benlate or T(D resulted in minimum occurrence of #. iride" V. fungicola and C. dendroides.
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+opal rishan 9ood (9"0/"6"$1":) :r. G. .6garwala 9tudies on banded 9clerotial disease ($hizoctonia solani f.sp. sasa,ii) of mai2e (%ea mays ;.) 1/.%
The disease index was recorded maximum in sub"humid sub"tropical 2one followed by sub"humid tropical 2one. There was significant reduction in yield in #im" 1$1 and Ei)ay composite under artificial inoculation conditions were estimated both in the case of cob"yield and grain har!ested. The losses sere as high as 0- per cent on 1-grain basis in #im"1$1 and closely followed by Ei)ay. The grain yield loss was recorded as high as /1.1$ per cent at the maximum disease intensity le!el in the field. The sclerotia were !iable for about two years. The pathogen remained !iable in /- per cent infected seed stored from the pre!ious crop season. Hrtho"dihydroxy phenols were increased, whereas, total phenols decreased in leaf and leaf sheath on pathogenesis in #im"1$1. =olygalacturonase (H+), polymethylgalacturonase (=3+) and pectin transeliminase (=T?) acti!ity was enhanced during pathogenesis. 6nalysis of diseased and healthy mai2e lea!es for cellulase acti!ity indicated the cellulase acti!ity almost double in leaf tissues on infection. @ncrease in nitrogen and phosphorus le!els increased the disease incidence significantly. Fi!e fungicides !i2., 3ertect (-.-' Fa.i.), (a!istin (-.-'F a.i.), &uman J; (-.1-F a.i.), (aycor (-.-'F a.i.) and :ithane 3"4% (-.$-F a.i.) as effecti!e on spray at1- days inter!al starting on 1- days old crop. Hut of .% germplasm e!aluated for their resistance to banded sclerotial disease of mai2e, 1. were found as resistant.
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Ga)endra =rasad aushal (9"0/"6"$1":) :r. (.3.9ingh +enetics of resistance in urdbean (Vigna mungo (;.) #epper) to some ma)or diseases occurring in #imachal =radesh 1/.%
Forty eight lines7culti!ars of urdbean and two accessions of ad2u,ibean were e!aluated for resistance to Cercospora canescens" C. cruenta" Colletotrichum truncatum" &rysiphe polygoni and yellow mosaic. Twenty lines of urdbean showed resistance to one or more pathogens. Fourteen urdbean lines, = 0, = $0, = %1, = 1-1, = 11%, = 1$4, = 1$0, = 11-, = 1%$, #=B 411, #=B 41$, #=B 414, #=B 41% and #=B %-$ were resistant to C. truncatum. Twel!e lines = $0, = %-, = %1, = 1-1, = 1$4, = 1$0, = 11-, = 1%$, #=B 411, #=B 41$, #=B %-% and #=B $% were resistant to C. cruenta. Hnly one line = 11% showed resistance to &. polygoni. Two urdbean culti!ars =ant B 1/ and =ant B $' were found resistant to yellow mosaic. 8ine lines showed resistance to both C. truncatum and C. cruenta and one line was resistant to both &. polygoni and C. truncatum. 8one of the culti!ars7lines of urdbean was found resistant to C. capescens and A. pheseolorum. The ad2u,ibean lines #=B %1and ?& 1%$$' were resistant to isolates of all the pathogens from urdbean. @solates of C. cruenta from urdbean and ad2u,ibean were host"specific. @solate of C. truncatum from mungbean was a!irulent on urdbean and ad2u,ibean. @solates of &. polygoni from mungbean and urdbean were !irulent on urdbean but a!irulent on ad2u,ibean whereas &. polygoni isolate from ad2u,ibean was !irulent on urdbean. @solates of C. canescens from urdbean and mungbean were a!irulent on ad2u,ibean. 6ll the isolates of A. phaseolorum were !irulent on urdbean but the isolates from urdbean and mungbean were a!irulent on ad2u,ibean. Gesistance to C. cruenta in the four urdbean lines = $0, = %-, = %1 and = 1-1 is go!erned by single recessi!e genes. Gesistance to C. truncatum in =0, = $0, = 1-1 and = 11% is conditioned by single dominant genes at different loci whereas resistance in = %1 is go!erned by two complementary genes. Gesistance to &. polygoni in = 11% was found to be controlled by a single recessi!e gene. Gesistance to yellow mosaic is culti!ars =ant B 1/ and =ant B $' was controlled by single dominant genes at different loci. The study of inheritance of resistance to &. polygoni in ad2u,ibean line ?& 1%$$' showed that it is controlled by cytoplasmic factors and not nuclear genes. Gesistance to C. cenescens in the moderately resistant urdbean culti!ars #=B 411, =ant B 1- and =:B $ was quantitati!ely inherited.
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=ran)ib umar &ha,rabarty (9".$"6"1":) :r. .G.9hyam 9tudies on curd rot of cauliflower 1/.'
N6A type of rot was characteri2ed by soft and malodorous rot of curd tissue, initiated by Fusarium equiseti. N(A type of rot characteri2ed by necrosis, that initiated from the stem of the curd extending upward, was caused either by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum or Pythium aphanidermatum or Pleronospora parasitica. N&A type of rot characteri2ed by the necrosis of the fringes of the curd at the surface forming a brownish blac, crust, was caused by Alternaria brassicae . N:A type of rot characteri2ed by dry necrosis of the fringes of curd and drying and shri!elling of its smaller stal,s was incited by Phoma tropica. The incidence of 6 type rot was higher than ( and & types of rot in all the localities. Temperature, relati!e humidity and rainfall had a positi!e correlation with the incidence of 6 type curd rot, with temperature ha!ing the highest correlation coefficient. @ncidence of curd rot and curd weight increased progressi!ely with the increase in the le!el of 8, whereas, with the increase of 3g and ( through there was an increase in the curd weight yet a considerable decrease in the incidence was obser!ed. 3ost of the 9nowball !arieties of cauliflower belonging to F3 group exhibited resistance against the disease whereas, the widely culti!ated late !arieties !i2., 6T =9("1 and 9nowball J1' were found to be highly susceptible. 6ll the pathogenic fungi exhibited pectic as well as cellulolytic en2yme acti!ity. (oric acid was found to confer maximum protection to the cauliflower against curd rot. :ifolatan amongst the fungicides and bleaching power and &hloramphenicola amongst the antibacterial chemicals were found to pro!ide an effecti!e control of the disease.
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3iss <ash (9".$"6"1":) :r. G. .6garwala 9tudies on the brown rot of peach caused by Monilinia species 1/.'
Hut of 1. culti!ars of peach screened for resistance against the disease, none was found to be resistant. =each culti!ars ?lberta and Tassia (enewas were most susceptible and 9un Ged peaches were least susceptible. The fungus was found to infect all stone and pome fruits. @n)ury pro!ided most !ulnerable site for infection to start. The increase in conidial population of the fungus resulted in increased infection. The minimum, optimum and maximum temperatures for the fungus conidia to germinate were %, $-"$% and 1%o&, respecti!ely. The fungus could howe!er, cause infection in peach fruits e!en at -o& with an optimum rang of $-"$% o&. (oth the isolates of the fungus produced polygalacturonase (=+), pectin methyl galacturonase (=3+), polygalacturonate trans" eliminase (=+T?) and pectin methyl trans"eliminase (=3T?) both in cultures as well as in infected peach fruits. The isolate 6 showed higher en2yme acti!ity than isolate (, establishing the former to be a more !irulent isolate. =each fruits infected with Monilina la'a had higher polyphenol oxidase acti!ity o!er healthy fruits. =eroxidase acti!ity showed a continuous decline in healthy fruits and a continuous increase in fruits infected with either of the isolates. Total reducing and non"reducing sugar contents, total soluble solids (T99), acidity and ascorbic acid contents were reduced in peach fruits as a result of infection with M. la'a. (a!istin and thiobenda2ole at 1--- ppm were found best as tree spray to control brown rot of peach fruits. 9imilar trend was obser!ed in post"har!est dip treatment with fungicides where (a!istin and Thiobenda2ole at %-- ppm ga!e the best control. Fumigation of infected fruits with sodium metabisulphite which released sulphur dioxide fumes was found best among all the fumigants.
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Jagdish umar (9".$"6"4":) :r. +. .+upta 9tudies on the components contributing to potential ascospore dose of Venturia inaequalis (&,e.) *int. 1/.'
;esion density as determined of 1 m $ leaf area was negati!ely correlated with the !arious stages of pseudothecial de!elopment i.e. pseudothecial initials, pseudothecia with pseudoparaphyses, pseudothecia with immature wand mature asci. =seudothecial density not directly lin,ed with lesion density had negati!e correlation with potential ascospore dose arri!ed at by measuring the proportion of asci with mature ascospores. 6pple culti!ar not only affected the pseudothecial density (=:) but also resulted in !ariable patterns of potential ascospore dose. &ulti!ars Eance :elicious, 9tar, 9pur +olden and Ged 9pur :elicious fa!ouring maximum number of pseudothecial initials and pseudothecia with pseudoparaphyses, were the poorest in the production of mature asci and ascospores and re!erse was the trend from the lea!es of TydemanAs *orcestor. Muantifying the contribution of each one of these components, it was re!ealed that only leaf litter density directly influenced =: and potential ascospore dose (=6:), and appropriate would be to minimi2e the le!el of leaf litter on the orchard floor by certain means and the inoculum le!el for delaying the initiation of fungicidal application in spring and ,eeping apple scab at a low le!el in the orchard.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9ubhash &hand (hardwa) (9".1"6"1'":) :r. =. .9eth 9tudies on Eert"de"+ris caused by Myceliophthora lutea &ost. on Agaricus bisporus and its control 1/.'
9ur!ey of mushroom farms in #imachal =radesh re!ealed incidence of % to $- per cent with corresponding losses of % to $- per cent during 1/.% and 1/.'. The pathogen was responsible for the destruction of mycelium, pathogen occurred as circular or uniform colonies through the compost, or mat li,e seal between compost and casing and only a few clustered mushrooms. ?arly inoculations with the pathogen resulted in greater losses. =ea stal, compost and F<3 recorded good yield despite hea!y infestation. 9pent compost, air and chic,en manure ser!ed as sources of the pathogen, spread was through mites, flies and water splashes, fa!oured by a p# of 0.- in compost and casing layer. *et conditions and temperature abo!e $-o& were fa!ourable for spread and increase in duration of storage resulted in loss of !iability of the pathogen. =otato dextrose agar and ?lliotAs medium were good for solid and liquid medium studies. 6 temperature of 1- o& and a p# of 0.- with cellulose as carbon, peptone as nitrogen, a &58 ratio of ..-5-.040, choline chloride (1-- ppm) as !itamin source calcium sulphate (% ppm) as a trace element, ethylene (1- ppm) as a growth regulator source were best suited for the growth of the pathogen. The growth on mushroom extract decreased with maturity and dextrose had maximum impact on growth of the pathogen. Temperature of 1-o& and a p# of 0.were best for spore germination. ;aboratory studies indicated strain numbers $$ and '4/ of A. bisporus and 4' of A. bitorquis resistant against pathogen. The pathogen was ,illed at %1o& for two hours and '-o& for six hours under dry and wet heat, respecti!ely. 6 decrease in fat, carbohydrate and protein content was recorded in disease compost. The content of amino acids was greatly changed. :ecrease in nitrogen, calcium and copper, accumulation of potassium, phosphorous, iron, magnesium, manganese and 2inc was common in infected spawned compost. :isease de!elopment resulted in decrease in total, H: phenols, increase in ascorbic acid, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, cellulase and auxin. Hut of the % fungicides ad)udged effecti!e in laboratory, (enlate (4-- and %-ppm) and (litox"%- (4-- ppm) were found effecti!e against M. lutea and enhanced the yield of A. bisporus when applied to compost or casing soil.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
:urga 9ingh aith (9".1"6"1":) :r. J.;. aul Toximetric studies of systemic fungicides against (lomerella cingulata (9ton.) 9pauld. > 9chren, causing bitter rot of apple 1/.0
:ifferent systemic fungicides inhibited spore germination of (lomerella cingulata at !arious concentrations and inhibition ranged from 1$.1- to 1-- per cent. (a!istin, 3(&"%- and Tecto"'- e!en at the lowest concentration (1 ppm) tried were quite effecti!e. 6mong non"systemic fungicides, :ifolatan resulted in %- per cent inhibition at $ ppm. 3aximum (41.'$ mm) growth inhibition 2one (well method) at highest concentration ($%- ppm) was produced by Tecto"'- followed closely by (a!istin and (enlate. =rehar!est sprayings protected apple fruits effecti!ely upto /- days at ambient temperature. (a!istin at 0%- ppm was most effecti!e followed by 3(&"%- and Tecto"'-. @n (a!istin (0%- ppm) treated dip inoculated fruit, rot was obser!ed only after 1%- days, whereas with others the rot was recorded after 1$- days at ambient temperature. 9ystemic fungicides pro!ed effecti!e against puncture inoculated fruits (' h before inoculation) and (a!istin at 0%- ppm afforded .%.0- per cent reduction in rotting after $- days. =osthar!est application resulted in persistence of all the fungitoxicants upto 1%- days of storage, irrespecti!e of concentration used. Gesidues ranging from $.1 to 4.. ppm in prehar!est sprayed fruits were detected $ days after har!est and there was gradual decline in residues during storage. Treated fruits had higher T99, acidity, reducing and total sugars and as well as H: phenols. 6ll the test fungitoxicants effecti!ely inhibited the acti!ity of different pectic en2ymes. :ifferent fungicides had !arying inhibitory effects on cellulases (&x) acti!ity of both pre and posthar!est treated fruits. =eroxidase and polyphenoloxidase acti!ity in treated fruits were significantly least.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Gattan ;al 9harma (9".-"6"14":) :r. J.;. aul 9tudies on the brown rot of apple caused by Monilinia spp. 1/.0
9tudies on the brown rot of apple re!ealed the pre!alence of Monilinia fructigena" M. la'a (@solate @ and @@) and M. la'a f. mali in #imachal =radesh. The cumulati!e incidence !aried from 1.4 to 1%.' per cent. The maximum disease incidence ('.%1F) was due to M. fructigena, while the a!erage incidence of 1.'0, -.%1 and -.4/ per cent was obser!ed for M. la'a @ and @@ and M. la'a f. mali, respecti!ely. The entry of brown rot fungi through lenticels, stal, and styler end was selecti!e, but a mechanical in)ury was the potent a!enue of their entry. 8one of the 1. fruit culti!ars tested were resistant to these pathogens. 3ycelium of the test fungi grew best on potato dextrose agar and glucose asparagine solution and their maximum growth was obtained at $4" $%o&. M. fructigena did not sporulate at any of the test temperature (-"1%o&), while the other three fungi sporulated at temperatures ranging from - to 1' o&. The optimum p# for growth was 4.$, sucrose and asparagine pro!ed best carbon and nitrogen source, respecti!ely. ;inear growth rate was more in alternate light and dar,ness. Hptimum temperature for spore germination ranged between $-"$%o&. 3aximum spore germination was obtained on 1 per cent orange )uice incorporated with -.1 per cent sucrose or glucose. 9ignificant reduction of total reducing and non"reducing sugars, total phenols and H: phenols was obser!ed due to the pathogenesis of Monilinia spp. #ighest =+, =3+ and =3? acti!ity was expressed by M. La'a @ and minimum by M. fructigena. The acti!ity of =+T? and =3T? was higher in healthy uninoculated fruits. &ellulase and cellobiase acti!ity was highest due to M. la'a @ infection followed by M. la'a f. mali. 6mylase and in!ertase acti!ities were recorded in culture filtrates of the test fungi and !ariously infected apples as well. @nfections of Monilinia spp. in apple caused a fall in polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbic acid oxidase en2ymes. 9toring apple between -"%o& was highly effecti!e in controlling brown rot. :ip treatment of apples in water at %-"%$o& for 4 minutes was also effecti!e. Four minutes dip treatment in $-- ppm (a!istin at %$o& pro!ed highly efficacious. 6pple coated with paraffin oil and caster oil shellec pro!ided significant protection. 9ulphur dioxide fumigation was superior o!er ammonia releasing fumigation in chec,ing the brown rot disease. =rehar!est spray with 1--- ppm of the thiabenda2ole and (a!istin ga!e significant control. Gelati!e posthar!est efficacy of systemic fungicides was more than non" systemics.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Gattan &hand +arg (9".$"6"'":) :r. E. .+upta Eariability and biocontrol of Phytophthora cactorum on apple 1/.0
Four isolates of Phytophthora cactorum were found to be pathogenic on apple rootstoc,s, culti!ars and different plant species. =4 isolate was most !irulent amongst the four followed by =1, =;$ and =1. 6mongst $% apple rootstoc,s tested, 331-$ was most resistant. 331-' was less susceptible to = 1, 331-% to =1 and =$ and 31 to =1 isolate. 31' rootstoc, was found to be the most susceptible to all the fungal isolates. 6mongst 1% apple culti!ars, 3c@ntosh was most susceptible and Ged :elicious had least susceptibility. 6mongst nine plant species tested, apricot was found to be most susceptible and almond was highly resistant. 6mongst different seasons, highest degree of susceptibility in apple rootstoc,s was noticed during bud swell stage followed by summer and least during the month of 9eptember. =4 fungal isolate grew more profusely in culture media but =1 was found to ha!e minimum growth. #ealthy susceptible rootstoc,s (31' and 331-4) had higher amounts of total phenols as compared to resistant ones (331-$ and 3$'), but in case of H: phenols, re!erse trend was noticed. The reduction was more in susceptible rootstoc,s in comparison to resistant ones. Eirulent strains of the fungus caused less increase in H: phenols as compared to less !irulent isolates. #ealthy susceptible rootstoc,s had less acti!ity of polyphenol oxidase than resistant ones. The acti!ity increased in all the rootstoc,s after infection. =eroxidase acti!ity increased after infection in all the rootstoc,s and susceptible rootstoc,s had less acti!ity of this en2yme as compared to healthy resistant ones. 6mongst bacterial antagonists, )acillus subtilis ((1) was found to be most effecti!e and it was followed by &nterobacter aerogenes (?). 6mongst the fungi, #richoderma iride (T1) was most effecti!e antagonist.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Ei)ay 9ingh Tha,ur (9".1"6"10":) :r. +. .+upta 9tudies on the effect of fungicides on apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (&,e.) *int.) pathogenesis 1/.0
?rgasterol"biosynthesis"inhibiting (?(@) fungicides namely fenarimol (4. Ig a.i.7ml), prochlora2 ($/0 Ig7ml) and bitertanol ($%- Ig7ml) had longer protecti!e acti!ity for upto 1$- hr pre"inoculation. =ersistence (retention) of dodine (4.0.% Ig7ml), manco2eb (1.0% Ig7ml), dithianon (%'$.% Ig7ml), carbenda2im (10% Ig7ml), myclobutanil (4% Ig7ml) and bitertanol (1.0.% Ig7ml) under the impact of % cm rainfall was better for effecti!e control of apple scab. The curati!e acti!ity of ?(@ and ben2imida2ole fungicides was confirmed to 0$ hr and of ben2imida2oles and dodine 4. to 0$ hr after inoculation and beyond this inter!al, their acti!ity was not static. 6ll eight ?(@ fungicides (bitertanol, etacona2ole, myclobutanil, pencona2ole C captan, == %$1, prochlora2, fenarimol and triforine) shared with carbenda2im, thiophanate methyl, dodine and gu2atine a high le!el of pre"symptom acti!ity whereby lesions de!eloped on the lea!es were atypical and were either chlorotic or in the form of reddish brown flec,s. Bltrastructure studies of subcuticular hyphae of the pathogen with the aid of electron microscope confirmed the reliability of isolation procedure and showed that in myclobutanil induced reddish brown flec,s, fungal hyphae had become necrotic with disintegration of !arious cell organelles. *hen applied on established scab lesions, myclobutanil (1-, 4% and '- Ig7ml) pro!ided maximum reduction in spore numbers and spore germination. (ased on the acti!ities of fungicides as studied and utili2ation of predicted infection periods with the help of (iomat 9*+ 6pple 9cab =redictor and de*it ;eaf *etness meter in timing the fungicide application, two different spray programmes (curati!e !ersus protectant) were de!eloped and tried in the orchard with high le!els of inoculum.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
+ulam 3uhammad (eig (9".1"6"11":) :r. &.;.Jandai, 9tudies on Pleurotus cystidiosus 3iller 1/.0
The species is characteri2ed by its ceremioid imperfect stage, Antromycopsis brousonetiae =at. and Traub. The fast linear growth was supported by yeastal =:6 whereas maximum dry mycelial weight was recorded on glucose"asparagine solution. Hptimum temperature and p# for the !egetati!e growth were found to be $.L1 o& and '.-, respecti!ely. 6mong twenty carbon sources tried, dextrose and dulcitol pro!ed to be the best whereas proline and asparagine were the best nitrogen sources. @nssitol (%ppm), copper72inc (% ppm) and gibberellic acid (-.% ppm) fa!oured maximum growth of P. cystidiosus. 6mong se!eral spawn substrates tested, )owar grains fa!oured the fast linear growth, howe!er, maximum yield and biological efficiency were supported by wheat grain spawn. Temperature range of $'"$. o&, relati!e humidity of abo!e .% per cent, $ hour aeration ad 1 hour photoperiod per $4 hours, pro!ed to be optimum for impro!ed substrate coloni2ation, primordia formation and de!elopment of fruit bodies as well as yields. The total crude protein content !aried from $'..0 per cent in primordia to 10.-' per cent in mature sporophores. The fungal pathogen7competitors obser!ed during the culti!ation experimentation were *edacephalus glomerulosum" (. lineatus" (liocladium deliquescens and Sibirina fungicola among the pathogens while the competitors were #richoderma iride" Styasnus medius and Sordaria fimicola. The freshly har!ested fruit bodies could easily be stored in sealed polythene bags upto 4. hours at $-"$%o& and in refrigerator (-"%o&) upto 1. days.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
8arendra umar Tane)a (9".$"6"%":) :r. =. .9eth 9tudies on 3yrothecium leaf cotton 1/.. spot disease of
9e!enteen isolates of Myrothecium roridum were obtained from different !arieties belonging to (ossypium and Vigna species collected from 4 different locations. +rowth studies re!ealed that the maximum !egetati!e growth and sporulation of M. roridum were supported by GichardAs and potato dextrose media. M.roridum was found to enter through stomatae or directly piercing the epidermis of cotton lea!es. The maximum disease de!elopment too, place on the plants upto the age of $. days, howe!er, the disease could de!elop well upto the plant age of %' days. &ultural, physiological and pathogenic !ariability among the 10 isolates of M. roridum were studied. 6ccording to pathogenic ability on 1% !arieties of (ossypium species and two !arieties of Vigna species, the 10 isolates could differentiated into % pathotypes. 6nalysis of free amino acids in resistant and susceptible !arieties re!ealed the presence of 0 amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine, #"prolines and tyrosine) in the susceptible !arieties whereas these were absent in resistant !arieties. Two amino acids (leucine and tyrptophan) were present only in resistant !arieties which may be responsible in pro!iding resistance. 9creening of %-' germplasm lines belonging to all the culti!ated species of (ossypium and M. roridum under glasshouse conditions, showed that only 1lines !i2., 6r,ansas green, +=1/0, irghis $, ;ine F (#yb. 11-), 3":#"'', 3ex '.%"', =ee :ee 111, =ee :ee $%/, =ee :ee .0% and 9G@F4 were resistant. (a!istin, (litox"%and :elsan were effecti!e in controlling the disease.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Jagan 8ath 9harma (9".1"6"14":) :r. J.;. aul 9tructural and biochemical nature of resistance in apple to Venturia inaequalis (&,e.) *int. causing scab 1/..
Earious morphological and biochemical studies were conducted for ascertaining their correlation with scab in ,nown resistant and susceptible culti!ars of apple. @n 1/.' season, scab appeared in first wee, of 6pril in ullu !alley on all the test culti!ars. =rima, =riscilla and ;iberty possessed minimum number of scab lesions (all non"sporulating) per extension shoot and were rated as resistantK Goyal :elicious, Ged :elicious and +olden :elicious were moderately susceptibleK and 3c@ntosh, +ranny 9mith and &oatland were highly susceptible with minimum latent period of 11 days. 6s for as morphological characters were concerned, there was no bearing of any of the character li,e extension shoot growth, leaf area, stomatal number, stomatal per si2e and thic,ness of bar, or bar,7wood ratio whatsoe!er on the resistance or susceptibility of these culti!ars. &ulti!ar also showed !ariation in the thic,ness of cuticle, epidermis and cell wall but showed no relationship with disease resistance either. 6n upsurge in total and H: phenols was obser!ed in lea!es after 1- days of inoculation, the increase being more conspicuous in he resistant culti!ars. (oth phlorid2in and its aglucone phloretin were assayed from the test culti!ars and the le!el of phlored2in was correlated with scab resistance in the young expanding lea!es. #igher total soluble sugars were associated with increased susceptibility to scab and sorbitol dominated only in the resistant culti!ars. #igher content of malic acid and tartaric acid seemed to be associated with the resistant beha!iour of test culti!ars. #igher soluble protein count in the inoculated older lea!es showed significant correlation with the increased susceptibility. Free aminoacid pool depleted with aging and pathogenesis. @n healthy lea!es of resistant culti!ars, :;"phenyl alamine dominated and ;" histidine was exclusi!ely present in these culti!ars. 6lso high potassium and calcium contents were associated with the resistance. &omparati!ely higher en2ymatic acti!ity of peroxidase, catalase and ("glucosidase was assayed in uninoculated younger lea!es of the test culti!ars and that of ("glucosidase was particularly correlated with scab resistance in apple.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
(ishnu =rasad (aruah (9".1"6"1$":) :r. 9.&.&howfla 9tudies on a mosaic disease of cauliflower ()rassica oleracea ;. !ar. botrytis) 1/..
The !irus was sap transmissible as well as through aphid !ectors. )re icoryne brassicae was the most efficient !ector. Hptimum pre"acquisition fasting period was 'minutes whereas, acquisition access period and inoculation access period of % minutes each resulted in maximum transmission. Eirus infected plants of cruciferae, solanaceae, compositae, leguminosae and chenopodiaceae. The !irus was T@= %%"'-o&, :?= 151-1 to 151-4 and ;@E was 0$ hours. Eirus particles were long flexuous rods measuring 0$-"0%x 1$ nm. Eirus induced cylindrical cytoplasmic inclusions, (ased on morphology and serology, the !irus was identified as turnip mosaic !irus"ordinary strain. The disease spread was influenced greatly by air temperature and !ector population. Hut of 40 cauliflower !arieties7!irus infection increased the dry matter and decreased moisture content, chlorophyll and carbohydrates.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Jagdish &hander aushi, (9".4"6"10":) :r. E. .+upta 9tudies on seedling diseases of ?ucalypts 1/..
6 total of nine fungi namely, Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum" C. cla atum" Fusarium solani" F. equiseti" F. moniliforme" $hizoctonia solani" Aspergillus sp. and $hizopus sp. were found to be associated with root7collar region of eucalypts seedlings ha!ing root and collar symptoms. @n addition to both the species of Cylindrocladium" Pestalotiopsis disseminata" Alternaria alternata and Cur ularia sp. were also isolated from lea!es showing blight. C. quinqueseptatum and Alternaria alternata were pre!alent in all the nurseries sur!eyed in the state whereas fungi li,e Fusarium sp., C. cla atum and S. rolfsii were more pre!alent in foot hill areas. 3aximum damping"off incidence was e!ident in $% days old, seedlings which reduced drastically in /- days old ones. &lay soil was found to ha!e maximum disease and e!en soil mixture ha!ing more clay content had increased disease intensity. 9eedling mortality was maximum in 1-- per cent soil moisture at $%o& temperature. 8 deficiency decreased disease whereas that of =, and &a, 3g and Dn increased it. (enlate, (a!istin, &aptan and :ifolatan were found to decrease damping"off of eucalypts seedlings effecti!ely when used as seed treatment. @n case of pre and post"inoculation drench in soil, (enlate was most effecti!e followed by (a!istin, :ifolatan, &aptan and Thiram as promising fungicides. 9imilarly, for leaf and shoot blights, all the fi!e fungicides as mentioned abo!e were found to be most effecti!e. 9oil amendments with cotton ca,es, mai2e straw and saw dust reduced seedling mortality. 9owing of seeds on raised seed beds was better than sowing on sun,en beds. 9imilarly, sowing of seeds upto -.% cm depth in soil ga!e maximum final plant stand which reduced considerably at $.% cm depth. Bnder green house conditions, ).subtilis" #. harzianum and #. iride were found to be most promising in controlling damping"off of eucalypts seedlings.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9udheer umar Gana (9".%"6"11":) :r. E. .+upta 9tudies on root rot of Populus species 1/./
+ematophotra necatri' produced symptoms li,e bron2ing or premature yellowing of lea!es, defoliation, stunting growth, and death of the shoots. The infected roots showed white clusters of the fungus mycelium attached to soil around roots and greyish mycelium strands on root surface. 9oil moisture and temperature had strong relationship and disease incidence was maximum at $$ o& and 0% per cent moisture le!el. 6 soil p# of '.% was found to be most suitable for maximum de!elopment of root rot. The !ariability studies re!ealed that +. necatri' isolates from poplar (three isolates) and apple were the same. The toxic metabolite of +. necatri' in culture filtrate was toxic to the lea!es, shoots and plants of fourteen Populus species. 9oil amendments with neem ca,e ga!e good control of disease under pot as well as field conditions. #richoderma iride followed by #. hamatum and &nterobacter aerogenes ga!e good control of poplar root rot (+. necatri'). (a!istin followed by (enlate, T(D, Topsin"3, :ithane 3"4% and :ifolatan were found to reduce the incidence of poplar root rot under pot as well as field conditions. 6mongst Populus species and hybrids tested by following different methods, P. euramericana N@"'%A, P. euramericana N@"1%4A, P. ,(-ydr., P. ,$einbe/. and P. rubra0 poiret were resistant to +. necatri'.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
=an,a) umar +upta (9".%"6"11":) :r. .G.9hyam ?pidemiology and management of fungal nematode rhi2ome rot complex of ginger 1/./
The sur!ey studies re!ealed the association of six fungi, namely, Pythium aphanidermatum" Fusarium equiseti" F. solani" Cladosporium cladosporioides" Mucor hiemalis and Aspergillus niger and a nematode species Meloidogyne incognita. 6mong these, three fungi namely P. aphanidermatum" F. equiseti and F. solani and the nematode M. incognita were found to be pathogenic. @nteraction studies re!ealed that F. equiseti and F. solani when inoculated four wee,s after nematode inoculation pro!ed more deleterious to ginger growth. @n case of P. aphanidermatum" howe!er, the maximum reductions in shoot, root and rhi2ome weight were obser!ed when the fungus and nematode were inoculated simultaneously. 6n a!erage soil temperature of $% o& coupled with 0% per cent soil moisture le!el caused maximum disease incidence in case of P. aphanidermatum and F. solani. *hereas maximum disease incidence in case of F. equiseti was obtained when 1-- per cent soil moisture was combined with $% o& temperature. @n case of nematode, howe!er, the maximum number of galls was produced at 1-o& with 0% per cent soil moisture le!el. 8eem fruit ca,e was the most effecti!e in reducing disease incidence caused by each pathogen alone as well as when all the four pathogens were present together. The second best amendment material was sarson ca,e. 6liette, Gidomil 3D (both at -.1%F conc.), :ifolatan, +alebn (green) and :ithane 3"4% (all at -.1-F conc.) pro!ed highly effecti!e in controlling the rhi2ome rot complex.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Eed =ar,ash 9harma (#".'"11":) :r. &.;.Jandai, Gecycling of wastes from mushroom culti!ation for growing some edible fungi 1/./
6 combination of wheat straw and spent straw in ratio of $%50% recorded yields at par with %-5%- combination in case of all the edible fungi except Pleurotus sapidus" P. florida and Agrocybe aegerita. 9upplementation of wheat straw plus spent straw (%-5%-) with wheat bran and brewerAs grain (both %F) produced enhanced yields as compared to yields recorded on wheat straw alone in case of all the fungi studied. 9upplementation of the substrate prior to pasteuri2ation was found to be better than the supplementation done after pasteuri2ation. 9upplementation of spent compost with wheat bran (%F) resulted in maximum increase in all the cases except Auricularia polytricha. 9upplementation of Pleurotus waste plus wheat straw (%-5%-) with apple pomace ($-F) during composting supported yield of A. bisporus. 6mong different spawn substrate e!aluated, )owar grains supplemented with gram powder % per cent fa!oured maximum yield of all the fungi followed by )owar grains. P. sapidus fruit bodies produced on wheat straw contain maximum (1%..F) amount of fibbers. @n case of carbohydrates, the maximum (0-.%F) amount was detected in P. ostreatus produced on wheat straw alone and spent straw or spent compost. 6 new pathogen Cladobotryum erticillatum (;in, ex 9.F. +ray) #uges was recorded infecting fruit bodies of Pleurotus species and Auricularia polytricha.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
(alam &hand 9uman (#".%"/":) :r. &.;.Jandai, 3anagement of competitors of Agaricus bisporus (;ange) 9ing. 1/./ spawn of
=er cent frequency of different micro"organisms !aried from month to month and fungi were the largest group of micro"organisms. Aspergillus niger contributed towards highest spoilage followed by Penicillium species. (oiling of wheat grains for 1% or $minutes resulted significantly in maximum linear growth and minimum incubation period (coloni2ation and spawn substrates). &alcium carbonate and calcium sulphate in 1-5 1$combination (154 ratio w7w) on wet weight basis of grains supported highest mycelial growth and too, minimum duration for coloni2ation of spawn substrate. There was no contamination if sterili2ation was done at 1.%4 ,g7cm$ for 1$- minutes, irrespecti!e of number of bags. @f contaminated bags are sorted out well in time, resterili2ation at 1.%4 ,g7cm$ for $ hrs was found quite effecti!e. Fresh spawn produced significantly maximum linear growth in all types of cultures as compared to spawn stored for different inter!als. ;iquid nitrogen storage ("1'- to J1/'o&) of spawn of one year did not effect either the yield or a!erage stipe length as well as pileus diameter as compared to fresh spawn. *ith the increase in storage temperature ($ to 'o&) and period (' to $4 months), there was significantly corresponding decrease in the yield. 3onth"wise e!aluation of A. bisporus spawn stored at different temperature ($ to 'o&) indicated that storage beyond one month period resulted in reduced yield as compared to fresh spawn. 3ultispore culture spawn was found to be more producti!e followed by tissue culture and single spore culture spawn.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9unita 9en (#".0"'":) :r. E. .+upta 3anagement of soil borne diseases in $obinia pseudoacacia ;inn. nurseries 1//-
:uring the sur!ey of Gobinia nurseries, located in four different districts of #imachal =radesh, a total of 1$ fungi namely, Allescheriella sp., Armillaria sp., )otrytis (Sclerotinia minor), Fusarium equiseti" F. solani" F. semitectum" F. o'ysporum" Penicillium spp., $hizopus nigricans" $. oryzae" #richoderma spp. and Verticillium sp. were isolated from the diseased roots and rhi2osphere. The wilt disease was present in all the areas sur!eyed. 6mongst the fungi isolated, F. o'ysporum was most !irulent followed by F. semitectum" F. equiseti and F. solani. These species were associated with symptoms li,e damping"off, rotting and wilt. F. o'ysporum was more !irulent than the other two Fusarium species. (lac, colour seeds were more resistant to infection than grey and brown. Meloidogyne incognita, the root ,not nematode enhanced the infection in case of F. o'ysporum and F. equiseti. 9oil amendments with cotton ca,e ga!e reduction of wilt caused by F. o'ysporum. *hite radish, carrot and gram crops before Gobinia pro!ed helpful in reducing wilt caused by all the Fusasrium species. Bnder pot conditions, maximum reduction in disease was achie!ed by ). subtilis agaisnt F. equiseti and F. semitectum followed by #. iride.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
=iar 9ingh 6ndotra (#".'"1-":) :r. 9.&.&howfla 9tudies on !irus diseases of cucumber (Cucumis sati is ;.) in #imachal =radesh 1//-
@n!estigations were conducted to identify different !iruses7strains responsible for cucumber mosaic disease in cucumber. @ncidence of -.-- to 4'.' per cent of mosaic disease in cucumber was recorded during sur!eys of different districts of #=. 9ymptoms as chlorotic spots on cotyledons, yellows mosaic patterns, !ein clearing, !ein banding, puc,ering and wrin,ling of lea!es, and stunting of plants were e!ol!ed in mosaic disease by !arious !irus isolates. 6ll the isolates were sap and aphid !ector transmitted except &3"%, which was not transmissible by any aphid !ectors. The T@=, :?= and ;@E of the isolates ranged between %%"0-o&, 1-"$, 1-"4, 1$ hours to % days at room temperature and %"10days at refrigeration, respecti!ely. Eirus isolates &3"1, &3"1, &3"4, &3"' and &3"0 contained isometric particles ( 1- nm in diameter), whereas isolate &3"$ had long flexuous rod shaped particles measuring 0%-x11 nm seen under electron microscope. (ased on different identification parameters, the !irus isolates were identified as possible member of cucumo!irus (&3"1, &3"1, &3"4, &3"' and &3"0), poty!irus (&3"$) and nepo!irus (&3"%) groups. @n epidemiological studies, mean air temperature and !ector population influence cucumber mosaic disease incidence to grater extent. ?arly sowing, use of yellow polythene mulch and spray of arate were found effecti!e in reducing disease incidence. Hut of fifty se!en germplasm collections against cucumber mosaic !irus(es), none were found resistant under field conditions.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
#arinder =aul 9ingh 9ahi (#"/0"14":) :r. .G.9hyam ?pidemiology and management of 6lternaria leaf spots of tomato in #imachal =radesh 1//-
Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici was in!ariably found to be associated on lesions produced on leaflets, stems and branches whereas A. alternata was associated only with lesions produced on leaflets. 6t $%o&, A. alternata f.sp. lycopersici was found to be more pathogenic than A. alternata. The growth of both the pathogens were fa!oured by water agar C leaflet bits and temperatures of $- and $% o& were found to be optimal for the growth of A. alternata and A. alternata f.sp. lycopersici, respecti!ely. =er cent se!erity index of leaf spots caused by A. alternata f.sp. lycopersici at all locations upto /- days of transplanting, after which the re!erse was true. ?arly transplanting of crop, resulted in delayed appearance of leaf spots caused by both the pathogens. 6mong the !arious lines7culti!ars screened, four germplasm lines !i2., ?&"104-'/, ?&"104-$%, ?&" 104-%0 and a culti!ar 3arglobe were found resistant to both the pathogens under natural epiphytotic conditions. &lipping of lower lea!es upto $- cm height from the ground le!el resulted in increased yield and decreased leaf spots se!erity caused by both the pathogens in weeded as well as unweeded plots. 6pplication of #exacap pro!ed most effecti!e in reducing the leaf spots se!erity of both the pathogens during the years 1/.. and 1/./. &ombination of #exacap sprays with clipping of lower lea!es ($- cm from the ground le!el) and weeding exhibited the additi!e effect on the decreased the se!erity of leaf spots caused by both the pathogens. 9imilarly, (ordeaux mixture application coupled with clipping of lower lea!es ($- cm from the ground le!el) and weeding also recorded the highest fruit yield among all the treatments tried.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
:haram 9ingh :odan (9".0"1":) :r. .G.9hyam Eariability in Phytophthora nicotianae !ar. parasitica (:ast.) *aterhouse and management of buc,eye rot of tomato in #imachal =radesh 1//1
@n all, $' isolates obtained from diseased specimens, collected from different locations were chosen. The maximum a!erage number of sporangia (.4..) was found formed on H36 closely followed by &36 with -.-13 8o 1 solution and rain water as !apour condensation substrates. Hospores were obser!ed only in old cultures after /days of incubation at $%o&. #owe!er, no oospore production was obser!ed in diseased seedlings. The mass isolates !aried considerably from each other on the basis of their growth preferences to different solid media. 6 temperature ranging from $%"1-o& and p# from %.- to '.- were found optimum for the growth of the mass isolates. The mass isolates of the pathogen exhibited considerable !ariation in growth with different concentrations of the thiamine. There was an increase in sporangial germination with increase in temperature from $- to 1-o& and maximum sporangial germination was recorded at 1-o&. The age of the fruit had no effect on disease de!elopment. &onsiderable !ariation in the aggressi!eness of mass isolates f the fungus was obser!ed on different hosts. 6mong the !arious culti!ars and lines screened, only one line i.e. &eresiformae was found resistant. &ombination of fungicide sprays with clipping of lower lea!es (1% cm from the ground le!el), mulching with polythene and weeding exhibited in additi!e effect on the reduction of buc,eye rot incidence.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
ishore umar (#".0"$":) :r. +. .+upta @nfluence of bio"meteorological parameters in apple scab de!elopment and its management 1//1
9tudying the de!elopment of scab fungus in relation to weather conditions, moisture either in the form of dew or rain had greater impact in initial de!elopment of pseudothecia within 1-"1% days after leaf fall. Temperature had a negati!e effect on the number of pseudothecia per unit leaf area and number of asci per pseudothecium whereas rainfall was positi!ely correlated. 3aximum ascospore producti!ity coincided with the full bloom in 1/./ and with the petal fall stage in 1//-. =seudothecia were fully exhausted at $ cm and $.% cm fruit diameter stage in 1/./ and 1//-, respecti!ely. *hen ascospore emission period was correlated with degree days ( o&), accumulation of /1-o& and /0'.%%o: was necessary for total emission of ascospsores in 1/./ and 1//-, respecti!ely. This showed that on an a!erage, ascospore emission period was of '$"'. days at an a!erage of /%1o&. 6scertaining the !alidity of 3illsAs criteria, it was re!ealed that days required for symptom expression were more than predicted by 3ills. &urati!e acti!ity of ergosterol"biosynthesis inhibiting (?(@) fungicides namely flutriafol, hexacona2ole, myclobutanil and fenarimol was confined to 0$ hr. #owe!er, these fungicides pro!ided good control when applied 1$- hr after initiation of predicti!e infection period in the orchard. The post"symptom anti"sporulant acti!ity of flutriafol was excellent and was superior to all other ?(@ fungicides tested. 9econd best fungicide for reduction of conidial production was fenarimol. 3yclobutanil was second best to flutriafol in inhibiting the spore germination.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Ga)ee! Gaina (#".0"4":) :r. &.;.Jandai, 9tudies on bacterial blotch of Agaricus bisporus (;ange) 9ing. and its management 1//$
The organism responsible for blotch was identified as Pseudomonas tolaasii. ?pidemiological studies re!ealed that temperature and relati!e humidity collecti!ely contributed for less than %- per cent of the disease de!elopment. (lotch bacterium could induce symptoms on Agaricus bitorquis and resulted in rotting of Pleurotus sa1or0ca1u while A. polytricha and A. aegerita was found to be %% and ''o& in aqueous and moist soil, respecti!ely. *hen temperature was ,ept constant (1'L1 o&), there was increase in per cent diseased mushrooms with increase in relati!e humidity. 2n itro e!aluation of different antibiotics, re!ealed that oxytetracycline and streptocycline were found to be quite effecti!e as compared to others when e!aluated by different techniques. 8eem ca,e and garlic clo!e extracts were found to be quite effecti!e in inhibiting the blotch pathogen. Bnder mushroom house conditions, two sprays of oxytetracycline (4-- ppm) resulted in minimum number of diseased fruit bodies. The mushroom yield recorded in different treatments did not differ significantly among themsel!es, indicating that blotch disease did not effect yield of mushrooms har!ested.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9andeep ansal (#".."11":) :r. J.;. aul 9tudies on 9clerotiorum root rot of yellow horned poppy 1//1
Goot rot of yellow horned poppy ((laucium fla um &rant2.) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii 9acc. was found in se!ere form during the rainy seasons (1//-"1//1) at two localities in 9olan district of #imachal =radesh. 9e!ere yellowing and wilting were the first symptoms followed by shri!elling and drying of the foliage. The pathogen in!aded the collar portion of the plant more readily than other plant portions. The susceptibility decreased with plant age increasing from 1 to 11wee,s. Bnder green house conditions, the edaphic factors li,e soil moisture ('-F 3#&), soil p# ('.-" 0.-), presence of host leaf substrate and close proximity (1 cm) of dried sclerotia fa!oured the root rot de!elopment. The meteorological factors, namely soil moisture ($0.$ J 1-.%F), soil temperature ($%.1 J 1-.% o&) had a positi!e correlation with the disease progression under natural conditions. The sur!i!al of sclerotia was ad!ersely affected at moisture le!els more than %- per cent, temperature ranging from $% to 1-o&, depths deeper than '- cm. The temperature range of 1- to 1% o&, p# '.- and solute water potential of J1.- bar were optimum for sclerotial germination. The prolonged exposure (14 h) to BE light and burial of sclerotia at deeper depths more than '- mm significantly reduced the germinability. #igh en2yme (pectic, celulolytic) and oxalic acid acti!ities were recorded both under in itro and in i o conditions. The root rot caused a significant loss in glaucine content of the host plant. 8one of the twel!e yellow horned poppy test lines showed resistance to the pathogen. 9oil solari2ation treatment of four wee,s was efficacious in limiting the root rot. The cultural practices li,e deep ploughing and no"lay"by operation pro!ided effecti!e disease remission when used in combination with fungicide (Eita!ax O -.1%F or &aptaf O -.$%F) and fertili2er (ammonium bicarbonate O .4 ,g 87ha). 9oil amendments with oat straw, castor, neem ca,e (1.- F w7w) and calcium ammonium nitrate ('- ,g 87ha) pro!ided promising control. Eita!ax ($--- ppm) was efficacious fungicide in inhibiting the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii. 9oil drenching with Eita!ax (-.1%F), &alixin (-.-%F), &aptaf (-.$%F) and Thiram (-.$-F) were highly effecti!e in suppressing the root rot expression. (. irens" #. harzianum and #. iride in con)unction with calcium ammonium nitrate (4- ,g 87ha) were highly efficacious against the disease under pot culture.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
6mar 8ath &handrani (9"./"1-":) :r. J.;. aul 9tudies on posthar!est diseases of peach and their management 1//1
Four diseases namely whis,erAs rot ($hizopus stoloifer), brown rot (Monilinia la'a), blac, mould rot (Aspergillus niger) and blue mould rot (Penicillium e'pansum) predominated causing .0 per cent of the total fungal spoilage. *his,erAs rot was most destructi!e of all the rots. The a!erage cumulati!e fruit loss was $1.'4 per cent. 9pores of M. la'a could germinate at %o&, but the spores of other test pathogen did not. The optimum temperature range for spore germination of M. la'a $-"$%o&, and A. niger $0" 1-o& whereas for P. e'pansum and $. stolonifer, it ranged between $4 to $0o&. P. e'pansum expressed highest polygalacturonase (=+) acti!ity in in itro followed by M. la'a. M. la'a exhibited highest polymethylgalacturonase (=3+) acti!ity under both the conditions followed by P. e'pansum" $. stolonifer and A. niger in descending order of significance. The in itro =+ and =3+ acti!ities were lower than in in i o. P. e'pansum possessed highest pectinmethylestrase (=3?) acti!ity in in i o and M. la'a under in itro. The cellulase (&x) acti!ity was highest in $. stolonifer, followed by P. e'pansum under in i o and in itro conditions. Earious fungal infections resulted in sharp decline in polyphenol oxidase (==H) acti!ity, excepting M. la'a infection, which resulted in increased acti!ity. @mmediate hydrocooling after inoculation significantly retarded M. la'a de!elopment in peaches placed at $%o&, in comparison to $4 and 1' h delayed cooling. #ydrocooling of $. stolonifer inoculated peaches, immediately and holding them at $%o& did not affect the rot de!elopment. 6fter $4 h delay, hydrocooling of inoculated peaches with (otran (1-- ppm) significantly reduced the $. stolonifer decay. Treating peaches in water at %$o& for 4 min significantly effected the de!elopment of !arious fungal decays. :&86 ((otran) wrappers were quite effecti!e against whis,erAs rot and also inhibited the brown rot. @odine potassium iodide (@=@) wrappers were almost equally effecti!e against blue and blac, mould rots. Fumigation of !ariously inoculated peaches with potassium and sodium metabisulphite was highly efficacious against blue mould and brown rot, respecti!ely. =rehar!est sprays with 1%-- ppm (a!istin and Topsin"3 ga!e significant control of brown and blue mould rot. (otran sprays at $--- ppm were efficacious against $hizopus rot.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Ga,esh umar 3andradia (#"./"1$":) :r. .G.9hyam 9tudies on soft rot of cauliflower seed crop in #imachal =radesh 1//1
The plant mortality due to soft rot ranged from -.% to 0-.- per cent and the corresponding loss in seed yield ranged from $.- to $.-.- ,g per hectare at different locations. @n all ' fungi, !i2., Alternaria brassicae" Aspergillus fla us" Fusarium equiseti" Pythium aphanidermatum" $hizopus stolonifer and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and a bacterium 3anthomonas campestris p!. campestris were identified to be associated with the disease. The higher incidence of the disease as well as the shorter incubation period was found when 3.c. p!. campestris inoculum was applied. Bnder natural epiphytotic conditions, the disease appeared in the month of February. The correlation coefficients of incidence and se!erity with temperature were highly significant and positi!e and it was significant and negati!e with the relati!e humidity. 3ultiple regression analysis of the data re!ealed that only temperature had significant positi!e effect on the disease de!elopment. The spray application of =aushamycin plus #exacap %- *= besides being the most efficacious also resulted in the highest seed yield in i o followed by 9treptocycline plus #exacap %- *=. (ordeaux mixture plus 9reptocycline spray was the least efficacious treatment which ga!e the lowest disease control and the minimum seed yield.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9atya =al +oyal (#"./"14":) :r. &.;.Jandai, @nteraction of weed fungi with Agaricus bisporus (;ange) @mbach and their management 1//1
6mong different weed fungi (#richothecium roseum" #richoderma iride" Chaetomium globosum" +iehliomyces microsporus" Papulaspora byssina" Myceliophthora lutea and species of Coprinus" *edocephalum" Pythium" Sepedonium and Sporendonema) recorded, the frequency and incidence of P. byssina was maximum. +rowth (radial and diametric) of Agaricus bisporus was significantly inhibited irrespecti!e of weed fungi except in case of P. byssina. &ultural filtrates of !arious weed fungi, significantly inhibition of A. bisporus except P. byssina where inhibition of growth of A. bisporus was non"significant as compared to control. #. iride and C. globossum were found to produce !olatile metabolites and resulted in 0..$ and $.10 per cent inhibition, respecti!ely of A. bisporus growth. &omparati!e rate of growth of all the weed fungi was much faster as compared to A. bisporus growth on pasteuri2ed compost. *hen different weed fungi were grown indi!idually in presence of A. bisporus on pasteuri2ed compost, all the weed fungi significantly inhibited growth of A. bisporus. Fifty ppm of (a!istin, Topsin"3, @ndofil 3"4% and #exacap did not exert any inhibitory effect on the growth of A. bisporus whereas, growth of #. iride and P. byssina was inhibited 1-- per cent. There was significant increase in yield of A. bisporus irrespecti!e of weed fungi inoculation with single spray of either (a!istin, Topsin" 3 or @ndofil 3"4%. 6mendment of compost with different plant materials produced higher yield as compared to control. @noculation of !arious weed fungi in spawned compost amended with different plant materials produced significantly more yields with all the weed fungi. :e!elopment of !arious weed fungi was fa!oured by higher compost moisture (0%F) and temperature ($%o&).
1. $. 1. 4. %.
ulbir 9ingh :han)u (#"./"11":) :r. 9.&.&howfla ?pidemiology and management of !irus disease(s) of French bean (Phaseolus ulgaris ;.) 1//1
9ur!eys recorded in #=, an incidence of !irus disease(s) ranging from -.-- to 1-per cent in French bean. The symptoms produced by the !irus(es) were mosaic, !ein"banding, puc,ering, distortion of infected lea!es etc. Eirus isolates were sap as well as two aphid !ectors !i2., M. persicae and A. cracci ora transmissible except one isolate (F(".), which was only transmitted by M. persicae. The host range of the !irus isolates was restricted to the families chenopodiaceae, leguminosae and solanaceae. The T@=, :?= and ;@E of all isolates ranged between %%"'-o&, 1-"1"1-"4, 1"1 days at room temperature and 1"% days at refrigerated temperature, respecti!ely. ;ong flexuous, rod shaped particles of the !irus typical of poty!irus group were obser!ed under electron microscope. @9?3 studies showed good trapping of !irus particles with (&3E for all the isolates, except F(" ., which showed trapping with (<3E. Hn the basis of different identification parameter isolates F("1 to F("0 identified as strain(s) of (&3E, while F(". as bean yellow mosaic !irus. Eirus disease incidence in French bean was mainly influenced by !ector population, mean air temperature and wind !elocity. For management of disease, early planting, more plant density, yellow polythene mulch and arate as insecticide pro!ed effecti!e as red !eining disease incidence. Hut of 100 germplasm collection of French bean, ?& /44'/ and ?& /4/$/ were found highly resistant against (&3E.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9atish umar 9harma (#"./"11":) :r. E. .+upta 9tudies on management of white root rot of apple 1//1
@ncorporation of neem, mahua and castor ca,es and chopped needles of deodar, chir and ,ail pines, prior to inoculation of pathogen was found quite effecti!e in reducing root rot of apple in pots. The reduction was %$.1., 4%..4, 4$..', '/.'4, %../.1 and 40.'$ per cent in these treatments, respecti!ely. Fertili2ation of apple seedlings with calcium ammonium nitrate and single super phosphate was obser!ed to reduce the incidence of disease by '1.44 and 41..' per cent in pots and 40.41 and 1/.'1 per cent in field, respecti!ely. #richoderma iride" #. harzianum" #. hamatum" #. /oningii and (. irens. &nterobacter aerogenes a bacterial antagonist was also quite effecti!e and produced inhibition 2one of 4.-- mm against +ematophora necatri'. 6pplication of &. aerogenes" #. iride" #. harzianum and (. irens, two wee,s prior to inoculation of +. necatri' delayed the appearance of disease by $4, %, 4 and 4 days and mortality of plants by 04.04, 11.1-, 11.'/ and 11.41 per cent, respecti!ely in pots. Fi!e applications of &. aerogenes" #. iride" #. harzianum and (. irens resulted in 0%.--, 40.'$, 41.-0 and 10.%- per cent disease control in pots and %%.1/, 4-.--, 4-.'% and 1/..$ per cent under field conditions, respecti!ely. =re, simultaneous or post"inoculation (pathogen) application of combination of four chemicals namely (a!istin C Furadan C phorate C :ithane 3"4% (-.1F C 1g7plant C 1- g7plant C -.$%F) in pots as well as under field conditions completely pre!ented the appearance of the disease. 6ll the fungal antagonists four effecti!e against +. necatri' were completely inhibited by (a!istin ($% ppm) in itro. (a!istin ($-- ppm), phorate (1--- ppm) and :ithane 3"4% ($--- ppm) did not inhibit the growth of &. aerogenes. =re"inoculation application of &. aerogenes along with (a!istin (-.1, -.-%, -.-$% F) ga!e .%.0$, .-.0$, .-./' and ''.'0 per cent control of disease.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Ga,hi &hopra (#"/-"11":) :r. E. .+upta 9tudies on bacterial spot of stone fruits with ma)or emphasis on almond 1//4
9ur!ey of different fruit growing areas in the districts of ullu, 9irmour and 9olan of #imachal =radesh re!ealed that the leaf spot and fruit gummosis was present in all the localities. The causal bacterium was identified as 3anthomonas campestris p!. pruni. 9tudies on the cross !irulence of 3.c. p!. pruni isolates on two culti!ars each of almond, apricot, peach and plum clearly indicated that these differed in the pathogenic reaction. Hut of ten species of fungi and se!en of bacteria isolated from almond phylloplane, )acillus spp., ). subtilis" &r-inia herbicola" Fla obacterium sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp. and $hizopus sp. were found inhibitory against 3.c. p!. pruni in itro. 3ean minimum temperature, relati!e humidity and total rainfall had a positi!e influence on epiphytic population, howe!er, increase in maximum temperature decreased the population of 3.c. p!. pruni. Fi!e sprays of 9treptocycline (1-- ppm) along with (litox"%- (-.$F) immediately after the appearance of the disease accompanied by 4 subsequent sprays at 1% days inter!al were found to be best in reducing both the leaf spot and fruit gummosis phases.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
6nil umar #anda (#"/1"/":) :r. 9.&.&howfla @dentification and management of infecting chillies in #imachal =radesh 1//% !iruses
@n!estigations were underta,en to identify different !iruses7strain responsible for causing chilli mosaic. The symptoms e!ol!ed chilli mosaic disease were chlorosis, mosaic, mottling, green !ein banding, thic,ening of leaf !eins, puc,ering and blistering of the infected lea!es, stunting of plants, flower dropping and fruit deformities. 6ll isolates were found to be sap transmissible as well as by aphids. The host range was restricted to the family solanaceae. T@=, :?= and ;@E of the !irus isolates ranged between %%"0-o&, 1-"1 " 1-"4, 1"4 days at room temperature and 0"11 days at refrigeration respecti!ely. ?lectron microscopic studies re!ealed presence of flexuous rods of si2e 01-" 0%- x 11"1$ nm. ;amellar aggregates were also obser!ed in infested samples which are typical of poty!irus group. =enicillin and al,aline phosphate based :6&"?;@96 tested J !e against (&3E, (<3E, =3E and =9b3E. Solanum nigrum" +atura metel !ar. fastusa, La icantdra physalaroides were potential reser!oir of chilli !irus. ?pidemiological studies showed that the disease incidence was influenced by air temperature, G# and !ector population. ?arly planting of chilli and plant spacing of 1-x1- cm showed less disease incidence. Bse of polythene mulches not only reduced the disease incidence but also increased the dry pod yield significantly. <ellow polythene mulch was the best in reducing the disease incidence. 3ai2e used as barrier crop in combination with metasystox insecticidal application in chilli plantations was most superior among the !arious combinations in management practices against !irus mosaic disease. Fi!e !arieties7collections7lines of capsicum were found highly resistant under glasshouse as well as field conditions.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
8arender umar (harat (#"/$"11":) :r. ;.8.(hardwa) 9tudies on the influence of !esicular"arbuscular mycorrhae on white root rot of apple 1//'
6mongst the six E63 fungi namely, (lomus mosseae" (. fasciculatum" Acaulospora lae is" (igaspora gilmorei and (lomus spp. (;ocal apple isolate), isolate ((lomus spp.) was found most efficient in coloni2ing roots of apple seedlings and reducing the disease se!erity. =re"inoculation of apple seedlings with local E63 isolate ((lomus spp.), '- days prior to +ematophora necatri' inoculation, was ad)udged the best treatment in reducing disease se!erity and increasing E63 coloni2ation. @ncrease on plant growth parameters such as height, stem diameter, leaf area, root length and dry root and shoot weight was also found significantly higher in (lomus spp. inoculated seedlings in comparison to non"mycorrhi2al pathogen inoculated and pathogen inoculated seedlings. The chlorophyll content in the lea!es of mycorrhi2al7non"mycorrhi2al seedlings increased significantly under all E63 applications, howe!er, it decreased in mycorrhi2al and non"mycorrhi2al pathogen inoculated seedlings. 9imilarly the total phenol, and = contents were also found significantly higher in E63 inoculated seedlings in comparison to non"mycorrhi2al seedlings with maximum in (lomus spp. inoculated seedlings. 6pplication of fungicides namely, carbenda2im, &u9H 4 and 6ureofungin suppressed the E63 coloni2ation and sporulation initially but increased gradually thereafter, howe!er, drenching of carbenda2im had less effect on E63 coloni2ation and sporulation than others. &ombined effect of application of (lomus spp. and carbenda2im (-.1F) increased the coloni2ation and reduced disease se!erity significantly o!er other treatments.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Eish!anath +ade (#"/$"1-":) :r. J.;. aul 9tudies on biological control of important posthar!est diseases of apple 1//0
The 1%- bacterial, %1 yeasts and 1% fungal isolates from apple lea!es and fruit of neglected orchards, only six bacterial, three fungal and eight yeast species indicated positi!e antagonistic interactions. The yeast antagonist #hodosporidium toruloides was most potent antagonist. The sensiti!ity of $hizopus stolonifer was highest while (lomerella cingulata exhibited lowest sensiti!ity to antagonist(s) while (. cingulata sensiti!ities exhibited by Penicillium e'pansum and Monilinia fructigena were significantly higher than (. cingulata. #ighest protection against the test pathogen was achie!ed with lowest (1-4 spores7ml) pathogen and highest (1-. spores7cfu7ml) antagonist concentration. #igher antagonistic acti!ity was assessed in presence of inorganic salts than the amino acids. &ulture filtrates of Candida rhagii and $odotorula glutinis ga!e maximum protection against the test pathogens. 9ignificant inhibitions were also affected by filtrates of Aureobasidium pullulans and C. cantarellii. The antagonists performance was highest at %o& which decreased with the increase in temperature (% to 1-o&). =lant extract (latex) of &. royleana pro!ided highest protection against the test pathogens followed by P. granatum fruit extract. Penicillium e'pansum exhibited highest sensiti!ity to the plant extracts while $. stolonifer was insensiti!e.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
:harmesh +upta (#"/%"$-":) :r. 9.&.&howfla &haracteri2ation of !iruses causing leaf curl disease of tomato in #imachal =radesh 1///
The incidence of leaf curl disease ranged between 1.- to 0%.- per cent and 1.% to 0-.- per cent during the cropping seasons of 1//0 and 1//., respecti!ely. 8one of the isolates were transmitted by sap and by different species of aphids tested but were readily transmitted through grafting and by the whitefly, )emisia abaci. The host range of the !irus isolates was restricted to the plants belonging to the families asteraceae and solanaceae. ?!en a single whitefly was able to transmit bot the leaf curl isolates. ?lectron microscopic studies re!ealed that both the isolates (T;&"1 and T;&"$) consisted of geminate particles measuring 10 x $/ nm and 10 x 1- nm, respecti!ely. @mmunosorbent electron microscopy (@9?3) showed that both the isolates exhibited enhanced trapping of the !irions with antiserum against @ndian cassa!a mosaic !irus (@&3E). 9imple correlation coefficients of disease incidence with temperature, relati!e humidity and !ector population were found to be highly significant during both the years. ?arly planting of tomato showed less disease incidence (1$.%- and 1'.$% F) during 1//0 and 1//. cropping seasons than those planted on later dates. The use of different coloured polythene mulches (especially yellow) not only reduced the disease incidence but also increased the yield substantially as compared to the control. Hut of eighty se!en culti!ars tested, only ?&"1-41/% was found to be resistant to the !irus both under field and glasshouse conditions.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Eidya 9agar Eerma (#"/4"1-":) :r. 9. .9harma 9tudies on non"chemical management of mango wilt in nurseries 1///
?ffect of soil amendment with oil ca,es, fresh as well as dry plant materials, biocontrol agents and soil solari2ation was seen on the management of mango wilt caused by Fusarium solani. Hil ca,es and plant materials increased the population of soil fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes whereas sawdust decreased the microbial population. 6ll the amendments reduced pathogen population as well as wilt incidence and impro!ed plant health. 6mong the oil ca,es, neem ca,e ($F w7w) when applied one month prior to pathogen inoculation recorded the minimum pathogen population and maximum disease control with highest shoot length, root length, shoot weight and root weight. 6pplication of Cannabis lea!es ($F w7w) one month prior to pathogen inoculation recorded the minimum pathogen population and highest disease control as well as shoot and root lengths and weights after /- days of inoculation. 6ll the fungal antagonists !i2., #richoderma harzianum" #. iride" #. hamatum" (liocladium irens and bacterial antagonists (1 and ($ strains of )acillus sp. inhibited the wilt pathogen both under in itro as well as in i o studies. @noculation of antagonists of sterili2ed pot soil 1- days prior to pathogen inoculation recorded the minimum pathogen population and maximum disease control. 6mong the polythene tarps of different thic,ness used for soil solari2ation, the thinnest tarp ($% Im) recorded the maximum increase in soil temperature of 11.0o& and 1$.0o& under irrigated and unirrigated conditions, respecti!ely as compared to untarped control. The rise in temperature was maximum in the top 1- cm layer which successi!ely decreased with increase in soil depth. =athogen population was completely eliminated after 4% days of solari2ation under $% Im tarp in irrigated conditions and after '- days under all the tarps in irrigated as well as unirrigated conditions. There was complete control of wilt in solari2ed plots. The thinnest tarp ($% Im) recorded the maximum shoot and root lengths as well as weights in irrigated treatments. 9ol solari2ation considerably reduced the populations of soil nematodes as well as weeds. 8itrogen, potassium, organic carbon contents and soil p# increased whereas phosphorus content decreased in solari2ed soil. 9olari2ation of irrigated soils with $% Im tarp alone or in combinations with organic amendments (neem ca,e and Cannabis lea!es) as well as fungal antagonists (#. harzianum and (. irens) completely eliminated the pathogen population upto a soil depth of 1- cm, no wilt symptoms appeared upto the end of the trial recording the highest impro!ement in plant health.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
. 6braham 3athew (#"/%"$1":) :r. .G. 9hyam ?pidemiology, !ariability and management of 6ngular leaf spot of French bean 1///
The incidence of the disease ranged from %.- to 1--.- and '-.- to 1--.- per cent and se!erity from 1.14 to .-.- and $%.- to '-.'' per cent during 1//' and 1//0 crop season. =otato dextrose agar (=:6) supplemented with 1 per cent bean seed extract, supported maximum mycelial growth while $%o& found optimal for the growth of the pathogen. @ncrease in leaf wetness durations from 1 to / h showed a corresponding decrease in incubation period from 1$ to / days whereas further increase in leaf wetness did not exert any effect on incubation period. #owe!er, intermittent wetness upto 1 cycle (1$ h dry and 1$ h wet) were found effecti!e to increase number of lesions per leaf. #igher relati!e humilities (P/-F) fa!oured disease de!elopment. Gegression equation between disease se!erity and en!ironmental factors explained '/.11 per cent change in the disease se!erity to be due to rainfall, soil moisture and relati!e humidity. Thus high humidity (P .-F) coupled with moderate temperatures ($%L1 o&) fa!our disease de!elopment. &onidial release of Phaeoisariopsis griseola was found to be fa!oured by temperature ($1"$4o&), high relati!e humidity (P/-F), pre!alence of dew ($-.-- to -..-h) and a dar, period. The losses in green pod yield ranged from %1.0' to '/.11 per cent and seed yield from %1./$ to '4.%% per cent among different French bean culti!ars. Hut of 101 culti!ars7lines screened against P. griseola under natural epiphytotic conditions, none was immune to the disease. #owe!er, lines ?& 440%., ?& /0.1- and 8@& 144-$ exhibited highly resistant to resistant reactions. (ean sowing after $- th 6ugust showed a signification reduction in disease se!erity. #owe!er, early sowing (July) resulted in increased seed germination and yield. *ider row to row and plant to plant spacing of 'x $$.% cm (bush type) and 1$- x $$.% cm (pole type) registered minimum disease se!erity while narrow plant spacings registered higher disease se!erity. @nter"cropping of French beans with mai2e was found to be highly effecti!e to reduce the disease se!erity. Hrganic amendments li,e ca,es of cotton and mustard were found effecti!e to reduce the disease se!erity and increase green pod yield. 6pplication of (a!istin as seed treatment (-.1F) followed by foliar sprays (-.-%F) pro!ed effecti!e in reducing disease se!erity and increased seed yield.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9an)ee! 9harma (#"/'"1-":) :r. G.&.9harma 9tudies on epidemiology and management of poplar leaf rust $---
=oplar leaf rust caused by Melampsora species is of world wide occurrence. @n @ndia, the disease is caused by an indigenous species ( M. ciliata) reported only from western #imalayas. Gust is pre!alent in moderate to se!ere from in all the four agro" climatic 2ones of #imachal =radesh. The se!erity of disease ranged from 1 to .% per cent with maximum in 2one"@@. The o!erall se!erity of the rust in the state was 1$.%4 per cent. =attern of urediniospore production and urediniospore si2e on different poplar genotype re!ealed the influence of plant genotype and en!ironment. Gust assumed an epiphytotic status in the months of July and 6ugust. @ncubation period for flec,ing was positi!ely correlated with latent period for eruption of first and fifty per cent uredinia while negati!ely correlated with uredinia per leaf disc. @solates of the pathogen beha!ed differently in the same host genotype and isolate @4 (8irath) was found to be more !irulent. Temperature of $-o& and 1-- per cent relati!e humidity were optimal for the germination of urediniospores. Brediniospores lost their !iability within 1- days at Q $-o&. :isease incidence was correlated with stomatal density while pore si2e had no role in regulation of disease. Eariation in protein and phenolic contents was also obser!ed in Populus species7culti!ars7hybrids7clones but no correlation could be established with disease incidence. ;eaf emergence was positi!ely correlated but initiation of disease. 8one of the Populus ciliata clone was disease free while large number of hybrids with inhibition of disease. 8one of P.deltoides remained rust free. =rior inoculation of antagonists (Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium o'ysporum) resulted in least germination of urediniospores, minimum eruption of uredinia per leaf disc and maximum parasiti2ation of urediniospores and uredinia. Brediniospores !iability loss was less and at a slower rate at 1-o& and at lower concentration of antagonists than at $% o& and at higher concentration of antagonists. Geduction in !iability of urediniospores was rapid with A. alternata and C. o'ypsorum. Hut of thirteen fungicides tested, ?(@ fungicides (9core, Topas and &ontaf) exhibited god control of rust disease.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
3amta 9harma (#"/'"/":) :r. 9. .9harma 8on"chemical methods for the management of white root rot of apple $---
?ffect of organic amendments, biocontrol agents and soil solari2ation was seen on soil microflora and management of white root rot of apple caused by +ematophora necatri'. 6ddition of oil ca,es and plant materials increased the population of soil fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, whereas, sawdust reduced microbial population. 6mongst the organic amendments tested, neem ca,e and deodar needles ga!e maximum disease control and also delayed the symptoms when applied one wee, and two months prior to the pathogen inoculation, respecti!ely. 6ll the fungal and bacterial antagonists !i2., #richoderma iride" #. harzianum" #. hamatum" (liocladium irens" )acillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. inhibited the growth of +. necatri' both under in itro and in i o conditions. 6pplications of fungal antagonists to sterili2ed pot soil 1% days prior to pathogen inoculation recorded maximum disease control. 9imilarly, application of )acillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. '". days prior to the pathogen inoculation ga!e maximum control of root rot. @n addition to disease control, all the bacterial antagonists impro!ed the plant health. +. necatri' was found to be sensiti!e abo!e 4- under in itro conditions. 6mong the polyethylene tarp of $% Im and %- Im used for soil solari2ation, the thinnest tarp ($% Im) record ."/o& increase in soil temperature as compared to unsolari2ed soils. Gise in temperature was maximum in the top 1- cm layer that decreased with corresponding increase in soil depth. +. necatri' was completely eradicated upto 1- cm depth under both the mulches in irrigated and unirrigated soils. 9oil solari2ation considerably reduced the population of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, howe!er, the population of thermotolerant and thermophilic fungi increased. 8itrogen, potassium, organic carbon and electrical conducti!ity increased, whereas, phosphorus content decreased in solari2ed soil. 8o disease was recorded in solari2ed plots amended with neem ca,e, #. iride" #. harzianum and )acillus alone as well as in combination with each other e!en after one year of solari2ation and also impro!ed plant health.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
6rti 9hu,la (#"/'".":) :r. .G.9hyam 9tudies on bacterial spot of tomato caused by 3anthomonas esicatoria (:oidge) :ye $--1
(acterial spot of tomato caused by 3anthomonas esicatoria (:oidge) :ye was found to occur in moderate to se!ere form in !arious tomato growing areas of 9olan and 9irmour districts of #imachal =radesh. =athogen produced symptoms on all abo!e ground parts of the plant with shorter incubation period on fruits in comparison to lea!es and stems. 3aximum growth of the bacterium was recorded at 1-o& and 0.- p#. 6mong the different liquid media, nutrient broth and dew water fa!oured maximum growth of the bacterium. ?pidemiological studies re!ealed that an inoculum density of 1.-x1-. cfu7ml was optimum for the initiation of disease and maximum disease se!erity was recorded in case of wound inoculated %% days old plants maintained at $. o& coupled with 1-- per cent relati!e humidity for $4 h. There was increase in disease se!erity with the increase in leaf wetness duration. Temperature, relati!e humidity and soil moisture considerably influenced bacterial spot de!elopment. =athogen remained !iable for 1 R months in inoculated seeds under laboratory conditions ($1"$%o&). 6mong the !arious chemical e!aluated in itro at !arying concentrations against 3. esicatoria by turbidimetric, well and ThompsonAs methodsK 9treptocycline (1-- ppm) and combination of 9treptocycline (1- ppm) plus (litox"%- ($--- ppm) pro!ided maximum inhibition of bacterial growth. =ine needles and eucalyptus lea!es extracts O 4- F w7! also inhibited the growth of the test pathogen. 6mong the different thermal, chemical and chemothermal treatments, hot water (%-o&) treatment for -.% h, 9treptocycline (-.-1F) treatment for 1 h and 9treptocycline (-.-1F) C hot water (%- o&) treatment besides supporting substantial seed germination. Bnder pot culture conditions, the latter combination resulted in maximum disease control. :ipping the tomato seedlings in 9treptocycline solution (-.-1F) for 1 h effecti!ely reduced the se!erity of bacterial spot and maximum control was achie!ed through protecti!e as well as eradicati!e spray applications of 9treptocycline (-.-1F) C (litox"%- (-.$F) followed by (litox"%- (-.$F) C :ithane 3"4% (-.$F). 6mong the different soil amendments and application of mulches, only pine needles mulch was found effecti!e to some extent in reducing disease se!erity. #owe!er, among !arious integrated disease management treatments, higher efficacy and maximum fruit yield were recorded in case of combination of seed treatment (hot water treatment at %- o& followed by seed dip in 9treptocycline (-.-1F) for -.% h, pine needles mulch and six sprays of (litox"%- (-.$F) plus 9treptocycline (-.-1F).
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Bsha :e!i (#"/0"1.":) :r. 9.&.&howfla 9tudies on radish mosaic in #imachal =radesh $--1
9ixteen isolates were collected and further grouped into six groups on the basis of their reaction on indicator plants. all the isolates were sap as well as transmitted by aphid !ectors !i2., Myzus persicae and )re icorynae brassicae. The !irus isolates infected members of families amaranthaceae, chenopodiaceae, cruciferae, compositae and solanaceae. The biophysical properties i.e. T@=, :?= and ;@E of all the isolates ranged between '-"'%o&, 1-"$ to 1-"1, 1"4 days at room temperature and %"' days at refrigerated temperature (%L1o&), respecti!ely. ?lectron microscopic studies re!ealed that all the isolates had rod shaped !irus particles measuring 01-"0%- nm x 1$"14 nm. &yto" pathological studies indicated the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions which consisted of pin wheels and lamellar aggregated. @9?3 studies showed that all isolates exhibited enhanced trapping of !irions with antibodies against Tu3E. @n ?;@96 tests, !irus reacted positi!ely with antiserum against Tu3E. Hn the basis of these studies isolates were found to belong to family =oty!iridae, +enus poty irus and group @@@. 9imple correlation coefficients of disease incidence with temperature and !ector populations were found to be highly significant during both the years of in!estigations. 3ultiple correlation coefficients between disease incidence and group of independent !ariables was -./'1$ and -./4.1 during 1//."// and 1///"$---, respecti!ely. 3aximum yield was recorded in radish crop transplanted on $0th Hctober and 11th 8o!ember during 1//."// and 1///" $---, respecti!ely. =lanting of barrier crops (oat, wheat and barley) significantly reduced the disease incidence. 6mong insecticides used, Gogor was ad)udged to be the most effecti!e. 6cetone, alcohol and water fractions of Centella asiatica" Vite' negundo" Asparagus adscendens and *cimum sanctum at different concentrations inhibited Tu3E. =re"inoculation sprays were found to be significant than post"inoculation sprays.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Ei)ay umar Tha,ur (#"/0"1/":) :r. T.G.9handilya 9tudies on mycoflora of compost for Agaricus bisporus (;ange) @mbach. $--1
3icro"organisms recorded at $%L1o& were more than at 4%L1o& during outdoor composting (phase @). *hile during phase J@@, maximum number of propagules were found at 4%L1o& than at $%L1o&. 6fter pasteuri2ation, among population of thermophilic fungi expressed as colony forming unit (cfu), Scytalidium thermophilum showed maximum population (4.$-x1-1) followed by #heremomyces lanuginosus (1.$-x1-1) and (ilmaniella humicola (1.--x1-1). :ual culture studies re!ealed that S. thermophilum and (.humicola increased the growth of Agaricus bisporus by $$.' and 4.1 per cent, respecti!ely. 9tudies on effect of incorporation of thermophiles on the downward mycelial growth of A. bisporus indicated that S. thermophilum when added to the compost showed maximum mycelial growth of A. bisporus after first, second and third wee, of incubation. 6ll the three test fungi when added in the compost too, significant lead in the growth of A. bisporus amongst all the combination treatments. @n physiological studies, optimum temperature and p# for the growth of all the three test thermophiles was found to be 4%o& and 0.-, respecti!ely. 3aximum quantity of compost ($'- ,g) was produced when mixed culture of three fungi ( (. humicola C S. thermophilum C #.lanuginosus) was inoculated in the compost pile. 3ixture of cultures of different fungi when inoculated in the compost at spawning ga!e $1.1 per cent increase in the yield of mushroom o!er control. 3ushroom bags filled with compost from all the treatments (mixed culture of thermophiles inoculated at J$, -, C$, C4, C', C., C1day and spawning time) ga!e 14./- per cent higher yield than the control.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9haliniEerma (#"/0"10":) :r. 8.=.:ohroo 9tudies on Fusarium wilt of pea (Pisum sati um ;.) $--1
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium o'ysporum 9chl. f.sp. pisi 9nyd. and #ans. @s an important disease of autumn pea occurring in moderate to se!ere form in ma)or pea growing areas of #imachal =radesh. =re"emergence rot and Fusarium wilt increased with an increase in the inoculum concentration as well as treatment period of F.o.f.sp. pisi. @noculation by top co!ering of seeds with the inoculum as well as sic, plot technique were found rapid and easy methods of pro!ing pathogenicity of F.o. f.sp. pisi. 3ycoflora !i2., (liocladium irens" +actylaria sp., (eotrichum sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides" C. herbarum" $hizopus stolonifer" $hizopus sp., Pythium ultimum" P.aphanidermatum" Absidia clindrospora" Absidia sp. and Mucor sp. were found new additions to mycoflora occurring on pea. 3orphological, cultural and pathogenic !ariability existed among the isolates and clones (Fop @@) of F.o.f.sp. pisi. 9oil hydrothermal regimes i.e. soil moisture and soil temperature considerably influenced wilt of pea. ?arly sowing, wider seed spacing, seed treatment with (a!istin (-.1F), ri" benomyl (-.1F), #. harzianum" #. iride, :ithane 3"4% (-.$%F) C #. harzianum and :ithane 3"4% (-.$%F) C #. iride chec,ed incidence of the disease. +arlic extract significant inhibited mycelial growth of F.o. f.sp. pisi and reduced incidence of the disease to a considerable extent. E63 population especially (lomus spp. was found to be augmented in rhi2osphere soil of healthy plants as compared to wilt affected pea plants. 8e!ertheless, it reduced the pre"emergence rot and Fusarium wilt of pea, and resulted in increase in the plant !igour. ?&"41111, 9election @, :G="1, 8:E="%, J="10/, J="111-, #="114-, 9"4%, 9"10, :G="4 and T"10 were found to be resistant while ?&" 41$$4, ="1%4$, 9"$4, 9"$% and 9el ."1 were found as moderately resistant under greenhouse conditions. Bnder natural epiphytotic conditions, 9election @ 8:E="%, :G=" 1, J="111-, J="10-, J="114-, :G="4, 62ad ="1 and ="1%4$ recorded minimum Fusarium wilt, apparent infection rate and 6B:=&.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
:eepi,a 9ood (#"/0"11":) :r. G.;.9harma 9tudies on stem end rot of pears caused by Phacidiopycnis piri (Fuc,el) *eindlmayr $--1
=ear fruits are highly susceptible to stem end rot caused by Phacidiopycnis piri (Fuc,el) *eindlmayr in ?uropean countries and disease has assumed importance in #=. :isease incidence during the year 1/// and $--- !aried from $.% to /.0. per cent with a mean per cent incidence of %.$1. The fruits produced typical symptoms of the rot on inoculation. P. piri gained successful entry through stal, end (intact and remo!ed) and in)ured surface. The pathogen could infect apple, peach, apricot and plum fruits. GichardAs medium supported maximum !egetati!e growth of the test fungus. Hptimum temperature for !egetati!e growth of P. piri was $%o& whereas range of 1.- to 4.% p# fa!oured better growth of P. piri. The test fungus preferred sucrose among carbon sources and glycine among nitrogen sources for its !egetati!e growth. =ear fruit culti!ars !i2., (argument, (eurre #ardy, 3ax Ged (artlett, ashmir pear and (eurre (altira +iffard were somewhat tolerant to P. piri. 6mong qualitati!e characters, p# and titratable acidity exhibited significant positi!e correlation with stem end rot whereas fruit firmness, total phenols and H: phenols were significantly negati!ely correlated. :ifferent pear culti!ars re!ealed significant reduction of total soluble solids (T99), titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total, reducing and non"reducing sugars, total phenols and orthodihydric phenols. 3anagement of storage temperature and hydro"cooling were highly effecti!e in reducing stem end rot incidence. Fumigation with sodium or potassium metabisulphite was superior tin chec,ing the disease. (a!istin wrappers and 9ta"Fresh /'- coating exhibited significant protection of pears against stem end rot. (a!istin and 9top sprays among systemic fungicides ga!e significant control whereas among non"systemic fungicides was better as protectant (pre"inoculation treatment) rather than eradicant (post"inoculation treatment). Fungal antagonists !i2., #richoderma iride" #. longibrachiatum and #. hamatum ga!e maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of P. piri. 6ntagonist protection was higher when applied at concentration of 1-. spores7ml before inoculation. &ent per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of P. piri was obtained with cinnamon, clo!e and mint oil at %-, 1-- and $%- ppm concentrations, respecti!ely. =re"inoculation treatment with plant extracts of aloe ( Aloe barbadensis), )angli gainda (#agetes minuta), pipermint (Mentha piperita) and geranium (Pelargonium gra eolens) pro!ided significant control of =hacidiopycnis rot of pears.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
3eenu +upta (#"/."1'":) :r. ;.8.(hardwa) 9tudies on Phytophthora diseases of strawberry $--1
The pathogenic fungus causing red stele was identified to be caused by Phytophthora fragariae #ic,man, leather rot by P. cactorum (;eb. > &ohn.) 9chroet. and fruit rot by P. nicotianae (reda de #aan, out of which P. fragariae was the most de!astating one. @n pathogenic tests, P. fragariae was able to infect only the strawberry roots while P. cactorum and P. nicotianae were pathogenic to fruits only. The soil temperature (1%o&), soil moisture (1--F), soil p# (%.%) and sandy loam will were found fa!ourable for the de!elopment and spread of red stele. Earious antagonists were tested for their inhibitory effect against all the three species of Phytophthora attac,ing strawberry under in itro conditions of which maximum inhibition of all three Phytophthora spp. was shown by #richoderma harzianum. <oung cultures between the age of 1"' days of fungal antagonists were highly efficient in the production of !olatile substances therefore they were more capable in arresting the !egetati!e growth of these species. 6mongst the bacterial antagonists, Pseudomonas fluorescens @@99G". and P. fluorescens T1G$ 4 ga!e maximum inhibition against all these three species. H!is and Bnilax were found highly efficacious in inhibiting the !egetati!e growth of P. fragariae. The potency of these biocontrol agents was further tested under in i o conditions. #. iride applied 14 days prior to inoculum by P. fragariae was found most effecti!e in controlling red stele besides impro!ing health of strawberry plants. (acterial antagonists applied . days prior to pathogen inoculation resulted in maximum disease control and impro!ed the health of plants. :renching of Gidomil 3D was most effecti!e than dip treatment in controlling red stele. The compatibility of fungal and bacterial antagonists was tested with fungicide under in itro conditions. 6ll the fungal and bacterial antagonists were compatible with H!is and Bnilax except #. harzianum which was incompatible with H!is. 6pplication of P. fluorescens @@99G". C Bnilax, #. iride C Bnilax and #. iride4 P. fluorescens T1G$ 4 were most effecti!e in reducing the se!erity of red stele beside impro!ing the plant health. Bnder field conditions, treatments of antagonists and fungicides effecti!ely managed the red stele and increased fruit yield. 6 treatment schedule comprising of dipping of runners in fungicide solution of Bnilax at the time of transplanting along with application of #. iride in soil followed by Bnilax drenching after one month and a spray of Bnilax fruit formation stage effecti!e managed red stele, leather rot and fruit rot of strawberry.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Ga)ender 9ingh Jarial (#"/."0":) :r. T.G.9handilya 9tudies on municipal waste as casing substrate for Agaricus bisporus (;ange) @mbach. $--$
The bul, density, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity of ten tested casing substrates ranged between -.1- to -../ g7cm 1, -.%' to 1.$. g7cm1, %1.%0 to 0%./' per cent and 40.$/ to 1$0.1- per cent, respecti!ely. The p# of the all the ten tested casing substrates ranged to an acceptable limit between 0.41 to ..-$, while salinity exhibited wide !ariation ranging between ''.-- to P 1-,--- I mhos7cm. The yield of Agaricus bisporus was positi!ely correlated with physical properties (bul, density, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity), whereas, chemical properties (p# and electricity conducti!ity) were negati!ely correlated. The coefficient of multiple determination re!ealed that 01.0/ per cent !ariation in the mushroom yield was due to these physical and chemical parameters under in!estigations. 3unicipal waste fed to earthworms J leached C !ermicompost J leached C farm yard manure (15$5$, !7!7!) ga!e significantly higher yield amongst all the test combinations. 9ix species of actinomycetes ()re ibacterium mebrellneri" &'guobacterium acetylicum" Micrococcus lylae +& sub group 6, Micrococcus luteus +& subgroup &, (ordona rubropertinctus and +einococcus erythromy'a), two species of bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and )acillus megaterium) and se!en species of fungi (Aspergillus fla us" A. -entii" A. fumigatus" Penicillium bre icompactum" Cladosporium cladosporoides" Pythium sp., Mycelia sterlia), were isolated from different casing media. The population of actinomycetes as well as bacteria was found to be maximum at C$1 days after casing. 6 positi!e and significant correlation was recorded between the population of bacteria as well as actinomycetes between C14 and C$1 days of casing which coincided with pin"head formation. @nteraction studies between growth of Agaricus bisporus and microflora (actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi) re!ealed that there was no inhibition7enhancement in the growth of A. bisporus mycelium. &asing moisture content of '1 per cent pro!ed better for early pinning and yield of A. bisporus. 6ddition of grain spawn and impregnated compost (spawn run compost) at the time of casing in all the casing combinations resulted in higher yield and early pin"head formation of A. bisporus.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Guchi 9ood (#"/."1":) :r. 8.=.:ohroo 9tudies on leaf spot of ginger caused by Phyllosticta zingiberi Gama,r. $--$
;eaf spray method of inoculation ($ x 1-0 conidia7ml) was found to be best method of pathogenesis. 2n itro growth of Phyllosticta zingiberi was recorded maximum on potato dextrose agar medium with maximum dry weight of the mycelium on Gichards medium at $%o& and p# 4.%. 6mong carbon and nitrogen sources, mannitol and ammonium oxalate, respecti!ely, supported maximum growth of test pathogen in the Gichards medium. &onsiderable morphological, cultural and pathogenic !ariability existed among the isolates of the pathogen. P. zingiberi was found to be pathogenic on turmeric also. @nfluence of en!ironmental factors !i2., air temperature, relati!e humidity and rainfall on the disease de!elopment was found to an extent of .%.% per cent. =ycnidia of P. zingiberi remained !iable for / months in infected plant debris under natural conditions. The !iability of the pathogen was found to be more in plant debris stored in nylon netted bags in comparison to polyethylene bags. @nfected plant debris and rhi2omes were found to se!ere as primary source of the inoculum. ?arly planting of ginger rhi2omes, close spacing, inter"cropping of ginger with o,ra chec,ed se!erity of the disease and increased fresh rhi2ome yield. Ghi2ome treatment as well as foliar sprays with (ordeaux mixture (1F), &ompanion (-.$F), @ndofil 3"4% (-.$%F), Bnilax (-.$F) and (aycor (-.-%F) were also found effecti!e in chec,ing the disease se!erity. #owe!er, (ordeaux mixture and &ompanion effecti!ely increased the fresh rhi2ome yield. 6loe (Aloe barberdensis) and tulsi (*cimum sanctum) extracts inhibited the growth of the pathogen. #richoderma harzianum and #. iride were found to inhibit the growth of the pathogen in itro under glasshouse and field conditions. @ntegrated use of botanical, fungicides and (&6 effecti!ely reduced the disease se!erity under glass house conditions. Hut of different !arieties7germplasm screened, ;a)han, 9+ %-1, ali &hanog and indi were found resistant under glasshouse conditions. Hut of 1/. !arieties7germplasm screened under field conditions only %$ showed moderately resistant reaction while, other were susceptible to highly susceptible.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
umud Eerma (#"/0"14":) :r. .G.9hyam 9tudies on blac, rot of cauliflower caused by 3anthomonas campestris p!. campestris (=am.) :owson $--$
(lac, rot of cauliflower caused by 3anthomonas campestris p!. campestris (=am.) :owson was found to occur in moderate to se!ere form in !arious cauliflower seed producing areas of 9olan, ullu and 9himla districts of #imachal =radesh. The incidence and se!erity of disease ranged from 14.$% to 1--.-- and 11.11 to /1.-per cent, respecti!ely during 1///, $--- and $--1. The optimum temperature and p# for growth of the pathogen were found to be 1- o& and '.%, respecti!ely. 9ix liquid medium fa!oured the maximum growth of the bacterium with an increase in inoculum density from 1.$x1-% to '.$x1-/ cfu7ml, a progressi!e decline in incubation period and increase in disease se!erity, apparent infection rate and 6B:=& of )u!enile seedlings was recorded, while in mature plants, this trend was recorded upto 1.1x1-. cfu7ml. 6mong different methods of inoculation, syringe followed by hydathode inoculation resulted in minimum incubation period and maximum disease se!erity, apparent infection rate and 6B:=&. The plants upto an age group of %- days were most susceptible for disease initiation and '% days old plants were most !ulnerable for disease progress. 6 decline in the !irulence of the bacterium was recorded with increase in its age. Ganges of temperature and relati!e humidity between $% to 1%o& and /%.'- to 1--.-- per cent, respecti!ely were found to be optimum for disease initiation and de!elopment. 6mong the !arious meteorological factors, temperature influenced the disease positi!ely and significantly during 1///, $--- and $--1. The bacterium sur!i!ed upto 1.. days in cauliflower seeds stored under ambient conditions. 9treptocycline (1--, 1%- and $-- ppm) and 9treptocycline (1-- ppm) C (ordeaux mixture (1--- ppm) were found to be effecti!e against the pathogen under in itro conditions. The extracts of Casuarina equiselifolia" &ucalyptus hybrida and #hu1a campacta pro!ed inhibitory. &hemical seed treatment with 9treptocycline (1-- ppm) C manco2eb ($%-- ppm) for 1 h pro!ed most efficacious in reducing the number of infected seeds with least deleterious effect on seed !iability and resulted in //.-. per cent disease control under glass house conditions. 9eedling dip in 9treptocycline (-.-1 F) C manco2eb (-.$%F) pro!ed effecti!e in increasing the incubation period and decreasing the disease se!erity, apparent infection rate and 6B:=&. 3ulch treatments with #. campacta and &. hybrida lea!es resulted in 0-.11 and '..%.per cent disease control, respecti!ely. Foliar sprays of 9treptocycline (-.-1 F) C manco2eb (-.$%F) resulted in %'.'1 per cent disease control under glass house conditions. @ntegrated application of seed treatment with 9treptocycline (-.-1 F) C manco2eb (-.$%F) for 1 h coupled with three foliar sprays of same combination along with &ucalyptus lea!es mulch pro!ided most efficacious disease management (%/.$0F) besides decreasing apparent infection rate and 6B:=& to a considerable extent.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Geshu +arg (#"/."4":) :r. 9.&.&howfla ?pidemiology and management of turnip mosaic in #imachal =radesh $--$
6 mosaic disease of turnip was pre!alent in 9olan, 9irmour and ullu districts of #imachal =radesh. The incidence of disease ranged between 4"0. per cent and .".- per cent during 1///"$--- and $---"$--1, respecti!ely. Thirteen isolates were collected and further grouped into fi!e groups on the basis of their reaction of indicator plants. 6l the isolates were sap as well as transmitted by aphid !ectors !i2., Myzus persicae and )re icoryne brassicae. The !irus isolates infected members of families amaranthaceae, chenopodiaceae, brassicaceae, compositae, cucurbitaceae, fabaceae, mal!aceae and solanaceae. The biophysical properties i.e. T@=, :?= and ;@E of all the isolates ranged between '-"'%o&, 1-"$"1-"1 and 1"4 days at room temperature and %"' days under refrigerated conditions. ?lectron microscopic studies of the !arious isolates re!ealed the presence of long flexuous rod shaped !irus particles typical of poty irus group measuring 0$%"0%- nm x 1$"11 nm and inducing pinwheels and laminated aggregates. @n serological studies using ?;@96, the !irus reacted positi!ely with antiserum against Tu3E. Hn the basis of these studies, the isolates were found to belong to family poty!iridae, genus poty irus and group @@@. 3ean air temperature, relati!e humidity, wind !elocity, cumulati!e rainfall and !ector population influenced disease incidence to the extent of /0./' and /1.1% per cent during 1///"$--- and $---"$--1, respecti!ely. 3aximum seed yield was recorded in the crop planted on % th Hctober during both the years of experimentation at &hambaghat (9olan) and on $$nd 9eptember at 9himla. =lanting of barrier crops such as wheat, oat and barley alone and in combination with insecticide was found effecti!e in reducing the disease incidence. arate was ad)udged as the most effecti!e insecticide.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
6nita 9harma (#"/."$":) :r. 9. .9harma 8on"chemical management of soil borne fungal diseases of apple nurseries $--$
The soil"borne diseases such as white root rot ( +ematophora necatri'), collar rot (Phytophthora cactorum) and seedling blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) were found to be pre!alent in apple nurseries of the state, maximum being in 9olan district. 9eedling blight was most pre!alent recording %.%$ per cent incidence. The mixed culture of +. necatri' 4 P. cactorum 4 S. rolfsii (1515$) was found to be most !irulent with incubation period of nine days. =lant oils such as clo!e, ginger, mentha and basil were found effecti!e against these fungi under in itro e!aluation. 8eem ca,e was also found most effecti!e against +. necatri'" P. cactorum and S. rolfsii gi!ing 41.04, '4.0. and $1./4 per cent inhibition of the fungi, respecti!ely, whereas in pot culture studies neem ca,e ga!e $1.'% per cent control of these diseases. Hil ca,es also impro!ed the plant health significantly. 9oil amendment with oil ca,es increased fungal, bacterial and actinomycetes population. 6mong the fungal biocontrol agents, #richoderma longibrachiatum and #. iride were found most effecti!e gi!ing 00.11 and 04.40 per cent control of these pathogens indi!idually as well as their mixed culture. 6mong the bacterial antagonists Pseudomonas fluorescens @@9G . was found most effecti!e gi!ing %1.'% per cent disease control. 9oil application of biocontrol agents was pro!ed to be better methods compared to seed and seedling dip treatment. #. longibrachiatum followed by #. iride was found most effecti!e against these pathogens when applied as soil application. :ip treatment was more effecti!e when seedlings were treated for '- minutes as compared to 1minutes. (iocontrol agents were also found to impro!e the plant growth parameters. @ncidence of soil"borne fungal diseases was minimum in !irgin land followed by agricultural land and was maximum in regular nursery site. 9olari2ation with double layer of polythene was more effecti!e in eradicating soil borne fungi as compared to single layer of polyethylene sheets. @nteraction of soil solari2ation, organic amendments and biocontrol agents increased microbial population significantly. 9olari2ed plots amended with neem ca,e and #. iride ga!e complete control of all the soil"borne diseases.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
(hupesh umar (#"/0"1$":) :r. ;.8.(hardwa) 9tudies on collar rot of apple $--$
&ollar rot (Phytophthora cactorum (;eb. and &ohn.) 9chroet) was found much higher in fruit bearing trees of pome and stone fruits than nursery plants falling in agro" climatic 2one @@@. +raft union found at or near or below than soil le!el had high disease incidence (1-..1F). The results of the cross inoculation re!ealed that apple isolate of P. cactorum was highly !irulent on apple and less !irulent on pear, peach, plum, apricot and cherry and !ice"!ersa. Hut of 1' host plant species tested, ,ainth and ha2alnut were found less susceptible to collar rot pathogen. 3orphologically all the fi!e isolates of apple were similar but were found dissimilar pathologically. =1 isolate was found highly !irulent and produced a lesion si2e of %..11 mm on Malus prumifolia 9haishie with 0$ hrs after inoculation by excised twigs method. 6 temperature of $% o&, soil moisture /- per cent, soil p# of %.- and clay soil were found most conduci!e factors for the de!elopment and spread of collar rot. The soil temperature between 4-"%- o& for about 1- days was sufficient to ,ill the pathogen at a soil depth of 1-o& under solari2ed conditions. (otanical pesticide H!is and tal, based formulation of #richoderma longibrachiatum ga!e maximum disease control in orchard field conditions applied as soil mix as well as paint with Bnilax (combi"fungicide of metalaxyl C manco2eb) during monsoon and winter, respecti!ely. 9ix apple root stoc,s !i2., 34, 3$1, 3$', ?3;6 111, Malus baccata Gohroo and M. prunifolia were found resistant against all the fi!e isolate of P. cactorum.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9a!ita Jandai, (#"/."%":) :r. :.9.+uleria @nteraction of fungal pathogens with Agaricus bisporus (;ange) @mbach and their management $--$
6mong different fungal pathogens recorded, the relati!e per cent occurrence and incidence of Verticillium fungicola and Cladobotryum dendroides were higher as compared to other fungal pathogens. The former required incubation period of 1' h irrespecti!e of de!elopmental stage of A. bisporus fruit bodies whereas latter needed $4 h incubation period when buttons and har!ested pilei were inoculated and 0$h in case of pinheads inoculation. The pathogen V. fungicola induced dry bubble disease, which was characteri2ed by production of scleromoid (9clerodermoid) masses of undifferentiated tissues, superficial necrotic lesions and stipe peeling. C. dendroides caused cobweb disease which is characteri2ed as white mycelium co!ering stipe, pileus and gills and finally resulting in rotting of complete fruit bodies. The !egetati!e growth of both the pathogens was highest at $-o& and '.- p# whereas sporulation was more at $%o& and '.p#. The temperature ($%o&) and relati!e humidity (/%F) that supported best growth of V. fungicola" were also suitable for sporulation of C. dendroides. (oth the pathogens inhibited A. bisporus in paired cultures. The per cent loss in yield was more in case of C. dendroides than V. fungicola irrespecti!e of stage of infection and inoculum load. 3ycelia of both the pathogens could withstand 4%o & for 1- minutes in wet state. 9pores of V. fungicola were more tolerant than C. dendroides to external conditions and formalin exposures. Earious plant extracts and biocontrol agents tried were not found effecti!e. Two spray applications of (enlate ($%- ppm) C formalin (1--- ppm) pro!ed effecti!e in minimi2ing losses in yield in relation to addition of inoculum at casing.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9achin Bpmanyu (#"/."'":) :r. 9. .+upta ?pidemiology and management of root rot and web blight of French bean caused by $hizoctonia solani uhn $--$
Goot rot and web blight ($hizoctonia solani uhn) appeared in moderate to se!ere form in ma)or French bean growing areas of #imachal =radesh. The disease was more se!ere on bush type culti!ars than on pole types. 6lthough morphological and cultural characters showed slight differences among the isolates, but studies on pathogenic !ariability demonstrated the existence of !aried aggressi!eness in each culti!ar. @solates @. and @/ were the least sensiti!e to (a!istin while @1-, @11 and @10 exhibited maximum sensiti!ity. Hn the basis of anastomosis beha!iour, the isolates were placed in 6+"16, 6+"1"1( and 6+"4. @solates also produced different banding patterns for esterase as well as 86:# dehydrogenase. @solates of 6+"4 !aried !ery little while 6+" 1"1( and 6+"1"16 were slightly more !ariable. Goot rot de!elopment was fa!oured at .- per cent soil moisture and $%o & while the combination of latter with 1-- per cent G# fa!oured web blight. &ontinuous leaf wetness of 1$ h showed symptoms de!elopment after $' h. #owe!er, intermittent leaf wetness upto 4 cycles (1$ h wet7 dry) resulted in higher web blight se!erity. #igh soil moisture, G# (P.-F) and moderate temperature ($% C 1o&) fa!oured disease de!elopment. ;ine ?T .1/' showed resistant reaction among germplasm screened against the disease under natural epiphytotic conditions. &ultural practices !i2., alteration of sowing dates, spacing and use of soil amendments pro!ed quite effecti!e to manage the disease, thereby suggesting their rele!ance for inclusion in integrated disease management programme. Foliar sprays of (a!istin (-.1F) and Folicur (-.-%F) were most effecti!e in reducing web blight se!erity while seed treatment with (a!istin (-.$F) in combination with foliar sprays were the most effecti!e in reducing root rot incidence and web blight se!erity. 6mong biocontrol agents, #richoderma harzianum @$ was found to be most effecti!e against $. solani under in itro" glasshouse and field conditions. *cimum extract resulted in the maximum inhibition of the pathogen followed by Allium sati um and Phyllanthus extracts. #. iride showed maximum tolerance to Eita!ax, Gaxil and (a!istin. @ntegration of soil amendment (sarson ca,e), (a!istin (9T), (a!istin7 #. harzianum (F9) were found effecti!e in reducing the incidence7 se!erity of root rot7 web blight and in increasing green pod yield. @ntegrated disease management by sprays of (a!istin (-.1F) on pine needle mulch alone was also quite effecti!e to ,eep the disease under chec, besides producing near residue free pods.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
3an)u &houdhary (#"//"11":) :r. G.;.9harma 9tudies on important posthar!est diseases of tomato and their management $--1
Four ma)or fungi namely, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides" Fusarium spp., (eotrichum candidum and Phoma lycopersici caused 04.%' per cent of the total rots. =re!alence due to C. gloeosporioides and Sclerotium rolfsii was 4.%- and %./' per cent, respecti!ely. #ighest incidence of storage rots of tomato was recorded in 9irmour and Bna districts followed by #amirpur and 9olan districts. ;osses were maximum during rainy season which mar,edly decreased during Hctober " :ecember and January " 3arch months. 6ll the test pathogens could easily in!ade through mechanical in)ury, whereas infection through general surface was less. Temperature and relati!e humidity were correlated positi!e with disease incidence. 8one of the $0 !arieties7hybrids tested was resistant to posthar!est rots. (iochemical estimation re!ealed higher acti!ity of cellulase (&x) and cellobiase en2ymes in S. rolfsii and by F. pallidoroseum infected tomatoes whereas, it was minimum in uninoculated tomatoes. Earious fungal infections resulted in increased polyphenol oxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase en2yme acti!ity. The increase was maximum in fruits infected with S. rolfsii. =eroxidase acti!ity declined in !ariously inoculated tomatoes. The fruit qualitati!e characters i.e. pericarp thic,ness, ascorbic acid, total phenols and H: phenols had negati!e correlation with disease de!elopment whereas, T99 showed a positi!e correlation in !arious !arieties7hybrids. Gesistant !arieties showed higher le!el of ascorbic acid and total phenols than susceptible ones. 9toring tomatoes at 1-"1%o& caused reduction in decay and deterioration in !ariously inoculated tomatoes. #ydro"cooling immediately (- h) after inoculation significantly reduced posthar!est rot de!elopment in tomatoes in comparison to $4 and 4. h delayed cooling. =re"storage heat treatment of tomatoes at 1. o& for 0$ h completely eliminated C. o'ysporum" C. gloeosporioides and P. lycopersici and significantly chec,ed (. candidum" F. equiseti" S. rolfsii and F. pallidoroseum. #owe!er, cent per cent control of all the test pathogens was achie!ed when holding period was extended to /' h. Treating tomatoes in water at %$o& for % min immediately (- h) after inoculation was effecti!e against all the test fungi. #eated manco2eb dip in %$ and %-o& pro!ided significant protection against all the test fungi. (a!istin impregnated liners were quite efficacious in reducing the !arious storage rot fungi. @ndofil 3"4% and &aptan impregnated liners also pro!ided fair to good control. =rehar!est sprays of either @ndofil 3"4% or ribenomyl, se!en days before pic,ing, were most effecti!e in reducing the !arious posthar!st rots and also in increasing the yield of tomatoes. Gelati!e posthar!est efficacy of @ndofil 3"4% ran,ed number one among the test fungicides. ?xtract of garlic clo!es was effecti!e in reducing (. candidum" C. o'ysporum and S. rolfsii infections. 6mong the homeopathic drugs, Thu)a occidentalis and ;ycopodium cla!atum were more efficient than =hosphorus and ali iodide in reducing storage rots.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
Genu (ala (#"//"1$":) :r. ;.8.(hardwa) 9tudies on Ghi2octonia leaf blight of strawberry $--1
The incidence and se!erity of Ghi2octonia leaf blight ($hizoctonia solani uhn) re!ealed that maximum incidence and se!erity (4-./1 and '%.--F) were recorded at Jachh followed by 3a)ra (4-.'', 41.'0F) and Jawalamu,hi (1..4., %..14F). The symptoms of disease were recorded on lea!es, roots, petioles, runners and fruits. The pathogenic fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar medium. The mycelium was initially white which later turned tan brown with age and hyphae measured '-.%4 J 11'.0. x 0.$/"/..% Im. 9clerotia formed within 0"1- days in culture at $%o& were brown to dar, brown and measured -.0%"1.- mm in diameter, while the monilioid cells arising from the sclerotia measured 1%"1. x 1-"1% Im in si2e. @n pathogenicity tests, symptoms of the disease appeared on roots, lea!es, flower buds, ripened berries and runners within 0"1- days after pathogen inoculation. Temperature ($%o&), soil moisture (1--F), leaf wetness duration (4. h) and intermittent leaf wetness upto 4. h were found the most critical factors for the de!elopment and spread of disease under pot culture conditions. Bnder field conditions, high rainfall (411.-- mm) coupled with high soil moisture ($1.'1F) and high relati!e humidity (/$.%-F) and moderate temperature ($1"$%o&) were found the most congenial factors for de!elopment of the disease. The correlation between mean temperature, a!erage relati!e humidity, mean soil moisture and mean soil temperature with disease se!erity was positi!e and significant. Hut of $. strawberry culti!ars screened for resistance against $. solani under artificially inoculated conditions, only two culti!ars i.e. &ats,ill and 3a)estic exhibited moderately resistant reaction. (a!istin, contaf, (enlate and =unch amongst the systemic and :ithane 3"4% followed by Flowin"#T among non"systemic fungicides, were found highly effecti!e in arresting the !egetati!e growth under in itro conditions. @n pot culture experiments, (a!istin applied as soil drench (-.1F) C foliar spray (-.-%F) was ad)udged the best treatment in controlling Ghi2octonia leaf blight !is"S"!is increased the plant health. Field experiments re!ealed that (a!istin pro!ided maximum disease control. 6mong the !arious organic amendments e!aluated, sunflower ca,e ga!e maximum inhibitory of mycelial growth of $. solani under in itro conditions followed by neem ca,e. 9imilarly, in pot culture and in field experiments sunflower ca,e was again found the best treatment in controlling and impro!ing the plant health. Hf the !arious plant extracts tested in itro, maximum mycelial inhibition of $. solani was obtained with garlic extract, while in pot culture and field experiments, dip C drench treatment with garlic extract (%-F) was most effecti!e in controlling the diseases and impro!ed the plant health. 6pplication of blac, polyethylene mulch (-.-% mm thic,ness) C there sprays of (a!istin (-.-%F) at $1 days inter!al was the best treatment in controlling the disease and increasing the runner production. The application of (a!istin (-.-$%F) C :ithane 3"4% (-.$F) C sunflower ca,e (1 ,g7pot) C garlic extract (1-F) ga!e significant control of disease and also increased the runner production.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
&hirag 9ingh (#"$---"$":) :r. T.G.9handilya 9tudies on supplementation of compost and casing for Agaricus bisporus (;ange) @mbach $--4
9ixteen different supplements !i2., cotton seed ca,e, cotton seed meal, glucose, groundnut ca,e, groundnut meal, malt extract, molasses, mustard ca,e, peptone, sesame ca,e, sesame meal, soybean ca,e, soybean meal, wheat bran, wheat four and xylose were used for supplementing the compost at spawning O 1 and $ per cent (fresh weight basis). 6mongst all the supplements used, cotton seed meal (40..- g71 g of compost) and sesame meal (4.1.0 g) when applied O $ per cent too, significant lead in terms of yield followed by cotton seed ca,e (4'$.- g). 3ixing of selected supplements into casing layer at the time of casing ga!e increased yield responses in comparison to unsupplemented casing. 6ddition of selected supplements to ready compost at different depth le!els in cropping bags ha!e indicated that when the supplements were thoroughly mixed with the compost at spawning (O $F) sesame meal ga!e maximum yield (4.0.0g71 ,g of compost) followed by cotton seed meal (4.1.' g) and cotton seed ca,e (4'1.0 g) as compared to unsupplemented compost (1%-.- g71 ,g of compost). Gegardless of supplements used, temperature of supplemented compost was found to be 1 to 1.% o& higher in comparison to unsupplemented compost from C$ days to C11 days after spawning. #ighest meal percent a!ailable nitrogen was recorded in compost and casing treatments were found to be positi!ely correlated with a!ailable nitrogen percentage. Four species of fungi !i2., Mucor racemosus" Penicillium chrysogenum" Pencillium coryophilum and $hizopus nigricans were isolated from compost supplemented with selected test supplements. Two species of bacteria i.e. Pseudomonas sp. 1 and Pseudomonas sp. $ were isolated from all the test casing treatments. #ighest population of containing fungi, irrespecti!e of fungal species, appeared in compost supplemented with cotton seed ca,e (11.$- x 1-4 cfu7g of compost). #ighest a!erage bacterial population was obser!ed in sesame meal supplanted casing (1-' x 1-4 cfu7g of casing soil).
1. $. 1. 4. %.
+yatri (hardwa) (#"$---"1":) :r. &.;.Jandai, 9tudies on Calocybe indica (=. >&.) the mil,y mushroom $--4
:uring the present in!estigation, an attempt was carried out to standardi2e the culti!ation technology of mil,y mushroom (Calocybe indica). The e!aluation of most suitable temperature for mycelial growth re!ealed 1-o& as the optimum temperature for full and fast mycelial impregnation us substrate by C. indica. 3other culture of C. indica inoculated on wheat grains, ,ept at 1-o& for 1% days produced the best quality spawn. Fresh spawn mixed in steam pasteuri2ed wheat straw at 4 per cent spawn density, with through spawning method at 1%o& cropping temperature produced dense white fluffy mycelium that lead to healthy sporophore production of C. indica. ;oam soil pro!ed to be the best casing material. The incidence of moulds li,e #richoderma harzianum and Papulaspora byssina was recorded. The application of carbenda2im and benomyl at %ppm effecti!ely controlled these moulds. &obweb disease caused by Cladobotryum dendroides was also recorded. &arbenda2im and benomyl at %- ppm could control the disease effecti!ely.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
(ri)esh umar amal (#"//"1-":) :r. 6. . +upta 9tudies on crown gall of cherry and its management $--4
&herry (Prunus a ium and P. cerasus) is highly susceptible to crown gall caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. @ts incidence ranged from 1.0- to 1-- per cent during $--1"$--$ in different nurseries in #imachal =radesh. &rown gall infected cherry rootstoc," &olt suc,ers showed reduction in growth, maximum in chlorophyll contents (44./1F). 6ll the isolates of A. tumefaciens from galls of infected plants and infested soil belonged to bio!ar"1. +rafting of scions of cherry c!. Ean, 3erchant, :euro"8euro and =ietro"8igra resulted in minimum incidence (4 F) as compared to un"grafted ($4.4-F). 6mendment of crown gall infested soil with mustard ca,e O 1.% per cent reduced the incidence (11.%-F) as compared to control (%%.0$F). 9oil sterili2ation with formaldehyde (4 F) also resulted in minimum incidence of crown gall (/.00F) as compared to control (%1.$%F). =re"plant application of oxyfluorefen (-.% ;7ha) also reduced the incidence by %- per cent. 6pplication of copper sulphate (1F) as root dip treatment of healthy one" year old &olt suc,ers at the time of planting reduced the incidence of crown gall (1-.10 F) as compared to control (00.11 F). 9oil solari2ation for /- days of irrigated sic, plots with $%Im thic, transparent polyethylene sheet also minimi2ed incidence (1'.$1F) as compared to non"solari2ed control (%1./4F). 6mongst different rhi2osphere micro"flora from healthy and crown gall infected plants, application of )acillus sp, Pseudomonas fluorescens and #richoderma iride as soil drench (4 ;7m$ containing 1-. &FB"ml) resulted in %.4%, %..- and 1$.01 per cent incidence, respecti!ely as compared to control ($%..1F). The combined effect of all the efficacious treatments !i2., soil solari2ation (/- days), pre"plant application of formaldehyde (4 F), oxyfluorfen (-.% ;7ha) and )acillus sp.K amendment of soil with mustard ca,e (1.% F) and copper sulphate (1F) as root dip reduced the incidence ($4.0-F) as compared to control ('/.0%F).
1. $. 1. 4. %.
3anica Tomar (#"/0"1%":) :r. G.&.9harma 9tudies on the management of Fusarium root rot of Acacia catachu *illd. $--4
@n!estigations on Fusarium root rot of Acacia catechu were underta,en to identify the fungal species associated with the disease, factors affecting de!elopment and spread of the disease and management through cultural, biological and chemical means. The studies re!ealed that the fungus causing root rot is Fusarium solani. The fungus in soil sur!i!ed best on %-"'- per cent a!ailable soil moisture. The optimum soil temperature for the de!elopment and spread of the fungus was found to be 1- o&. The temperature range between $%"1-o& also fa!oured the de!elopment and spread of the disease. The soil solari2ation done during 3arch to June using $% and %- micrometer thic,ness polythene mulches for 4% and '- days re!ealed that lowest root rot incidence occurred in those plots which were solari2ed from 6pril 1% to June 1% for '- days under $%micrometer thic,ness polythene mulch. Hut of the !arious organic amendments tested against Fusarium root rot, neem ca,e and cotton seed ca,e ga!e the best results. The application of different doses of 8= re!ealed that higher nitrogen doses fa!oured the disease while the higher potassium dose had negati!e effect on the disease. &ombination of potassium O 1- ,g7ha and cotton seed ca,e O % per cent pro!ed to be effecti!e against root rot of A.catechu. 6mong the !arious antagonists studied under in itro conditions, #richoderma iride ga!e maximum mycelial inhibition. 6mongst all the plant extracts tested, Allium sati um ga!e the best results. (a!istin showed maximum inhibition of mycelium under in itro conditions while under field conditions, the combination of (a!istin and :ithane 3"4% ga!e the lowest root rot incidence.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
9hyama 8and 9harma (#"$--1"11":) :r. Eed Gam 9tudies on biological control of ma)or can,ers of apple $--%
#richoderma iride" #. longibrachiatum" #. harzianum" #. hamatum" #. polysporum and Fusarium lateritium pro!ed highly effecti!e under in itro conditions against Corticium salmonicolor" Sphaeropsis malorum and +othiorella mali. The malt extract agar and potato dextrose agar in semi"synthetic, modified GichardAs agar and modified &2ape, :ox agar in synthetic media categories, supported maximum growth and sporulation of all antagonists. *ith regard to temperature ($%o&) and p# ('.% ) were found optimum with suitable ranges of $-"1-o& and %"0, respecti!ely. 6mongst the pesticides, propineb, manco2eb, copper oxychloride in fungicide and dimethoate, malathion and endosulfan in insecticide categories, were found compatible with antagonists. 6onla, dodonia and citronella grass among plant oils were found effecti!e against can,er pathogens at different concentrations. @n the timings of application of antagonists, pre"inoculation was found superior to post"inoculation. *hile in methods of application, malt extract slurry was obser!ed highly efficacious than the spore suspension in combating can,er de!elopment. @n the integrated control, copper oxychloride followed by manco2eb in combinations with #. iride and7or #. longibrachiatum were found highly effecti!e against can,er disease.
1. $. 1. 4. %.
=romil apoor (#"$--1"$$":) :r. =.:.Tha,ur @n!estigations on the !iruses infecting bell pepper (Capsicum annuum ;.) $--%
The !irus incidence ranged from 1 to 1-- per cent in different bell pepper growing districts of the state during $--1 and $--4 cropping seasons. Thirty geographical isolates were categori2ed into two distinct groups of poty!irus and cucumo!irus based on their serological relationships and reactions on set of indicator plants. Two representati!e isolates (&"@ and &"@@) from each group were further characteri2ed and identified. @solate &"@ exhibited symptoms of !ein clearing, mottling and stunting, whereas &"@@ isolate produced mosaic and ringspot on lea!es. (oth the isolates were transmissible through sap and aphid !ector Myzus persicae. @solate &"@ infected test plants namely (omphrena globosa" Calendula officinalis and %innia elegansK )rassica oleraceae !ar. botrytisK +atura metel" +. metel !ar. festuosa" +. stramonium" !icotiana tabacum !ar. *hite (urley, Petunia hybrida" Solanum tuberosum and Solanum nigrumK and Phaseolus ulgaris" Vicia faba and Vigna unguiculata whereas &"@@ infected test plants !i2., Amaranthus caudatusK Calendula officinalisK Cucumis sati us and Cucurbita pepoK +atura metel" +. stramonium" Physalis floridana and Phaseolus ulgaris and Vigna unguiculata. (iophysical properties of &"@ and &"@@ isolates included T@= of '%"0-o& and '-"'%o&, :?= of 1-"4 J 1-"% and 1-"% J 1-"' and ;@E of '"0 and %"' days at room temperature, and 0". and ."/ days under refrigeration, respecti!ely. @solates &"@ and &"@@ had flexuous rods measure 0'- x 11 nm and isometric particles of $..% nm, respecti!ely. &"@ isolate produced cylindrical inclusions (pinwheels, scrolls, tube and laminated aggregates) in the cytoplasm, whereas no specific inclusion bodies were obser!ed in &"@@ isolate. @9?3 studies showed good clumping of &"@ and &"@@ isolate with =E3E and &3E antisera, respecti!ely. 9erologically, &"@ isolate also showed relationship with =E3E and &"@@ isolate with &3E in :6& and :69"?;@96 tests. &"@ isolate was detected in GT"=&G assay by using poty!irus specific primers (=/%-$ and &=B=). &"@ and &"@@ isolates ha!e been identified to be the strains of =E3E and &3E, respecti!ely. *eeds namely, Physalis minima" !icandra physaloides" Solanum nigrum" +atura stramonium" +. metel !ar. festuosa were found to act as potential reser!oirs of =E3E. ?arly plantation in first fortnight of 3ay, plant spacing of %- x %- cm, use of sil!er or white coloured polythene mulches, and mai2e as a barrier crop were found effecti!e in reducing disease incidence and obtaining maximum yield. 6queous leaf extracts of Mirabilis 1alapa and Asparagus adcendens were found effecti!e in inhibiting the transmission of =E3E under glasshouse conditions. 8one of !arieties7collections7lines of bell pepper and papri,a tested were resistant, but chilli collections namely &hilli =ragathi, : "1$, : "'(, : &"14, : &"0( and : &". were highly resistant to the !irus infection under field conditions.
Name of Student5 6nil umar Adm !! on No. 5 #"-0"11: Name of Ma"o# Ad$ !o#5 :r J.8. 9harma Yea# of %om&'et on of de(#ee5 $-11 T t'e of The! !5 9tudies on epidemiology and monitored control of 3arssonina blotch causing premature leaf fall in apple A)!t#a%t * The present in!estigation to study the influence of different weather parameters and comparati!e physical mode of action of different fungicides against 3arssonina blotch causing premature leaf fall in apple. ?xperiments were conducted under controlled, semi" controlled and natural conditions to find out the optimum temperature, relati!e humidity and leaf wetness requirements for the de!elopment of 3arssonina blotch disease. 6 temperature of $-o&, 1-- per cent relati!e humidity and 4. h of leaf wetness were the most suitable parameters for the de!elopment of 3arssonina blotch disease in apple. Gainfall, leaf wetness, and relati!e humidity were positi!ely correlated with disease se!erity, whereas, temperature showed a negati!e correlation. The coefficient of multiple determination was also calculated which signifies that /1.'1 and /0.-1 per cent !ariation in per cent disease se!erity in year $--/ and $-1-, respecti!ely, depended on weather parameters included in these studies. Further studies re!ealed that none of the culti!ars of apple was resistant to 3arssonina blotch, howe!er, +ranny 9mith and +ibbsonTs +olden showed moderately resistant reaction. The commercial culti!ars Goyal :elicious, +olden :elicious, Eance :elicious and 9carlet 9pur were found highly susceptible. Hlder lea!es of apple plants were more susceptible to 3arssonina blotch than the younger ones. The macronutrient combinations with full dose of nitrogen registered good growth of apple plants and reduced the se!erity of 3arssonina blotch. :ifferent isolates of Marssonina coronaria showed different le!els of disease se!erity and conidial production indicating a genetic !ariability in the pathogen. Fifteen different fungicides, !i2. manco2eb, captan, dodine, copper oxychloride, metiram, benomyl, carbenda2im, thiophanate methyl, shield, resoxim methyl, a2oxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, hexacona2ole, difenocona2ole and tebucona2ole were e!aluated at different concentrations for their physical mode of action. *hereas, nine fungicides, !i2. manco2eb, ,resoxim methyl, carbenda2im, difenocona2ole, metiram, thiophanate methyl, dodine, shield and pyraclostrobinCmetiram were selected for such study in the field. :ithiocarbamate fungicides pro!ided maximum control of 3arssonina blotch disease with more effect on conidial production, germinability and !iability after their protecti!e applications on apple plants both under semi"controlled as well as under field conditions. 3anco2eb formulations also showed maximum retention acti!ity as compare to other fungicides, and, registered maximum control of the disease. 9trobilurin fungicides showed the strongest curati!e, pre"symptom and post"symptom acti!ity against 3arssonina blotch in semi"controlled as well as under field conditions. These fungicides showed inhibitory effect on conidial production, germinability and number of !iable conidia as compared to other test fungicides. Hn the basis of prophylactic rating, dithiocarbamate fungicides were most effecti!e protectants against 3arssonina blotch of apple. The after"infection, pre"symptom and post"symptom acti!ity of strobilurins, ben2imida2oles and tria2oles exceeded that of their protecti!e acti!ity. 9trobilurin fungicides were rated best (with 1"1 rating) followed by the ben2imida2oles in this respect. @n field, pyraclostrobinCmetiram attained the highest rating (1) followed by
,resoxim methyl, carbenda2im, thiophanate methyl, dodine, difenocona2ole, manco2eb, shield and metiram. 6mong six spray schedules e!aluated in field, spray schedule"@@ (comprising of manco2eb (-.1F) at walnut stage, carbenda2im (-.-%F) at $- days after 1st spray and manco2eb flowable (-.1F) at 4- days after $ nd spray) was found best to control 3arssonina blotch of apple, along with directed sprays of ,resoxim methyl in monitored spray programme.

PHD Abstracts India-Microbiology

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DEPARTMENT OF MYCOLOGY & PLANT PATHOLOGY Ph.D.

<ear of completion of :egree 6bstract of Thesis

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