fx=a0+n=1∞ancosnπxL+bnsinnπxLplasmolysis

If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the plant cell loses water and
hence turgor pressure, making the plant cell flaccid. Plants with cells in this condition wilt.
Further water loss causes plasmolysis: pressure decreases to the point where
the protoplasm of the cell peels away from the cell wall, leaving gaps between the cell wall
and the membrane. Eventually cytorrhysis – the complete collapse of the cell wall – can
occur. There are some mechanisms in plants to prevent excess water loss in the same way
as excess water gain, but plasmolysis can be reversed if the cell is placed in a weaker
solution (hypotonic solution). Stomata help keep water in the plant so it does not dry out.
Wax also keeps water in the plant. The equivalent process in animal cells is called crenation.

The liquid content of the cell leaks out due to diffusion. The cell collapse and cell membrane
pulls away from the cell wall(in plants). Most animal cells consist of only a phospholipid
bilayer and not a cell wall, therefore shrinking up under such conditions.

Plasmolysis only occurs in extreme conditions and rarely happens in nature. It is induced in
the laboratory by immersing cells in strong saline or sugar solutions to cause exosmosis,
often using Elodea plants or onion epidermal cells, which have coloured cell sap so that the
process is clearly visible.

Plasmolysis can be of two types. It can be either concave plasmolysis or convex plasmolysis.
Convex plasmolysis is always irreversible while concave plasmolysis is usually
reversible.[citation needed]
hagocytosis

phagocytosis

Once a white cell has left the blood vessel and migrated to the enemy, the
next job is to EAT the microbe. This human macrophage, like its cousin the
neutrophil, is a professional "phagocyte" or eating cell (phago = "eating",
cyte = "cell"). The macrophage is using its internal cytoskeleton to envelop
cells of the fungus Candida albicans. View this sequence in a 510K time-
lapse movie.

But eating the organisms is not enough. To insure that the organisms not
grow and divide within the macrophage, the white cell must kill the
organisms by some means such as theOXIDATIVE BURST.
Endocytosis is required for a vast number of functions that are
essential for the well being of cell. It intimately regulates many
processes, including nutrient uptake, cell adhesion and
migration, receptor
signaling,[1] pathogen entry,[2] neurotransmission, receptor
downregulation, antigen presentation, cell polarity, mitosis,
growth and differentiation, and drug delivery.[3][4]
[edit]
1.hypotonic - (of living tissue) lacking normal tone or tension
hypertonic - (of living tissue) in a state of abnormally high tension; "hypertonic muscle
tissue"
2.hypotonic - (of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison
solution
hypertonic - (of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution
isosmotic, isotonic - (used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure

isotonic

An isotonic solution contains an equal concentration of

impermeable solutes as the solution on the other side of the
membrane.[1]
If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net
movement of water in or out of the cell because the
concentration of impermeable solutes in the cell equals that of
the external environment.
Isotonic saline solution for medical applications has a sodium
chloride concentration of 9g per litre of water or 0.9%(w/v).
[edit]