DRAFT

Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference PVP2012 July 15-19, 2012, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

PVP2012-78161
A PIPE BEND SUBJECT TO A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED RADIAL FORCE

Joseph M. Mazzeo P.E. Senior Engineer GenOn th 696 W. 10 St., P.O. 192 Pittsburg, Ca. 94565 USA Tel: 925-427-3301 Email: Joe.Mazzeo@GenOn.Com

ABSTRACT The effects of a distributed radial load on an elbow or bend within a piping system, caused by large changes in momentum due to fluid flow, are often represented by a single force. The method presented here will result in more accurate results. In this paper, equations are derived to predict deformations of a pipe bend or curved beam cantilever at its free end due to a uniformly distributed radial force. Assuming isotropic, linearly elastic materials of uniform cross section, uniform bend radius, and small deformations, equations are derived using Castiglianos theorem. Deformation due to shear and axial stresses is also considered. Derived equations are validated through a case example which compares them to a model consisting of a number of straight beam elements assembled to model a curved beam. The example demonstrates that free end deformations can be integrated into a piping analysis program by using the direct stiffness method in order to obtain the resulting displacements, forces, and moments that result from restraint of the bend due to the stiffness of the attached pipe. Pipe Bend Curved Beam Radial Force Deformation Momentum Fluid Flow NOMENCLATURE Cross sectional area of pipe or bend Displacement caused by bending

Deformation in the y direction at the free end of the cantilever due to bending stresses Deformation in the y direction at the free end of the cantilever due to axial stresses Deformation in the y direction at the free end of the cantilever due to shear stresses Youngs Modulus Angle defining a location on the bend Force column vector for model Axial force in bend Shear force in bend Moment of inertia of member about the Z axis Stiffness Matrix of model Moment arm distance Moment resulting from radial force Volume Flow Rate Centerline radius of elbow or bend Angle of bend in radians Velocity Displacement column vector for curved member Incremental axial deformation Incremental length

Deformation in the x direction at the free end of the cantilever due to shear stresses

MA

Displacement column vector for model

Deformation in the x direction at the free end of the cantilever due to bending stresses Deformation in the x direction at the free end of the cantilever due to axial stresses

Incremental force in the radial direction Incremental X direction displacement Incremental Y direction displacement Force column vector for curved member ASME Code defined flexibility factor for bends Member stiffness matrix of bend, 12x12 Moment resulting from a virtual force Density

implemented by replacing the incremental linear length of a straight beam with the term . X
dF Free End

R
MA

Shape factor for shear deformation. 2 for a pipe section Poissons ratio Distributed Radial Load

F Y

INTRODUCTION A fluid moving through an elbow of uniform radius, results in a uniform radial force, due to a constant change in momentum. The effects of this force on a piping system, is often modeled as a single force, acting from the center of curvature outward through the center of the extrados of the elbow. This is a reasonable approach for design purposes however incorporating the effects of a distributed load on the elbow will result in a more accurate distribution of stresses, deformations and support loads since the effect of the elbow attempting to straighten is considered. DEFORMATIONS OF A CANTILEVER CURVED BEAM FREE END The distributed radial force is defined as force divided by the bend angle. A positive force is defined as a uniform force acting from the center of curvature outwards as shown in Fig. 1. =

Fixed End Z axis is by right hand rule, into page

FIG.1 CURVED BEAM CANTILEVER

The deformation due to bending can be found with Castiglianos theorem by applying a virtual force at the free end in the direction of interest. This results in an expression for the virtual moment about the Z axis. (Ref. 1) The deformation is then: The term accounts for additional in-plane elbow flexibility, as specified by ASME B31.1 Table D-1 and similar codes. To obtain the deformation in the Y direction at the free end, a unit force is applied in the same direction at that location. This results in the following expression for moment at any location on the beam. (Refer to Fig. 2)
= ( sin( ) ) =
= =0

(7)

(1)

( ) = ( ) = sin ( ) =
=

An expression is derived for the moment at any location defined by the angle F: (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

(8)

Substituting equation 6 and 8 into equation 7 obtains the Y deformation of the free end due to bending.
3

=
=

Assuming R is large relative to the diameter of the pipe, beam deflection formulas for a straight beam can be

= wR[1 cos ]

= ( ) =0

3 3

The derivation for deformation in the X direction due to bending is similar to that of the Y direction. The same expression for is used, but with a different expression for m.
= R cos( ) (11)

(1 )(sin( ) sin ) =0
2

(9)
(10)

+ 22

cos( ) 4

+ 2

3cos 4

 = (13)

=0 (1 )( cos( ) )

(12)

The expression for total deformation in the x direction at the free end due to axial forces is: =
= (1 =0

[sin( ) 4sinTcosT + cosT(8sinT 6T) + 3sinT ]

For free end rotation in the Z direction, is simply equal to 1.0. The rotational deformation is then: =
2

wR[1 cos ] =0 [ ]

The deformation in the y direction at the free end due to axial force is: = =
= (1 =0

[sin() 2 + 3 ]

)(cos ( ))

(20) (21)

(14) (15) )(sin ( ))

(22) (23)

Contribution of Axial Deformation A distributed radial force oriented from the center of curvature outwards results in tension in the beam, causing axial deformation in the X and Y direction. (See Fig. 2) Axial deformation does not contribute to free end rotations. The equation for the axial force can be derived by applying the component of equation (4) in the direction of the tangent at point a. = ( )

Free End Displacements Due to Shear Deformation The distributed radial force results in shear in the beam, causing free end deformation in the X and Y direction. Like axial deformation, shear deformation does not contribute to free end rotations. The shear force at any location on the bend defined by the angle F is the component of equation (4) in the radial direction and is orthogonal to the axial force. = ( )
=

[2 cos() 3cos () + 4]

(16)
Free End

(24) (25)

F- dFa

dF
Fa a dl

= =0 cos( ) =

R T
a

The shear deformation due to the axial force is:

2(1+)

(26)

Fa

The deformation in the x direction is:

(27)

Fixed End

= sin( ) F-
dv Fv
Free End

FIG. 2 CALCULATION OF AXIAL FORCE

dF dFv

The axial force at any location on the bend defined by the angle F is: = sin( ) = (1 ) =0
=

R T F

(17)

a
Fv dl

The deformation due to the axial force is: =

(18)
Fixed End

Where:

FIG. 3 CALCULATION OF SHEAR FORCE (19)

Substituting equations 26 and 19 into 27 then obtains: = =

2 (1+) (1+) 2

The deformation in the y direction is:

[ sin() 2 + ]

sin( ) =0

(28) (28)

The I node forces are redefined as shown below resulting in the following column vector. The forces and are evaluated from equations 17 and 25, substituting T for F. 0 0 0 0 0 0

= cos( ) = =
2(1+) (1+) 2 =

(29) (30) (31)

[cos() 2 ]

cos( ) =0

(33)

INTEGRATION OF METHOD INTO A PIPING ANALYSIS PROGRAM USING THE DIRECT STIFFNESS METHOD The effects of a uniform radial force on an elbow can be incorporated into a pipe stress program through the use of fixed end forces derived from the calculated cantilever deformations. The fixed end forces are those resulting from a uniform radial force if both ends of the bend are anchored. The anchored and free ends of the cantilever will be referred to as i and j nodes respectively. The 12x12 element stiffness for the elbow is represented as k. Note that shear and axial deformation must be considered in the formation of the stiffness in order to obtain compatible results with the example in this paper. The column vector d contains the summation of displacements of the cantilever due to bending, shear, and axial deformations, and is defined as: 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 0

Note that the sign of the Fv term must be taken as a negative in order to represent force on the member instead of internal shear. The uniform radial force is symetrical to the geometry of a curved beam fixed at each end, and consequently the fixed end moments must be opposite and equal; thus mzi = -mzj. (This is not the case for x, y z uniform loading for gravity. ) The summation of the forces on the I and J nodes now equal Fa for the x direction, -Fv for the y direction, and zero for all others.

The resulting 12 element force array representing the fixed end forces is then rotated to the global coordinate system for the model and added to the systems external forces before solving for displacements and calculation of element forces, moments, and stresses.

It is pratical to calculate the fixed end forces resulting from setting = 1.0 for each bend immediately after the member stiffness is assembled. The resulting forces are simply ratioed for each load case evaluation subsequently performed.
(32)

FORCES DUE TO MOMENTUM CHANGES Momentum changes due to fluid flow through an elbow result in a uniform radial force. The total force for the elbow depicted in Fig 4 is calculated in the following equations. (Ref. 2) = = (1 ) = = (34) (35)

Using the following equation, the f column vector defining the reactions at i and j are calculated. =
(32)

Equation 34 and 35 are equivalent to equations 16 and 25 (correcting for the sign of equation 25 as in equation 33) if the distributed radial force were equal to:

(36) The following values in SI units are used in this verification. = 0.3 = 1.047 = 1.999E7 2 = 1.0 = 36.126 4 A = 9.530 2 = 1.987 = 44.482 / = 7.620 Rx-rad -6.478E-07

It follows that to evaluate forces due to momentum changes, equation 36 is substituted for all equations containing . X T V

Free End Displacements Calculated Results Mode X-cm Y-cm Bending 2.197E-06 -3.007E-06 Shear 1.573E-06 -4.166E-06 Axial 3.045E-07 8.280E-08 Total 4.074E-06 -7.090E-06 Free End Displacements Model Results Mode X-cm Y-cm Bending 2.221E-06 -3.038E-06 Shear 1.591E-06 -4.194E-06 Axial 3.081E-07 8.414E-08 Total 4.120E-06 -7.147E-06 Anchor Forces Calculated Results Fv (n) Fa (n) Mz (n-cm) 38.52254 22.241 -169.476 Anchor Forces Model Results Fv (n) Fa (n) 38.523 22.241

-6.478E-07

T Rx-rad -6.556E-07

Y V FIG. 4 MOMENTUM CHANGE

-6.556E-07

EXAMPLE AND COMPARISION TO STRAIGHT ELEMENT BEAM MODEL The equations for free end deformations and anchor loads for curved beam cantilever are confirmed by comparison with a model consisting of 120 straight beam elements. The elements are geometrically arranged to match the curvature of the curved beam and the distributed radial load is modeled as individual forces on each node in the radial direction. The straight beam element incorporates bending, shear, and axial stiffness. The member stiffnesses are rotated and assembled into a system of global stiffness using Microsoft EXCEL macros. The displacements are solved with the following equation. 1 =
(37)

Mz (n-cm) -170.756

The example is repeated in U.S. customary units. = 0.3 = 1.047 = 296 /2 = 1.0 = 0.868 4 A = 1.477 2 = 1.987 = 10 / = 3.0 Rx-rad -6.478E-07

The resulting displacements from bending, shear, and axial deformation are individually determined by the model. The axial deformation is determined by substituting a very large value for the moment of inertia I and a small value for s. The bending deformation is found by substituting a very large value for A. The shear deformation is determined by subtracting these displacements from results based on the original values.

Free End Displacements Calculated Results Mode X-in Y-in Bending 8.649E-07 -1.184E-06 Shear 6.193E-07 -1.640E-06 Axial 1.199E-07 3.260E-08 Total 1.604E-06 -2.791E-06 Free End Displacements Model Results Mode X-in Y-in Bending 8.744E-07 -1.196E-06 Shear 6.264E-07 -1.651E-06 Axial 1.213E-07 3.312E-08

-6.478E-07

Rx-rad -6.556E-07

The following results are summarized in SI units and repeated in U.S. customary units. 5

Total

1.622E-06

-2.814E-06

-6.556E-07

Anchor Forces Calculated Results Fv (lbs) Fa (lbs) Mz (in-lbs) 8.660 5.0 -15.0 Anchor Forces Model Results Fv (lbs) Fa (lbs) 8.660 5.000

Anchor Forces Radial Method 10 50 Single Force 10 50

Fx (n)

Fy (n)

Mz (n-cm)

-35.32821 -2713.694
Fx (n)

2713.609 35.41263
Fy (n)

6616.752 -6627.784
Mz (n-cm)

Mz (in-lbs) -15.113

266.6553 -3015.677

3016.088 -267.0659

-22076.68 22047.27

COMPARISION WITH THE SINGLE FORCE METHOD A four element pipe model (Fig. 5) was used to demonstrate the difference between a uniform radial force distributed between nodes 20 and 40 and a simplified single force acting at node 30, in the radial direction. Nodes 10 and 50 are anchored and the two curved elements represent a pipe bend with a bend radius equal to 5 times the nominal diameter of the pipe. A summary of the piping properties are given in Table 1. The resulting support loads agree fairly well for forces however the radial method results in significantly less in-plane bending moment at nodes 10 and 50, and in the opposite direction of the single force method. Element forces and displacements are also more conservative for the single force method.

Element 20-30 Forces Radial Fx (n) Method 30 639.4979 Element 20-30 Forces Single Force Fx (n) 30 266.6552

Fy (n)

Mz (n-cm)

1593.762
Fy (n)

-15973.44
Mz (n-cm)

3016.088

-76937

The results are repeated in U.S. customary units. Anchor Forces Radial Method 10 50 Single Force 10 50

Fx (lbs) -7.9421363 -610.06561 Fx (lbs) 59.9467815 -677.95451

Fy (lbs) 610.04663 7.96111352 Fy (lbs) 678.046832 -60.039104

Mz (in-lbs) 585.634776 -586.61116 Mz (in-lbs) -1953.96 1951.35767

Element 20-30 Forces Radial Fx (lbs) Method 30 143.76555 Element 20-30 Forces Single Force Fx (lbs) 30 59.9467603

Fy (lbs) 358.293658

Mz (in-lbs) -1413.7758

Fy (lbs) 678.046827

Mz (in-lbs) -6809.5318

FIG. 5 PLOT OF COMPARISON MODEL Pipe OD=32.385 cm Thi =0.8382cm (12 Nom Sch 30) Bend Radius = 152.40 cm (60 in) Straight Elements Length = 190.87cm (75.147 in) E = 1.999E7 2 (29E6 lbs/in2) V = 609.6 cm/s (240 in/s) Q = 451499.9cm3/s (27552.05 in3/s) p = 1.730E-4 n-s2/cm4 (9.346E-6 lbs-s2/in4)

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The comparison between the straight element model results and the equations for free end deformation derived in this paper compare well, validating the equations. The simple single force method and the method presented in this paper show significant differences in results. Although the example presented indicates that the simple single force is more conservative than the more accurate distributed radial force method, not enough test cases were evaluated to say that this is true for all geometries. 6

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The method of accounting for a uniform radial force on a bend by the direct stiffness method is similar to that used for uniform loading in the X, Y, and Z directions in SAP IV, A Structural Analysis Program by K.J. Bathe, E.L. Wilson, F.E. Peterson, University of California, Berkeley, 1974. In the example, the shape factor , shear deformation was calculated from a formula presented in the SAP IV users manual. REFERENCES [1] Popov, E., 1968. Introduction to Mechanics of Solids, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Chap. 13, Example 13-13, pp. 503-504. [2] Streeter, V., 1971. Fluid Mechanics, 5th ed. McGraw Hill, Chap. 3.11, pp. 140.