10/28/13

Italian I Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar Learn Italian Online Free Italian Lessons

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Italian I Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

If you're interested in buying books to supplement your Italian studies, I've recommended some books from Amazon. Also check out the Foreign Service Institute Italian FAST Course that I am converting to HTML. Click on the play button to listen to the mp3s through Yahoo Media Player without having to download them, or right click and choose Save As... to save them to your computer. Thanks to Corrado for the recordings!
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1. BASIC PHRASES / FRASI SEMPLICI NEW! If you'd like to study these phrases (and their pronunciations) individually, please go to Basic Italian Phrases. Buon giorno bwon zhor-no Hello / Good morning/afternoon Ciao chow Hi / Hello / Bye (informal) A pi tardi ah pyoo tar-dee See you later Per favore / Per piacere pehr fah-voh-reh / pehr pee-ah-cheh-reh Please Mi dispiace mee dee-spyah-cheh Sorry Come sta? / Come stai? koh-meh stah / koh-meh sty How are you? (formal / informal) Abbastanza bene. ah-bah-stahn-tsah beh-neh Pretty good. Come si chiama? koh-meh see kee-ah-mah What's your name? (formal) Piacere / Molto lieto. pee-ah-cheh-reh / mohl-toh lee-eh-toh Pleased / Nice to meet you. Di dov'? dee doh-veh Where are you from? (formal) Quanti anni ha? kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah How old are you? (formal) Buona sera bwoh-nah seh-rah Good evening Arrivederci ah-ree-vuh-dehr-chee Goodbye A presto / A dopo ah press-toh / ah doh-poh See you soon Grazie (mille) graht-zee-eh (mee-leh) Thank you (very much) Scusi / Scusa skoo-zee / skoo-zah Excuse me (formal / informal) Sto bene. stoh beh-neh I am fine / well. Cos cos. koh-zee koh-zee So so. Come ti chiami? koh-meh tee kee-ah-mee What's your name? (informal) Buona notte bwoh-nah noht-teh Good night ArrivederLa ah-ree-vuh-dehr-lah Goodbye (formal) A domani ah doh-mahn-ee See you tomorrow Prego preh-goh You're Welcome Andiamo! on-dee-ah-mo Let's go! Non c' male. nohn cheh mah-leh Not bad. S / No see / noh Yes / No Mi chiamo... mee kee-ah-mo My name is...

Signore, Signora, Signorina seen-yoh-reh, seen-yoh-rah, seen-yoh-reen-ah Mister, Misses, Miss Di dove sei? dee doh-veh seh-ee Where are you from? (informal) Quanti anni hai? kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah-ee How old are you? (informal) Sono di... soh-noh dee I am from... Ho venti anni. oh vehn-tee ahn-nee I am 20 years old. Parlo italiano. / Non parlo inglese.

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Parla italiano? par-lah ee-tahl-ee-ah-no Do you speak Italian? (formal)

Parli inglese? par-lee een-gleh-zeh Do you speak English? (informal)

par-lo ee-tahl-ee-ah-no / non par-lo een-gleh-zeh I speak Italian. / I don't speak English. Non so. / Lo so. non soh / low soh I don't know. / I know. Come? koh-meh? What? / Pardon me?

Capisce? / Capisci? kah-pee-sheh / kah-pee-shee Do you understand? (formal / informal) Pu aiutarmi? / Puoi aiutarmi? pwoh ah-yoo-tar-mee / pwoh-ee ah-yoo-tarmee Can you help me? (formal / informal) Desidera? / Desideri? deh-zee-deh-rah / deh-zee-deh-ree May I help you? (formal / informal) Dov' / Dove sono...? doh-veh / doh-veh soh-noh Where is / Where are... ? Cosa c'? koh-zah cheh What's the matter? / What's wrong?

[Non] capisco. [non] kah-pees-koh I [don't] understand. Certamente / D'accordo. cher-tah-mehn-teh / dah-kohr-doh Sure / OK.

Come si dice "house" in italiano? koh-meh see dee-cheh "house" een ee-tah-lee-ah-noh How do you say "house" in Italian? Ecco / Eccoli... eh-koh / eh-koh-lee Here is / Here are... Non importa. / Di niente. / Di nulla. nohn eem-por-tah / dee nee-ehnteh / dee noo-lah It doesn't matter. Ho dimenticato. oh dee-men-tee-kah-toh I forgot. Ho freddo. / Ho caldo. oh freh-doh / oh kal-doh I'm cold. / I'm hot. Congratulazioni! kohn-grah-tsoo-lah-tsee-oh-nee Congratulations! Tocca a me! / Tocca a te! tohk-kah ah meh / tohk-kah ah teh It's my turn! / It's your turn! (informal) Sta zitto! / Stai zitto! stah tseet-toh / sty tseet-toh Be quiet / Shut up! (formal / informal) C' / Ci sono... cheh / chee soh-noh There is / There are... Non m'importa. nohn meem-por-tah I don't care. Devo andare adesso. deh-voh ahn-dah-reh ah-dessoh I have to go now. Mi annoio. mee ahn-noh-ee-oh I'm bored. Benvenuti! behn-veh-noo-tee Welcome! Ti amo. tee ah-moh I love you. (informal) Va bene! vah beh-neh OK!

Non ti preoccupare. nohn tee preh-ohk-koo-pah-reh Don't worry. (informal) Ho fame. / Ho sete. oh fah-meh / oh seh-teh I'm hungry. / I'm thirsty. Salute! sah-loo-teh Bless you! Buona fortuna! bwoh-nah for-too-nah Good luck! pazzo! / Sei pazzo! eh pats-soh / seh-ee pats-soh You're crazy! (formal / informal)

Notice that Italian has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Italian (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) There is also a plural you, used when speaking to more than one person. Also, the words pazzo and zitto refer to men. If you are talking to a woman, use pazza and zitta. If you are talking to more than one person (all men, or a group of men and women), use pazzi and zitti. If you are talking to more than one person (all women), use pazze and zitte. 2. PRONUNCIATION / LA PRONUNCIA Italian is a very phonetic language, so pronunciation should be easy. Most words are pronounced exactly like they are spelled. There are only seven pure vowels, but several diphthongs and triphthongs. The English samples given are not pronounced exactly as in Italian because English vowels tend to be diphthongized (there's an extra yuh or wuh after the actual vowel). Make sure to only say the pure vowel and not the diphthong when pronouncing Italian. Italian Vowels [i] [e] [] [a] [u] [o] [ ]
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English Pronunciation ee as in meet ay as in bait eh as in bet ah as in father oo as in boot oh as in boat aw as in law

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Semi-Vowels [w] [j] quando, uomo piano, ieri, piove wuh as in won yuh as in yes

In spelling, the letter e is used to represent both [e] and []; while the letter o is used to represent both [o] and []. If the vowel is stressed, then the pronunciation is always closed [e] and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is always open [] and []. This can change according to regional dialects in Italy, of course, but this is the standard rule. Italian semivowels are always written ua, ue, uo, ui for [w] and ia, ie, io, iu for [j]. If another vowel precedes u or i, then it is a diphthong: ai, ei, oi, au, eu. The combination iu + another vowel creates a triphthong. Italian consonant + vowel combinations c + a, o, u, he, hi c + ia, io, iu, e, i g + a, o, u, he, hi g + ia, io, iu, e, i sc + a, o, u, he, hi sc + ia, io, iu, e, i k ch g dj sk sh amica, amico, amiche bacio, celebre, cinema gara, gusto, spaghetti Giotto, gelato, magico scala, scuola, scheda sciarpa, sciupato, scemo ah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-mee-keh bah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-neh-mah gah-rah, goo-stoh, spah-geh-tee djoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mah-djee-koh skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-moh

The consonant h is always silent. Double consonants must be pronounced individually: il nonno (eel nohn-noh) is pronounced differently from il nono (eel noh-noh). Stress falls on the second-to-last syllable in Italian. If stress falls on the last syllable, the vowel is written with an accent mark (la citt). However, it is also possible for the stress to fall on the third-to-last syllable (America, telefono) and even the fourth-to-last syllable (telefonano) in third person plural verb conjugations. 3. ALPHABET / L'ALFABETO a ah b bee c chee d dee e eh f eff-eh q koo r ehr-reh s ehs-seh t teh

u oo v voo z dzeh-tah

g zhee h ahk-kah i l ee ehl-eh

Foreign Letters j ee loon-gah

m ehm-eh k kahp-pah n ehn-eh o oh p pee w dohp-pyah voo x eeks y ee greh-kah (or) eep-see-lohn

4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES / ARTICOLI E DIMOSTRATIVI All nouns in Italian have a gender (masculine or feminine) and the articles must agree with the gender. Masculine words generally end in -o and feminine words generally end in -a. Words that end in -e may be either, so you will just have to memorize the gender. Keep in mind that articles are used before nouns or before an adjective + a noun. Definite Article - The Masculine il lo l' i eel low l ee sing., before consonants sing., before z, gn, ps, or s + cons. sing., before vowels plural, before consonants Feminine la lah sing., before consonants l' l sing., before vowels

gli lyee plural, before vowels, z, gn, or s + cons.

le leh plural, before consonants and vowels

Indefinite Articles - A, an, some Masculine

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Feminine
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A, An

un uno

oon oon-oh day

before consonant or vowel before z, gn, ps, or s + consonant before consonants

una un'

oon-ah before consonants oon before vowels

Some

dei

degli deh-lyee before vowels, z, gn, or s + cons.

delle dell-eh before vowels and consonants

Demonstratives - This, that, these, and those This and these This Masc. questo quest' Fem. questa quest' These questi questi queste queste before a consonant before a vowel before a consonant before a vowel

That and those That Masc. quel quell' quello Fem. quella quell' Those quei quegli quegli quelle quelle before a consonant before a vowel before z, gn, or s + consonant before a consonant before a vowel

If you use that and those as a subject, use these four forms: quello for masculine singular, quella for feminine singular, quelli for masculine plural, and quelle for feminine plural. 5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS / PRONOMI PERSONALI io tu lui, lei Lei ee-oh too lwee/lay lay I you (informal singular) he, she you (formal singular) noi voi loro Loro noy voy loh-roh loh-roh we you (informal plural) they you (formal plural)

The Lei form is generally used for you (singular), instead of tu, unless you're referring to kids or animals. Loro can also mean you, but only in very polite situations. If you need to specify an inanimate object as "it" you can use esso (masculine noun) and essa (feminine noun), but since subject pronouns are not commonly used in Italian, these words are somewhat rare. 6. TO BE & TO HAVE / ESSERE & AVERE Essere - to be I am you are he/she/it is sono sei soh-noh say eh we are you are they are siamo siete sono see-ah-moh see-eh-teh soh-noh

You do not have to use the subject pronouns as the different conjugations imply the subject, but they are included in the recordings. Past & Future of Essere I was you were he/she was ero eri era we were you were they were eravamo eravate erano I will be you will be he/she will be Avere - to have I have you have he/she has ho hai ha oh eye ah We have you have they have abbiamo avete hanno ahb-bee-ah-mo ah-veh-teh ahn-noh sar sarai sar we will be you will be they will be saremo sarete saranno

Past & Future of Avere I had you had he/she had avevo avevi aveva we had you had they had avevamo avevate avevano I will have you will have he/she will have avr avrai avr we will have you will have they will have avremo avrete avranno

Avere is used with many idioms and expressions that normally use the verb "to be" in English:
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avere fame - to be hungry avere sete - to be thirsty avere caldo - to be warm avere freddo - to be cold avere fretta - to be in a hurry avere paura (di) - to be afraid (of) avere ragione - to be right avere torto - to be wrong avere sonno - to be sleepy avere bisogno di - to need avere voglia di - to want, to feel like avere 20 anni - to be 20 years old When avere is followed by a word beginning with a consonant, the final -e is often dropped: aver caldo, aver fretta, aver ragione, etc. 7. USEFUL WORDS / PAROLE UTILE and or but not while if because very, a lot also, too although now perhaps, maybe then there is there are there was there were here is e o ma non mentre se perch molto anche bench adesso, ora forse allora, poi c' ci sono c'era c'erano ecco eh oh mah nohn mehn-treh seh pehr-kay mohl-toh ahn-keh behn-keh ah-deh-so, oh-rah for-seh ahl-loh-rah, poy cheh chee soh-noh che-rah che-rah-no ehk-koh often sometimes usually especially except book pencil pen paper dog cat friend (fem) friend (masc) woman man girl boy Flashcards also include subject pronouns. always sempre spesso qualche volta usualmente specialmente eccetto il libro la matita la penna la carta il cane il gatto l'amica l'amico la donna l'uomo la ragazza il ragazzo sehm-preh speh-soh kwal-keh vohl-tah oo-zoo-al-mehn-teh speh-chee-al-mehn-teh eh-cheh-toh lee-broh mah-tee-tah pehn-nah kar-tah kah-neh gah-toh ah-mee-kah ah-mee-koh dohn-nah woh-moh rah-gat-sah rah-gat-soh

C' can also mean is here, as in Nek's famous song: Laura non c' - Laura's not here. 8. QUESTION WORDS Who Whose What Why When Where How How much Which Chi Di chi Che cosa Perch Quando Dove Come Quanto Quale kee dee kee keh koh-sah pehr-keh kwahn-doh doh-veh koh-meh kwahn-toh kwah-leh

When dove, come, and quale are followed by (is), dove and come contract to dov' and com'; and quale drops its e to become qual . 9. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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zero uno due tre quattro cinque sei sette otto

dzeh-roh oo-noh doo-eh treh kwaht-troh cheen-kweh say seht-teh aw-toh

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9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 110 200 1,000 2,000 million billion

nove dieci undici dodici tredici quattordici quindici sedici diciassette diciotto diciannove venti ventuno ventidue ventitr trenta quaranta cinquanta sessanta settanta ottanta novanta cento centouno centodieci duecento mille duemila un milione un miliardo

naw-vay dee-ay-chee oon-dee-chee doh-dee-chee treh-dee-chee kwaht-tohr-dee-chee kween-dee-chee seh-dee-chee dee-chahs-seht-teh dee-choht-toh dee-chahn-noh-veh vehn-tee vehn-too-noh vehn-tee-doo-eh vehn-tee-treh trehn-tah kwah-rahn-tah cheen-kwahn-tah sehs-sahn-tah seht-tahn-tah oh-tahn-tah noh-vahn-tah chehn-toh chehn-toh-oo-noh chehn-toh-dee-ay-chee doo-eh-chehn-toh mee-leh doo-eh-mee-lah mee-lee-oh-neh mee-lee-ar-doh

If a number ends in -tre, you need to add an accent: -tr. When you have a word that ends in a vowel, like venti, and another word that begins with a vowel, like uno; the first word loses its vowel when putting the two words together. Venti (20) and uno (1) make ventuno (21). One exception is cento; it does not lose its vowel. Cento (100) and uno (1) make centouno (101). Notice that cento does not have a plural form, but mille does (mila). And be aware that Italian switches the use of commas and decimals. Ordinal Numbers first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twentieth hundredth primo / prima secondo / seconda terzo / terza quarto / quarta quinto / quinta sesto / sesta settimo / settima ottavo / ottava nono / nona decimo / decima undicesimo / undicesima ventesimo / ventesima centesimo / centesima

From eleventh on, just drop the final vowel of the cardinal number and add -esimo. For numbers like ventitr, trentatr, add -esimo but do not drop the final e. Ordinal numbers are adjectives and must agree with the nouns they modify; -o is the masculine ending, -a is the feminine ending. 10. DAYS OF THE WEEK / GIORNI DELLA SETTIMANA Monday
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luned

loo-neh-dee
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Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday yesterday day before yesterday last night today tomorrow day after tomorrow day

marted mercoled gioved venerd sabato domenica ieri avantieri / l'altroieri (m) ieri sera oggi domani dopodomani il giorno

mahr-teh-dee mehr-koh-leh-dee zhoh-veh-dee veh-nehr-dee sah-bah-toh doh-men-ee-kah yer-ee ah-vahn-tyee-ree yer-ee seh-rah ohd-jee doh-mahn-ee doh-poh-doh-mahn-ee eel zhor-noh

To say on Mondays, on Tuesdays, etc., use il before luned through sabato, and la before domenica. 11. MONTHS OF THE YEAR / MESI DELL'ANNO January February March April May June July August September October November December week month year gennaio febbraio marzo aprile maggio giugno luglio agosto settembre ottobre novembre dicembre la settimana il mese l'anno jehn-nah-yoh fehb-brah-yoh mar-tsoh ah-pree-leh mahd-joh joo-nyoh loo-lyoh ah-goh-stoh seht-tehm-breh oht-toh-breh noh-vehm-breh dee-chem-breh lah sett-ee-mah-nah eel meh-zeh lahn-noh

Days and months are not capitalized. To express the date, use il (number) (month). May 5th would be il 5 (or cinque) maggio. But for the first of the month, use primo instead of 1 or uno. To express ago, as in two days ago, a month ago, etc., just add fa afterwards. To express last, as in last Wednesday, last week, etc., just add scorso (for masculine words) or scorsa (for feminine words) afterwards. una settimana fa - a week ago la settimana scorsa - last week un mese fa - a month ago l'anno scorso - last year 12. SEASONS / STAGIONI Summer Fall Spring Winter l'estate l'autunno la primavera l'inverno leh-stah-teh low-toon-noh lah pree-mah-veh-rah leen-vehr-noh

To say in the (season), just use in. In estate is in the summer, in primavera is in spring. D'estate and d'inverno can also be used instead of in estate or in inverno. 13. DIRECTIONS / DIREZIONI right left straight North South East
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destra sinistra diritto nord sud est nohrd sood est

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West

ovest

oh-vest

14. COLORS & SHAPES / COLORI E FORME white yellow orange pink red light blue dark blue green brown grey black bianco/a giallo/a arancione rosa rosso/a azzurro/a blu verde marrone grigio/a nero/a square circle triangle rectangle oval cube sphere cylinder cone octagon box il quadrato il cerchio il triangolo il rettangolo l'ovale il cubo la sfera il cilindro il cono l'ottagono la scatola

Colors are adjectives and must agree with the nouns they modify; -o is the masculine ending, -a is the feminine ending. For example, rosso is masculine and rossa is feminine. Color words always go after the noun they describe: una casa gialla - a yellow house il cubo rosso - the red cube To ask the color of something: Di che colore il cielo? What color is the sky? Di che colore sono i tuoi occhi? What color are your eyes? 15. TIME / IL TEMPO What time is it? At what time? It's 1:00 at 1:00 (at) noon (at) midnight 2:00 3:10 4:50 8:15 7:45 1:30 6:30 sharp in the morning in the afternoon in the evening at night Che ora ? / Che ore sono? A che ora? l'una all'una (a) mezzogiorno (a) mezzanotte Sono le due Sono le tre e dieci Sono le cinque meno dieci Sono le otto e un quarto Sono le otto meno un quarto l'una e mezza Sono le sei e mezzo in punto di mattina di pomeriggio di sera di notte keh oh-rah eh / keh o-reh soh-noh ah keh oh-rah eh loo-nah ahl-loo-nah (ah) med-zoh-zhor-noh (ah) med-zah-noh-teh soh-noh leh doo-eh soh-noh leh treh eh dee-ay-chee soh-noh leh cheen-kwah meh-noh dee-aychee soh-noh leh awt-toh eh oon kwar-toh soh-noh leh aw-toh meh-noh un kwar-toh eh loo-nah eh med-zah soh-noh leh say-ee eh med-zoh een poon-toh dee maht-teen-ah dee poh-mehr-ee-zhee-oh dee seh-rah dee noht-teh

16. WEATHER / IL TEMPO ATMOSFERICO What's the weather today? It's nice badSearching 85 raining thundering snowing hailing cold cool hot freezing Che tempo fa oggi? Fa bel tempo / bello Fa brutto for 433 basic italian words ? tempo / brutto Piove / Sta piovendo Tuona Nevica / Sta nevicando Grandina / Sta grandinando Fa freddo Fa fresco Fa caldo Fa un freddo gelido

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foggy sunny windy cloudy humid muggy stormy 17. FAMILY & ANIMALS / FAMIGLIA E ANIMALI family parents mother father son daughter brother sister grandfather grandmother grandson/nephew granddaughter/niece uncle aunt cousin (m) cousin (f) husband wife man woman boy girl la famiglia i genitori la madre il padre il figlio la figlia il fratello la sorella il nonno la nonna il nipote la nipote lo zio la zia il cugino la cugina il marito la moglie l'uomo la donna il ragazzo la ragazza relatives

C' nebbia C' sole / assolato C' vento / ventoso / Fa vento nuvoloso umido afoso burrascoso

i parenti il suocero la suocera il genero la nuora il cognato la cognata il patrigno la matrigna il fratellastro la sorellastra sposato divorziato separato celibe nubile lo scapolo la vedova il vedovo il padrino la madrina i gemelli / le gemelle

dog cat bird mouse rabbit horse cow donkey goat sheep goose duck pig hen deer

il cane il gatto l'uccello il topo il coniglio il cavallo la mucca l'asino la capra la pecora l'oca l'anatra il maiale la gallina il cervo

father-in-law mother-in-law son-in-law daughter-in-law brother-in-law sister-in-law stepfather stepmother step/half brother step/half sister married divorced separated single (man) single (woman) bachelor widow widower godfather godmother twins

18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS conoscere-to know, be acquainted with conosco conosci conosce conosciamo conoscete conoscono sapere-to know (facts) so sai sa sappiamo sapete sanno

Conoscere is used when you know people and places. It is conjugated regularly. Sapere is used when you know facts. Sapere followed by an infinitive means to know how. In addition, the object must be expressed in Italian when using sapere. You cannot simply say I know as in English, but rather I know it: Lo so. Io conosco Mario. I know Mario. Voi conoscete la Francia. You know (have visited) France. Tu sai nuotare. You know how to swim. Loro sanno cantare. They know how to sing. 19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS If a word is masculine singular, change the last letter to an i. If a word is feminine singular, change the last letter to an e if it ends in a, or if it ends in e, change it to an i. Singular to Plural Nouns Masculine -o -a -e -a -e
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-i -i -i -e -i
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Italian I Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar Learn Italian Online Free Italian Lessons

Words ending in -io can either change the o to i, or just simply drop the o to form the plural. When the -i of -io is stressed, the plural is -ii; however, most words ending in -io do not stress the -i, and so their plurals are formed by dropping the o. Compare: lo zio - gli zii and il figlio - i figli. Some nouns ending in -co and -go may or may not insert an h before changing the o to i. There is no general rule for it. All nouns ending in -ca and -ga insert an h before changing the a to e. Nouns ending in an accented vowel do not change for the plural. (la citt (city) becomes le citt) There are some masculine nouns that end -a, and these nouns change the -a to -i in the plural: il programma, il poeta, il pianete, il pilota, il poema, il sistema. The plural of l'uomo (man) is gli uomini, while the plural of la mano (hand) is le mani. 20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Masc. Sing. my your his/her our your their il mio il tuo il suo il nostro il vostro il loro Fem. Sing. la mia la tua la sua la nostra la vostra la loro Masc. Pl. i miei (myeh-ee) i tuoi (twoh-ee) i suoi (swoh-ee) i nostri i vostri i loro Fem. Pl. le mie le tue le sue le nostre le vostre le loro

You may leave off the definite article before family relation words in the singular. All other times, you must use them. Notice that loro does not change.
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