Respiratory System

WHAT A DIVING
Rio, 25 years old, were diving in bunaken at a depth of 150 feet below sea level. By the time he rose to the surface, he suddenly felt like pressure and chest pain. That was his first diving. A friend of his was a professional diver suggested him to slowly rise to the surface to avoid decompression sickness.(decompression sickness)

DEFINE THE TERMINOLOGY

Diving : tools

an activity under the sea level such as swim and completed with the diving

Decompression sickness : a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation. DCS most commonly refers to a specific type of underwater diving hazard but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as caisson working, flying in unpressurised aircraft, and extra-vehicular activity from spacecraft. Pressure : is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed. In other words, pressure is force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object.

DEFINE THE PROBLEM

1. Why did he should rise slowly to the surface? 2. What is the decompression sickness? 3. Why did he feel chest pain and the pressure?

BRAINSTROMING

1. He should rise slowly, because it will help him to reduce the nitrogen in his blood that he inhaled from the diving tube. The diving tube contains 20% 0xygen and 80% nitrogen. The nitrogen can cause the decompression sickness 2. Decompression sickness is a kind of diver disease caused of the blood to much contains the nitrogen as soluble in it. Usually, it will make the diver feel chest pain and the pressure press the thorax. It occurs because the difference of the depth level

3. The chest pain and the pressure is caused by the difference of the depth level. He too much inhaled the nitrogen and then soluble in his blood made his tissue disorder and he felt the chest pain.

SYSTEMATIC STUDY

Diving

Depth pressure

caused of

Decompression sickness

caused of

nitrogen

cause

Pressure in thorax + chest pain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES FORMULATING

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The anatomy, histology and physiology of respiratory organs The mechanism of respiration External and internal respiration Gas exchange mechanism Respiration control The caused of the decompression sickness

GATERHING INFORMATION

Respiration organs respiratory organs anatomically divided into the mediastinum and lateral regions. organ of respiration is to cavitalis thoracalis cavum nasi and cavita abdominalis. order thoracis wall formed by Columna vetrebralis on the back and costae and spatium intercostale on the sides and the front formed by sternu and cartilage costalis. associated with the top of the neck at the top and is separated from the abdominal diaphragm. the center of the cavity called the mediastinum and pleura and form the lateral part of the lungs. mediastinum, though thick, are easy to move and dividing up until arpetura thoracis extends inferior and nape of the neck, and down to the diaphragm. mediastinum extends forward to the sternum and posterior to the pars thoracica Columna vetrebralis. contains residual mediastinal thymus, heart and major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, ductus thoracicus and lymph nodes, and the vagus nerve and truncus phrenicus symphaticus. mediastinum divided over medium mediastinum contains the pericardium and cast; mediastinun anterius be a space between the pericardium and the sternum, and posterior mediastinum lies between the pericardium and Columna vetrebralis. pleura and lung on the side of the mediastinum in thoracis cavity. divided into the pleura parietal pleura pars inner lining of the thorax and pulmonary pleura lining the pars viscera to form pleural cavity memunginkan the movement of vasa pulmonary and bronchus. in the pleural cavity pleural fluid are derived from plasma and allows movement occurs between the two layers of the pleura. tracheal tube dap is moving with a length of 5 inches and a diameter of 1 inch. protected by a C-shaped cartilage that hyalin which there Fibri elastica maintaining trachea lumen remains open. the ends of the letter C was put together by the trachealis muscle. principalis bronchi. bronchus principalis dexter lebuih larger than sinister. branching into lobaris bronchus dexter and then split again into bronchu lobaris medial and inferior bronchus dexter lobaris. bronchus principalis sinister narrower, mulau of the esophagus. when entering the pulmonary hilum sinister, branched into sinister superior bronchus and bronchus lobaris lobaris inferior sinister. pulmonary upper pulmonary sticking out above clavicula called pulmonary apex pulmonis bottom called a concave base pulmonis present in diaphragm. the side of the thorax is convex because the concave wall called costalis facies. facies mediastinalis a mold pericardium and other mediastinal structures. F.mediastinalis mid hilum pulmonis that there are hollows where bronchus, blood vessels and nerves forming radix pulmonis.

pulmonary dexter pulmonary dexter greater than sinister. consists of lobes and fissures. lobusnya the superior, medial and inferior. obliqua and fissure horizontalis pulmonary sinister consist of fissure obliqua and inferior and superior lobes. segmenta bronchopulmonalia bronchus segmentalis will divide. bronchi become smaller, less cartilage was found. smallest bronchi split into bronchioli two that have no cartilage again but only have cylindrical ciliated epithelium. bronchiolI terminales have a soft pouch disebus gas exchange respiratory bronchioles that lead toward the alveolar duct called saccus alveolar vessels. inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary and the chest wall is an elastic structure. inspiration is an active process. muscle contraction inspiration increases intrathoracic volume. intrapleura pressure at the base of the abdomen down. lung tissue becoming stretched and the pressure in the line to the next lower power recoil start pulling the pulmo and back to the Position of expiration until a balance between the power back recoil of pulmo tissue and chest wall. expiration is a passive process, requiring no muscular contractions to decrease the volume intrathorax but there is still little to ease power contraction of lung recoil and slow expiration. the strong inspiration, the pressure drops and the lung tissue intrapleura be expanded. when ventilation increases, the degree of deflation will increase by active contraction of expiratory muscle that decreases the volume interthorax delivery of oxygen to tissues oxygen transport in the body system consisting of pulmonary and cardiovascular. transport of oxygen to the tissues depends on the amount that goes into the lungs. blood flow depends on the degree of constriction in the network fabric vasikuler and cardiac output reaction of hemoglobin and oxygen reaction dynamics and iksigen hemoglobin oxygen carriers make it as appropriate. hemoglobin is a protein of the four subunits, which contain a heme group attached to the polypeptide chain. hem is a complex made up of porphyrins and one atom of ferrous iron. each bind oxygen reversibly. binding reaction is called oxygenation reaction. This reaction is rapid. pulmonary gas exchange gas diffuses through the membrane of the alveolar-capillary pulmonary or otherwise. pulmonary diffusion capacity for a different gas and inversely proportional to the membrane thickness.

laws that occurred during respiration DALTONS LAW In chemistry and physics, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that the total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases. This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and is related to the ideal gas laws. Mathematically, the pressure of a mixture of gases can be defined as the summation

or where represent the partial pressure of each component.

It is assumed that the gases do not react with each other.

where

is the mole fraction of the i-th component in the total mixture of n components .

The relationship below provides a way to determine the volume based concentration of any individual gaseous component.

where

is the concentration of the ith component expressed in ppm.

Dalton's law is not exactly followed by real gases. Those deviations are considerably large at high pressures. In such conditions, the volume occupied by the molecules can become significant compared to the free space between them. In particular, the short average distances between molecules raises the intensity of intermolecular forces between gas molecules enough to substantially change the pressure exerted by them. Neither of those effects are considered by the ideal gas model.

HENRYS LAW in physics, Henry's law is one of the gas laws formulated by William Henry in 1803. It states that: At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. An equivalent way of stating the law is that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

An everyday example of Henry's law is given by carbonated soft drinks. Before the bottle or can of carbonated drink is opened, the gas above the drink is almost pure carbon dioxide at a pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure. The drink itself contains dissolved carbon dioxide. When the bottle or can is opened, some of this gas escapes, giving the characteristic hiss (or "pop" in the case of a sparkling wine bottle). Because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide above the liquid is now lower, some of the dissolved carbon dioxide comes out of solution as bubbles. If a glass of the drink is left in the open, the concentration of carbon dioxide in solution will come into equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in the air, and the drink will go "flat". A slightly more exotic example of Henry's law is in the decompression and decompression sickness of underwater divers. BOYLES LAW Boyle's law states that the absolute pressure and volume of a given mass of confined gas are inversely proportional, if the temperature remains unchanged within a closed system.[1][2] Thus, it states that the product of pressure and volume is a constant for a given mass of confined gas as long as the temperature is constan