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Keywords: Power sector, generation, transmission, distribution system , Environment pollution, I/ I(0R'D-&0I'( Electricit" forms the *ac1*one of the co$ntries/ 0he electric power sector comprising generation, transmission and distri*$tion s"stem is considered as the greatest machiner" ever created/ 0his machiner" is an integral part of the national infrastr$ct$re and its performance is vital to the s$ccess of the co$ntries econom", to the environment and health goals and to the sec$rit"/ 'ver the last five decades, the electric power in India has grown tremendo$sl"/ Electricit" generation in India is mainl" thermal-*ased with some h"dro and a few n$clear power stations - 203 thermal, 243 h"dro, 2/53 n$clear and 2/23 grid-connected renewa*le/ 0he transmission networ1 is s$pported *" a strong 60017 interconnected national grid with few 87D& interconnections for transmitting *$l1 power over long distances/ the present scenario is that the installed capacit" has increased from +269 M: in +,40-4+ to an installed capacit" of +00,022 M: in 2000-0+/ nother +00,000 M: is planned to *e added *" 20+2 to meet the ever increasing demand for power/ 0he per capita energ" cons$mption has *een increasing and has reached a fig$re of appro;imatel" 940 1:h per ann$m/ Ind$stries have also grown in tandem with the power sector in testing organi)ations to provide indigeno$s technolog" s$pport/ Present pea1ing power shortages co$ld have *een totall" eliminated with the same installed capacit" $nder the same investment, had preference *een given to the development of more h"dro, leading to a !$dicio$s h"dro< thermal mi;/ 0his apart, thermal plants in India co-generate ann$all"< 900 million tons of &'2 50 million tons of fl" ash/
2/24 million tons of S'2 +/24 million tons of ('2/ %lo*al consens$s is that &'2 levels of toda" are to *e immediatel" *ro$ght down to =03 level , otherwise there ma" *e a ma!or climatic shift, worst affected *eing the coastal pop$lations/ :e have *een a*le to develop onl" aro$nd 2,500 M: of n$clear power against the e;pectation of +0,000 M:*" 2000 D/ 0he pricing mechanism has led to a sit$ation where on an average, for the whole co$ntr", the tariff provides for onl" a*o$t 203 of the cost of s$ppl" of power/ '$r trac1 record of energ" efficienc" is s$ch that we generate 6 $nits of electricit" for an end $se of !$st one $nit, nearl" 243 *eing the 0&D losses and ==/=3 *eing the end conversion losses in several sectors li1e irrigation p$mps etc/ 0herefore, the development depends on how *est these iss$es are addressed and implemented while planning programs for the f$t$re incl$ding R&D programs in power sector/ >$t the challenges are gigantic in proportion/ 0he 0&D losses in o$r co$ntr" tro$gh reported aro$nd 243, act$all" var" *etween 603 to 403/ '$r energ" and pea1 demand contin$e to o$t strip the s$ppl", present energ" shortage *eing 53 and pea1ing shortage *eing +93/ :e have landed $p with the 8"dro < thermal mi; of 24<24 against a desira*le mi; of 60<=0 inspite of the availa*ilit" of large h"dro potential/ Poor h"dro< thermal mi; has led to< ccelerated e;ha$stion of fi;ed inventor" of fossil f$el/ Environmental poll$tion/ ?re@$ent load shed dings/ ?l$ct$ations in voltage and fre@$enc"/
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>ac1ing down of thermal leading to low PA? and efficienc"/ &onstrained load carr"ing capacit" of grid/ Poor grid econom"/
the pro!ects with a committed mission at the national level for each of these areas/ It is of vital importance to foc$s o$r attention now on the research and development in the power sector/ Research is $rgentl" need to *$ild e;pertise, to find sol$tion for the pro*lems e;isting in the s"stem and also for pro*lems that ma" arise in the f$t$re/ Research is $rgentl" needed to *ridge the 1nowledge and technolog" gaps as the technolog" changes toda" are at a more profo$nd and faster pace than an" time since EdisonEs da" at the dawn of commercial electrification/ III/ (EED ?'R R&D I( P':ER SE&0'R 0he leading nations, *oth developing and developed, have archived relia*le power s"stem *eca$se the" have esta*lished integrated, innovative and highl" fle;i*le R&D organi)ations that operate with a $niform set of wor1 practices and information s"stems/ Research is $rgentl" needed to *$ild e;pertise, to find sol$tion for the pro*lems e;isting in the s"stem and also for pro*lems that ma" arise in the f$t$re/ Research is also $rgentl" needed to *ridge the 1nowledge and technolog" gaps/ 0here is a re@$irement for strong economic, environmental and social incentives to leverage plant centric R&D driven reorgani)ation of e;isting power $nits and innovative technolog" driven enlargement of capacit" that develops all modes of prod$ction, transmission and distri*$tion and incentive *ased demand side management, incl$ding end $se energ" efficienc"/ 0here is a need to form a proactive and colla*orative national R&D polic" to develop innovative sol$tion for strengthening the power sector thro$gh networ1ing of research organi)ations, academic instit$tions and power ind$str" to face the glo*al competitive environment/ I7/ 7ISI'( ?'R R&D I( P':ER SE&0'R 0he vision for R&D in power sector is *ased on its responsi*ilit" to strengthen the e;isting power sector, its aspirations, its competence and the opport$nities presented *" the glo*al *$siness environment/ 0he vision declaration sho$ld *e considered as a charter of core val$es, principles and o*!ectives, which g$ide the ministr" of power to achieve pre-determined efficienc" improvements *" generation, transmission and distri*$tion agencies with reco$rse to R&D/ 7/ 0': RDS ( 0I'( A R&D PERSPE&0I7E PA ( 0he cr$cial R&D needs re@$ired to *ridge the technolog" gaps in vario$s s$*sections of power sector F%eneration, transmission & distri*$tionG identified and priotorised/ In addition, the following polic" iss$es are addressed which are essential for form$lating strategies and f$rther s$ccessf$l implementation<
II/ SI%(I?I& (&E '? R&D Reali)ing the importance of power development in the co$ntr", 0he %ovt/ of India has made investments for creation of infrastr$ct$re for generation, transmission and distri*$tion and R2D in the last few decades, however, man" %ovt/ organi)ations have e;ec$ted vario$s R&D pro!ects in the power sector in their own wa", 0he co-ordination of which was not *eing made *" a single agenc" to see that the technologies adopted and R&D o$tp$ts are of international standards/ 0he present sit$ation is that there are man" technical pro*lems apart from the financial cr$nch to *e tac1led *" the $tilities, in an $rgent manner/ Some of the pro*lems faced are< Pro*lems connected with s"stem operation s$ch as high 0&D loss, inopera*le levels of voltage and fre@$enc" in the s"stem, fre@$ent grid fail$res and load shedding, lac1 of grid discipline/ Pro*lems of *ad @$alit" coal and associated pro*lems in coal handling s"stems and *oilers/ EnvironmentalBpoll$tion pro*lems d$e to prod$ction of ash :ear and erosion pro*lems d$e to silt" water/ >oiler and condenser t$*e fail$res/ 7i*ration pro*lems in h"droBthermal stations/ Pro*lems of control and instr$mentation/ Aess effective transmission s"stem/ &ontin$ed dependence on original e@$ipment man$fact$res for critical spare parts/ $tilities do not have the time or the necessar" infrastr$ct$re to st$d" their pro*lems in depth/ 0heir priorities are for @$ic1 restoration of the s"stem, fast implementation of pro!ects while tac1ing pro*lems as the" occ$r/ Private companies in India hardl" ever invest in reso$rces to anal")e pro*lems/ 0his clarit" reflected that proper attention was not given to CEnerg" R&DD and s$*stantial technological innovations were neither done nor adopted to improve the performance of the s"stem/ 0his t"pe of divergence is fo$nd onl" in the power sector of o$r co$ntr", *$t not in other areas/ ?or instance the state of the art technologies that have emerged from the R&D activities in the areas of space, defense and atomic energ", are more or less at par with the international levels/ 0his is *eca$se a single agenc" has *een vested e;ec$tion and co-ordination of
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at Mohawe s$*station in +,20 was treated as a national pro*lem/ 0as1 force was set $p and within a decade, several tools incl$ding anal"tical, were developed to mitigate the s$*
R&D PERSPE&0I7ES ?'R I(DI ( P':ER SE&0'R
(eed for a nodal R&D agenc" to form$late strategic plans and partnerships/ (etwor1ing and mapping the R&D reso$rces incl$ding intellect$al capital/ Strengthening the e;isting R&D infrastr$ct$re/ ($rt$ring the R&D h$man reso$rces/ ?$nding for R&D initiatives/ It is hoped that the perspective R&D plan wo$ld serve as a g$ide for decision ma1ers< 0o navigate the co$rse of growth of the power sector/ 0o form$late strategies for s$ccessf$l implementation and most importantl"/ 0o create an environment cond$cive to promote c$tting edge technologiesB innovations in the co$ntr"/ So, as to s$stain the electric power sector development in the coming "ears/ 7I/ ?'R&ES DRI7I(% &8 (%E I( I(DI ( P':ER S&E( RI' 0here are several forces driving change in the power scenario vi)/< Aarge gap *etween demand and generation/ &omple; growth of the Indian grid/ Ai*erali)ation polic" of the government/ Power sector reforms/ dvances in information and comm$nication technolog"/ Emerging technologies Fli1e ? &0S, &$stom power devices, f$el cellsG/ 7II/ &'MPAEH %R':08 '? 08E I(DI ( %RID >$l1 power transmission has necessitated e;pansion of 600 17 transmission networ1 and 87D& transmission lin1s d$ring the last two plan periods/ m*itio$s plans in transmission as laid down *" power grid in the ne;t two decades, incl$des 500 17 transmission lines/ Several 87D& lines and *ac1 to *ac1 ties and a large networ1 of 60017 lines/ 0he power s"stem we find toda" is @$ite comple; in nat$re/ Pro*lems associated with the grid operation have f$rther complicated the power s"stem operation/ Most often, anal")ing the s"stem and finding sol$tions to the fail$res have *een diffic$lt d$e to poor access to the s"stem data/ If the data is made availa*le to the e;perts in the co$ntr", then it is possi*le to overcome man" of the *ottlenec1s prevailing in the s"stem/ It is eas" to get the new enlarge s"stem data or the western some co-coordinating co$ncil F:S&&G s"stem data, *$t not that of India/ ?or instance, the case of generator shaft fail$res
s"nchrono$s resonance pro*lems/ lso, *enchmar1 s"stems were set $p for e;perts to wor1 all over the world/ 0his sho$ld *e the strateg" to adopt as the comple;it" grows in the s"stem/ 5/0 IMP'R0 (&DE '? I(DI%E('-S R&D I( 08E &'(0EH0 '? %A'> AII 0I'( In the conte;t of li*erali)ation and glo*ali)ation of ind$str" there is a feeling in some @$arters that *eca$se of li*erali)ation, the import of technolog" will *e eas" and hence the role of indigeno$s R&D instit$tions will diminish to a great e;tent as proven technologies will *e readil" availa*le/ It is tr$e to some e;tent that import of C1now JhowD will *e @$ic1er and easier in the present environment *$t the e;perience in the past has shown it is ver" diffic$lt to get C1now wh"D from a*road/ 0here is rel$ctance for the transfer of state of the art technolog" *" organi)ations a*road and even if this done, it is e;or*itant cost/ 0o a*sor* high technolog", the indigeno$s R&D *ase is important to $nderstand the vario$s technicalities involved to appl" the same in o$r environment/ It as also *een fo$nd that creation of R&D *ase has helped in getting higher technologies in telecom sector were @$oted ver" e;or*itantl" when India did not have an R&D *ase in this area/ &reation of &-D'0 made s$ppliers of competition from &-D'0/ &-D & is another e;ample in the s$per comp$ter area/ S$ch instances are man"/ 0his onl" goes to show the importance and significance of indigeno$s R&D in the li*erali)ed environment/ IH/ P':ER SE&0'R RE?'RMS Electric $tilities are now the worldEs most t$r*$lent ind$stries/ dramatic changes are ta1ing place glo*all" in the electric ind$stries as dereg$lation is implemented and as competition is introd$ced in providing the electric power/ 0hese changes aim to red$ce the price of electric power and increase s$ppl" with minimal capital investments/ mi;ed state is reflected in the following com*ination of re@$irements/ -tilities m$st still provide electricit" to all c$stomers,*$t the" m$st also provide transmission and distri*$tion access to independent power prod$cers and competitors/ :ith the implementation of the electricit" S"stem Reg$lator" &ommission ct +,,5, the Indian power sector has also entered the saga of reforms and restr$ct$ring, adding t$r*$lence to the s"stem/ Reg$lator" mechanisms are set $p *oth at the central and state level to reg$late the tariff and protect cons$mer interests/ 0hese reforms will $ltimatel" lead electric power to mar1et orientation and completion/
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Research pro*lems arising from the changing concepts in power sector development and management involve not onl" technical aspects *$t also financial, legal and managerialB
AKGEC INTE NATI!NA" #!$ NA" !% TEC&N!"!G', 7ol/ 2, (o/ 2
s"stem, data ac@$isition s"stem and the monitoring of s"stem performance parameters/
commercial aspects/ 0his wo$ld call for development of e;pertise in *lending new areas s$ch as financial, legal and commercial regimes with technical/ H/ D7 (&ES I( I(?'RM 0I'( (D &'MM-(I& 0I'( 0E&8('A'%K dvances in information and power electronics technolog" and the glo*ali)ation of *$siness have f$rther revol$tioni)ed the ind$str"- opening door for o$tside competition in electricit"-*ased services/ 0his technolog" co$ld *e $sed to the advantage of the power sector, *ringing in transparenc" in operation, sophisticated control of the grid operation FS& D s"stemG distri*$tion F*illing, loss red$ction etc/G/ reg$lator" a$thorities, independent s"stem operators and power traders need this $nder the dereg$lated environment/ H+/ EMER%I(% (E: 0E&8('A'%IES 0here is no single new technolog" that has propelled change in the electric ind$str"/ In the case of telecomm$nication ind$str", the emergence of fi*er optic technolog" has revol$tioni)ed the entire ind$str"/ 0his has acted as a primar" driving force/ Some of the man" new technologies that will have an impact on the electric power ind$str", now that other forces are driving change are given *elow< Information technolog"/ Power electronics/ rtificial intelligence/ Satellites/ dvances in power electronics have given rise to a new concept of fle;i*le ac transmission F? &0SG wherein the power is transmitted over a desired path/ ? &0S controllers $sing conventional th"ristors and new devices li1e %0's, I%>0s can provide sol$tion to several of the operational pro*lems /satellites are alread" in $se for timing control in power networ1s and ma" increase in importance as wide area networ1 emerges/ %lo*al positioning s"stem is alread" *eing $sed to determine the location of lighting stri1es *" s$pporting s"nchrono$s meas$rements// HII/ RE S ?'R RESE R&8 0he cr$cial R&D needs re@$ired to *ridge the technolog" gaps in vario$s s$*sections of power sectorFgeneration ,transmission & distri*$tionG are identified and prioriti)ed/ 0he R&D needs aim at either improving design of an individ$al plant component andB or evolving cost effective overall process R&D needs also incl$de the emerging convergence of power sector with I0, electronics and comm$nication to improve the control and instr$mentation
HIII/ >E(E?I0S '? R&D >enefits res$lting from R&D are o*vio$s in @$alitative terms *$t diffic$lt to *e @$antified, as the" res$lt in enhancing significantl" the availa*ilit", performance, relia*ilit", efficienc" and tro$*le- free operation of the new as well as e;isting power stations after their renovation and moderni)ation/ conservative +3 efficienc" improvement in the performance of e;isting h"dro power stations, will res$lts in additional ann$al energ" generation of a*o$t 500 M-s F*ased on the e;isting level of generation of a*o$t 50,000 M-s from h"dro stations per ann$mG amo$nting to Rs/ 200 crores per ann$m. Rs/ 2/40 per $nit/ It is evident that the *enefits from the f$t$re h"dro power stations wo$ld *e @$iet phenomenal/ R&D schemes involving st$d" on performance of thermal power stations, R&M of old $nits will res$lt in additional generation and $se of *eneficiated coal will res$lt in savings in coal and f$el oil cons$mption/ Savings d$e to the a*ove is estimated at Rs/ 9250 crores per +0,000 M: per "ear . of Rs/ 2/40 per $nit of electricit", *esides environmental protection *" red$ction in poll$tants which cannot *e @$antified/ 0&D technical losses even if red$ced *" +3 wo$ld res$lt in savings to the t$ne of Rs/+240 crores per "ear Fconsidering 400 >illion $nits generated ann$all" . Rs/2,40 per $nitG/ It can therefore *e seen that even the tangi*le *enefits which can *e @$antified are enormo$s vis-L-vis the cost of R&D/ 'n the other hand, the cost of non R&D to the nation co$ld *e *e"ond imagination / HI7/ R&D P'AI&K ISS-ES In addition, the following polic" iss$es are to *e addressed which are essential for form$lating strategies and s$ccessf$l implementation< (eed for a (odal R&D agenc" to form$late strategic plans and partnerships/ (etwor1ing and Mapping the R&D reso$rces incl$ding intellect$al capital/ Strengthening the e;isting R&D infrastr$ct$re/ ($rt$ring the R&D h$man reso$rces/ ?$nding for R&D initiatives/
HI7/ RE?ERE(&ES +/ :e*site of Ministr" www/mop/gov/nic/in of Power, %ovt/ of India,
6=
2/ &entral Power Research Instit$te F&PRIG, www/cpri/in 9/ &entral Electricit" $thorit", www/cea/gov/nic/in
Dr/ I P S Pa$l is c$rrentl" Dean R&D and Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, !a" #$mar %arg Engineering &ollege, %ha)ia*ad/ '*tained >E FMechG from (I0 >hopal, M> from -niversit" of Delhi, Diploma in Energ" Management, Ital" and Ph/D/ from II0 Delhi/ 8e has served as power, research engineer and trainer in PSE>, (P0I, (0P& and &PRI/ 8e has g$ided Ph/D/, M/0ech and M> thesis and has over +00 research papers to his credit/
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