REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

THIRD YEAR

Unit of Competency: Module No.: 1

EVALUATE SITE FOR FISHPONDS

Module Title: EVALUATING SITE FOR FISHPONDS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE I What Is This Module About?............................................................. 2 What Will You Learn? ....................................................................... 2 LESSON 1. Evaluating Site For Fishpond .............................................................. 3 What Is This Lesson About? ............................................................. 3 What Will You Learn? ....................................................................... 3 What Do You Already Know? ............................................................ 3 Let Us Study .................................................................................... 4 Let Us Remember ........................................................................... 11 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 11 Let Us Apply What You Have Learned ............................................. 13 Resources ...................................................................................... 13 References ..................................................................................... 13 LESSON 2. Evaluating Suitable Site For Fish Pens And Fish Cages ..................... 14 What Is This Lesson About? ........................................................... 14 What Will You Learn? ..................................................................... 14 What Do You Already Know? .......................................................... 14 Let Us Study .................................................................................. 15 Let Us Remember ........................................................................... 18 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 18 Let Us Apply What You Have Learned ............................................. 20 Resources ...................................................................................... 20 References ..................................................................................... 20 LESSON 3. Evaluating Site For Tank Construction .............................................. 21 What Is This Lesson About? ........................................................... 21 What Will You Learn? ..................................................................... 21 What Do You Already Know? .......................................................... 21 Let Us Study .................................................................................. 22 Let Us Remember ........................................................................... 25 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 25 Let Us Apply What You Have Learned ............................................. 26 Resources ...................................................................................... 26 References ..................................................................................... 26 Answer Key .................................................................................... 27

MODULE I QUALIFICATION TITLE : UNIT OF COMPETENCY : MODULE TITLE NOMINAL DURATION : : AQUACULTURE NC II EVALUATE SITE FOR FISHPONDS EVALUATING SITE FOR FISHPONDS 120 HRS.

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT? This module covers briefly the process involved in evaluating site for fishpond. It provides the students with basic information and guidelines in putting up fish pens, cages and tanks. It is hoped that the students be equipped with ample skills and knowledge in evaluating a pond, fishpen, cages and tank site, constructing the project and its scientific management operation. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? After completing this module you should be able to: 1. evaluate site for fishpond; 2. evaluate suitable site for fish pens and cages; and 3. evaluate site for tanks.

LESSON 1.
EVALUATING SITE FOR FISHPOND WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT? The lesson covers briefly on how to evaluate site for fishpond. This includes the factors to be considered in selecting a good fishpond site, the best type of soil ideal for fishpond site, the quality of water for fishpond site and the most ideal elevation based on water source/tide. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. determine the factors to be considered in evaluating the good fishpond site; 2. analyze and sample soil type using Eckman Dredge; 3. determine the water source and volume adequacy using flow rate meter or volume calibration; 4. analyze water quality based on standards; and 5. determine engineering matter for good water management. WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Before you go through the lesson, try to answer this pre-test. This will enable you to find out what you already know and what you still need to know about evaluating site for fishpond. Pre-Test Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Answer this in your test notebook. 1. Which of the following is the foremost factor to be considered in evaluating fishpond site? a. ground elevation c. weather condition b. water supply d. floor hazard 2. Clay loam is the best soil for fishpond operation because a. it has greater water holding capacity b. it is a good soil for dike construction c. it has rich organic deposits d. all of the above

3. Which of the following is a socio-economic factor in selecting an ideal fishpond site? a. protection from flood b. wind direction c. soil characteristics d. availability of cheap labor and construction materials 4. In order to satisfy fish requirement for space and oxygen in the rearing pond, maintain a depth of water of about a. 70-100 cm c. 20-30 cm b. 10-20 cm d. 30-50 cm 5. When the water temperature goes beyond the temperature tolerance of the fish the effect is a. good growth of natural fish food b. poor response to supplemental food c. fish grows fast d. high dissolved oxygen of the water 6. What is the pH of the water when fish thrive well and grow fast? a. 4-5 c. 6.5-9 b. 5-6.5 d. 10-11 7. Which of the following is a symptom of ammonia toxicity in fish? a. fish starts jumping b. eroded operculum c. presence of blood spots on the skin d. presence of bloody gills 8. Which refers to the plant that covers the site? a. trees c. vegetation b. shrubs d. herbs 9. What type of soil has granular appearance? a. silt c. clay b. sand d. loam 10. What generates wave action in ponds? a. wind blowing across the surface b. water current inside the pond c. stock fish d. natural fish food LET US STUDY The success of pond construction depends on many factors like general site suitable for fish production, availability of labor and inputs and socio-economic considerations. Most importantly, site selection plays 4

a major role in providing valuable information in the preparation of the over-all design and management practices to be adopted. Let Us Define Clay a fine texture soil that breaks into very hard lumps when dry. Flow rate meter used to measure linear, none linear, mass or volumetric flow of liquid or gas. Project plan a scheme laid out for a particular project. Sand soil a type of soil that has granular appearance. Soil texture the related proportion of the various soil that separates sand, silt and clay particles in a soil. Tide the alternate rise and fall of the surface of oceans, caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun. Topography the configuration of the earth. Vegetation the plant growing in the site. Water current meter the instrument used to measure the true magnitude and direction of the horizontal current motion in any water environment. Factors to Consider in the Suitability of the Fishpond Site 1. Water Supply Water supply is the foremost factor to consider in selecting a fishpond site. The site must have adequate water supply throughout the year and free from pesticide contamination and pollution. Sources of water can be a surface runoff, stream, creek or irrigation for fresh water fish culture and brackishwater for salt water species fish cultivation. Limnological Analysis of Pond Site 1. Flow Rate is important in fillingin water to a pond with growing natural fish food. The expected times when the fishpond is filled with the required amount of water is determined. Flow rate meters are used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or volume of liquid or gas. This is important especially in filling-up water to a pond with growing natural fish food. The expected time when the fishpond is filled with water, the required amount of water is determined with the use of flow rate meter.

Figure 1. Flow Rate Meter

2. Water Quality Analysis. The actual collection of the water sample is considered important. 5

It is best to take an integrated sample from top to bottom in the middle of the rivers, streams, lakes, irrigation canals in such a way that the sample made composite according to the flow. If only a grab or cuts sample can be collected is best to take it at the middle of the river at mid depth. Types of water containers for water sample In all cases, the following containers shall be chosen so that samples will not be contaminated. a. chemically resistant glass b. polyethylene bags c. hard rubber container How to handle and store samples? It is necessary to keep the samples cool. Keeping the samples in the storage at low temperature of 40C is the best way to preserve them to obtain reliable results. Types of samples a. Grab or catch sample is a single sample taken at neither set time nor flow. This type of sample maybe taken at any moment. b. Composite sample is a combination of individual sample of water at selected interval. c. Integrated sample mixture of grab samples collected from different points simultaneously. 3. Water Flow Current. The water current meter is a self contained current measuring sensor design to measure the true magnitude and direction of horizontal current motion in any water environment.

4. Water Management. The water should be free from toxic chemical contamination and unwanted predators or wild fishes and must be available when needed. Employ precautionary measures when using water from rivers. streams, and communal irrigation system.

Figure 2. Water Current Meter.

A Simple bio-assay can be done using the following techniques: Place two or three fishes in a pail full of water from the source to be tested for at least one-half day. Place hapa or scoop net with three or five fishes twenty five to fifty meters upstream of the water source.

The water is safe to use when the fishes remains alive after half a day. Ocular inspection or nasal testing to determine the presence of toxic substances is generally ineffective. Maintain water depth from 70 100 cm to satisfy fish requirement for space and oxygen and to prevent over heating of water during hot weather. Employ some management modifications when water supply is seasonal. When using rain water or irrigation water with limited flow, it is necessary to increase the volume of pond water by increasing depth. If possible, store enough water in the pond during rainy days. a. Water Quality. Water quality is one of the important factors in ensuring a healthy fish population. Water quality in aquatic environment considerably affects the growth and reproduction of fishes. If the water quality is beyond tolerable limits fish health is adversely effected. b. Water Temperature. All fishes have upper and lower water temperature tolerance limits. When the temperature goes beyond the temperature tolerance limit of the fish, the effects are: Abnormal metabolism resulting in poor growth, abnormal activities or stress. Poor response to supplemental feeds. Very poor feed conversion ratio. An ordinary thermometer or an equivalent device can be used to measure water temperature.

Figure 3. Thermometer.

c. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH). The pH of the water determines its acidity or alkalinity. If the pH is between 0-6 the water is acidic, and if the pH is 7.0, it is neutral. Alkaline water has a pH of 8 to 14. The ideal pH range for freshwater fish culture is 6.5 8.9 The effect of the various pH values on fish is shown below: PH Range 4 and below 45 5 6.5 6.5 9.0 11 and above Effect Fish die because of acidity No reproduction Slow growth because of low natural fish food production Fish thrive well and grow fast Fish die because of alkalinity

Measure the pH with the use of litmus paper, pH comparator, portable pH meter or the Hack kit. In the absence of these equipment, tasting the water is a practical way to determine the pH. If the water is acidic, it tastes sour and if it is alkaline, it is bitter. Acidic water usually comes from swamps. Bogs of water in stagnant areas. Liming and correct water management corrects pH in pond water.

Figure 4. pH meter.

d. Ammonia. This is highly toxic to fish. The symptoms of ammonia toxicity in fish are: Spongy appearance of gill filaments Presence of bloody gills Excessive production of slime Distended operculum Poor growth of fish 8

One of the most common causes of high ammonia level in pond is the heavy application of manure. Organic matters increase the ammonia level during decomposition and over growth of plankton. 2. Soil characteristics Clay, clay loam and sandy clay soils with deposits of organic matter of about 16% are best for fishponds. Hard mud of the above types are preferable to the soft and very loose kind. Avoid sandy, rocky or stony soils because these do not retain water in the ponds. Clay loam type of soil is favorable because it has greater water holding capacity and has rich organic deposit. It is beneficial that soil analysis be conducted to measure physico-chemical characteristic of the pond soil. Analyzing and sampling soil type Most of our fishpond is constructed on the tidal lands consisting of alluvial soils which are adjacent to river or creeks near the coastal shore and estuarine at our near sea level elevation. If you pick a handful of soil and examine it closely, you will find out that it is madeup of minerals and organic particles of varying sizes. The mineral particles are silt, clay and sand, while the organic particles are plant and animal matters on various stages of decomposition. Soil is assigned with textural classes. Depending on their relative properties as sand, silt clay. Each textural class exhibits varying color which is based on their chemical decomposition, amount of organic matter and the degree of decomposition. General Terms 1. Sandy soil 2. Loamy Soils Texture Coarse Moderately coarse Medium Basic Soil Textural Class Name Sandy Sandy loam Fine sandy loam Very fine sandy loam Loam Silty loam Silt Sandy clay Silty clay Clay Clay loam Sandy clay loam Silty clay loam

3. Clayey Soils

Fine

Field method for identification of soil texture: 1. Sand soil that has granular appearance 2. Sandy loam essentially granular soil with sufficient silt and clay to make it coherent 3. loam a uniform mixture of sand, silt and clay 4. Silty loam it contains a moderate amount of finer grade of sand and only a small amount of day over half of the particle of the silt 5. Silt contains over 80% of silt with very little fine sand clay 6. Clay loam fine texture soil breaks into lamps when it dry 7. Clay fine texture soil breaks into very hard lumps when it dry 8. Organic soil identification is based on its higher organic content, sometimes called Peat soil. Collecting Soil Samples for Analysis Using the Eckman dredge Take soil sample from each pond. If the nursery pond is less than 0.5 hectare in size, take only two samples. If the pond is larger than 0.5 hectare take more random samples as follows: Pond size 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 Number of samples 2 3 4 6 8

The following are the steps in getting soil samples: 1. Determine the required number of samples to be taken per pond. 2. Get samples at random by inserting a 5 cm diameter pipe into the soil to a depth of 10 cm. 3. Pull out the pipe and empty its content in a box. 4. Mix all the samples taken from every pond. 5. Air-dry the mixed soil samples and submit to the testing laboratory for analysis. 6. Submit 10 samples if 10 ponds are to be tested. 7. Assign a number for each pond and place this in the corresponding sample. 3. Topography Choose flat terrains for easier excavation and leveling. If the topography is too undulating, the construction cost increase greatly and excavation work removes the fertile portion of the pond bottom. Avoid sites that are frequently flooded. Topography will also 10

provide ease in water management and control of fish predators and competitors. 4. Wind direction Wind plays a role in fishpond design. Strong wind generates wave action that destroys the sides of the dike. To minimize this, position the longer pond dimensions parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind to lessen the side length of the dike exposed to wave action. 5. Protection from flood If the fishpond site is prone to flooding construct a diversion canal along the perimeter dike to divert runoff water during heavy downpour, construct a larger and higher perimeter dike to prevent inflow of water. 6. Vegetation Refers to the kinds and types of plants that covers the proposed fishpond site. This will be the point of the bases of estimation of construction and development cost. If possible avoid thickly vegetated areas. 7. Accessibility or nearness to market Fish is a perishable commodity, hence the farther the site to the market the greater the possibility that the fish undergo post rigor mortis, which will result to lower price. 8. Socio-Economic Consideration Matters considered here are the availability of cheap labor and construction materials within the locality. As much as possible the site should also be accessible to sufficient sources of fry or fingerlings for ready stocking. The program of operation will be hampered if fish seeds are not available when needed. Moreover fish and order situation in the locality should be considered in putting up fishpond project. Nobody would want to stay in a place where peace and order condition is unattainable. Financial institution is another factor in socio-economic for sources of capital. LET US REMEMBER a. The success of fishpond construction depends on the evaluation of a good fishpond site. b. Always remember that water supply is the foremost factor to consider in evaluating fishpond site. HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Now that you have finished the lesson, lets find out how much you have learned from it by answering the post-test. Answer this in your test notebook. 11

Post Test Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. Which of the following is the foremost factor to be considered in evaluating fishpond site? a. ground elevation c. weather condition b. water supply d. flood hazard 2. Which is the most destructive enemy of fishpond industry? a. ground elevation c. weather condition b. water supply d. flood hazard 3. The fouling of water that can cause deterioration of gates, screens or metal pipes. a. poor water quality c. industrial waste b. agricultural pollutants d. all of the above 4. The most ideal elevation for the fishpond site is a. 1.4 meter 0.0 meter above datum plane b. 8 meters above datum plane c. .0.0 meter - .50 meter below datum d. 0./30 meter 1 meter below datum plane 5. How many hours is the mean interval between two successive high level of waters? a. 6 hrs and 25 minutes c. 16 hrs and 25 minutes b. 12 hrs and 25 minutes d. 20 hrs and 25 minutes 6. What is the best type of soil for fishpond site? a. sandy soil c. clay loam soil b. loam soil d. silky clay soil 7. Which of the examples below is an agricultural pollutant? a. Pesticides c. piggery and poultry wastes b. Fertilizer d. all of the above 8. Which refers to the plants that cover the site? a. trees c. vegetation b. shrubs d. herbs 9. What type of soil that has granular appearance? a. silt c. clay b. sand d. loam 10. What generates wave action in ponds? a. wind blowing across the surface b. water current inside the pond c. stock fish d. natural fish food 12

LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED a. Students will identify what mineral particles of soil are in the given sample. (Soil samples on the teachers table). b. What are the physical, chemical and biological parameters that affect water quality? RESOURCES Equipment transit Flow rate meter Eckman Dredge Tools Thermometer water Parameter Kit pH meter

REFERENCES Lasam, G.D. Region 2 Technoguide for Tilapia Department of Agriculture Region Cagauan, A.G. Tilapia Grow Out Systems and Operation Manual. CLSU, Nueva Ecija. Fishpond Engineering and Management, BFAR UNDP -FAO

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LESSON 2.
EVALUATING SUITABLE SITE FOR FISH PENS AND FISH CAGES WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT? The lesson deals on how to evaluate site for fish pens and fish cages. This includes ways of analyzing water current speed, natural food determination, steps in measuring water transparency and monitoring tide elevation. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. analyze water current speed using water current meter; determine natural fish food using plankton sampling; measure water transparency using the Secchi Disk; and monitor tide elevation to establish type of materials and depth of facilities.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Before you go through this lesson, try to answer this pre-test. This will enable you to find out what you already know and what you still need to know about evaluating suitable site for fishpens and fishcages. Pre-Test Multiple Choice: Choose the letter with the correct answer. Write this in your test notebook. 1. It is a structure with materials that allows water to freely flow through while retaining confined fishes. a. fish cage c. fish tanks b. Fishpond d. fish sanctuaries 2. The following are the factors to consider in evaluating ideal site for fish pen except a. water supply b. type of soil c. turbidity location d. topography or elevation

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3. Which of the following does not belong to the group? a. fish pen c. fish trap b. fish cage d. fish tank 4. It is used to measure the magnitude and the direction of horizontal motion of the water a. Water current meter b. Eckman dredge c. Water sampler d. Secchi disk 5. The animal components of planktons which are passively drifting with water movement. a. Phytoplanktons b. Zooplanktons c. flagelletes d. detritus 6. Which of the examples below is configured for water column profiling and wave measurements? a. S4 current meter b. Eckman dredge c. Refractometer d. Astronomical regulator 7. How will you collect phytoplanktons during sampling? a. By towing a seine net b. By towing a plankton net c. By setting the varier net d. By installing collecting nets 8. Water transparency is measured using a a. dissolved oxygen meter c. thermometer b. pH meter d. secchi disc 9. Which of the examples below is NOT a kind of natural food? a. lablab c. plankton b. lumut d. darak 10. It is the alternate rising and falling of the surface of the water. a. climate c. wave b. tide d. weather LET US STUDY Let Us Define Current the continuous movement of a fluid. Detritus loose materials that result directly from rock disintegration. 15

Natural foods minute plants or animals grown in pond bottom. Secchi disc an instrument used to measure water transparency. Sand soil that has granular appearance. Tide the alternate rising and falling of the surface of the ocean. Turbidity the quality of water being muddy, thick or opaque, water due to suspended soil sediments causing a darkening or obscuring of clean water. Vegetation the kinds of plants covering a site. Fish pen an artificial enclosure constructed within a body of water for culturing fish and fishery aquatic resources made up of poles closely arranged in an enclosure of wooden materials, screens or nylons netting to prevent escape of the fish. Fish cage an enclosure which is either stationary floating made up of net or screen sewn or fastened together and installed in the water with opening at the surface or covered and held in a place by wooden bamboo post or various types of anchors and floats. Fish pens and fish cages cannot be constructed in any place. Its success depends on the evaluation of ideal site, proper planning, layout design, proper construction, and appropriate fish pen and fish cage management. Analyzing Water Current Speed The water current meter is used to measure the true magnitude and direction of horizontal current motion in any fresh or salt water in it can be deployed up to 6000 meters deep. It can be configured for water column profiling and wave measurement. It is particularly useful in: 1. Wave zones where its excellence vertical cosine response is needed. 2. Low current regimes where exceptional stability and resolution are needed. 3. Very high flow regimes where low drag and lack of moving parts permit practical deployment into concern for fragility. 4. For long deployment where memory capacity and programmability are needed. The S4 current meter utilizes RS-232 serial interface for data transmission by hardware cable link of up to 1,000 meters. Sampling of Natural Food 1. General Information The suspended matters in the sea consisting of living organism called plankton and loose particles commonly referred to as detritus. The term phytoplankton refers to the plant components and zooplankton refers to the animal components which are passively drifting along with the water movements (Zeischel, 1970). 16

2. Ecological Importance Phytoplanktons are among the major producers in the sea. Though individually small in size, they contribute an enormous quantity of the worlds supply of organic matter. They serve as the basic food in the sea for various consumers like zooplankton and fishes. 3. Potential Phytoplankton may play any or all of the following roles in larvae culture: Provide nutrient via accidental or active ingestion by the larvae. Detrify the water medium by assimilating neutralizing inhibitory materials. Improve the nutritional value of secondary food organism like Zooplankton Secrete into the medium metabolic products which facilitate larval growth and or development.

4. Sampling Phytoplanktons maybe collected by towing special netting materials (180 meshes/sq. inch) through the water (plankton net) a receiving container (usually vial) is attached to one end of the net. This serves as a collector. Two types of plankton net: Quantitative Qualitative Characteristic of Mullergaze Net Meshes never loose Water can easily pass through

Figure 1. Plankton Net

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Measuring Water Transparency Using the Secchi Disc 1. Slowly lower the Secchi Disk into the water. 2. Stop when it disappears from sight. 3. Note at which point the line breaks the water surface. Mark this point A. 4. After noting at which point along the line the disk just disappears, lower it a little and then raise until it appears. Mark this point B. 5. Measure the transparency of the water as equal to the distance from the top of the disk to the point C and count the knots along the line. This value is the Secchi disc transparency (in cm). Points To Remember to Obtain Best Measurements 1. Measure Transparency between 0900 and 1500 hrs. on calm days. Whenever possible, make reading when the sun is not of sight. 2. Keep the disk clean, particularly the two white quadrants.

Figure 2. Secchi disc

LET US REMEMBER Phytoplanktons are among the major producers in the sea. Water transparency and current speed are analyzed accurately to determine an ideal site for fish pens and cages.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Now that you have finished the lesson, lets find out how much you have learned from it by answering the post-test. Answer this in your test notebook.

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Post-Test Multiple Choice: Choose the letter with the correct answer. Write this in your test notebook. 1. It is a structure with materials that allows water to freely flow through while retaining confined fishes. a. fish cage b. Fishpond c. fish tanks d. fish sancturies 2. The following are the factors to consider in evaluating ideal site for fish pen except c. water supply d. type of soil e. turbidity location f. topography or elevation 3. Which of the following does not belong to the group? a. fish pen b. fish cage c. fish trap d. fish tank 4. It is used to measure the magnitude and the direction of horizontal motion of the water. a. Water current meter b. Eckman dredge c. Water sampler d. Secchi disc 5. The animal components of planktons which are passively drifting with water movement. a. Phytoplanktons b. Zooplanktons c. flagelletes d. detritus 6. Which of the examples below is configured for water column profiling and wave measurements? a. S4 current meter b. Eckman dredge c. Refractometer d. Astronomical regulator 7. How will you collect phytoplanktons during sampling? a. By towing a seine net b. By towing a plankton net c. By setting the varier net d. By installing collecting nets 19

8. Water transparency is measured using a a. dissolved oxygen meter b. pH meter c. thermometer d. secchi disc 9. Which of the examples below is NOT a kind of natural food? a. lablab b. lumut c. plankton d. darak 10. It is the alternate rising and falling of the surface of the water. a. climate b. tide c. wave d. weather LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Measure water transparency using the Secchi disc. Compute the mean interval between two successive heights (high or low water).

RESOURCES Equipment Water Current Meter Water Gauge Microscope Tools Plankton Net Secchi Disk Eckman Dredge Facility Site (bodies of water) REFERENCES Li.S. 1994. Fish Culture in Cages and Pens. Beveridge, M.C.M. 1996. Cage Aquaculture. Second Edition. Escover, E.M. and Claveria. R.L. 1985. Economics of Cage Culture in Bicol Freshwater Lakes. I D R C/SEAFDEC. 1979. International Workshop on Pen and Cage Culture of Fish. 20

LESSON 3.
EVALUATING SITE FOR TANK CONSTRUCTION

WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT? The lesson covers briefly the process of determining the land area and sizes of tank, analyzing water using water parameter kit and determining water quantity by means of water flow rate. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. analyze water sample using parameter kit. 2. determine water quantity by means of water flow rate. WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Before you go through this lesson, try to answer this pre-test. This will enable you to find out what you already know and what you still need to know about Evaluating Site for Tank Construction. Pre-Test Multiple Choice: Choose the letter with the correct answer. Write this in your test notebook. 1. What describes the acidity or alkalinity of the water? a. temperature c. pH b. dissolved oxygen. d. salinity 2. Water with pH of less than 4.8 or greater than 9.2 is a. harmful to aquatic life b. ideal for growth and development c. growth of natural food is abundant d. fish grow faster 3. Which of the materials below is used for tank construction? a. concrete c. metal b. fiberglass d. all of the above 4. Which of the following is a characteristic of tank? a. transparent c. metal b. fiberglass d. all of the above 21

5. Which of the following type of a tank that can be used either for breeding nursing fish? a. breeding tank c. nursery tank b. conditioning tank d. none of the above 6. What kind of tank is used in stocking breeders? a. breeding tank c. nursery tank b. conditioning tank d. all of the above 7. A type of tank that can give ease to management. a. breeding tank c. nursery tank b. conditioning tank d. all of the above 8. What affects the rate of biological and chemical processes in water? a. water quantity c. water turbidity b. water temperature d. water transparency 9. The following affects water temperature except a. climate c. groundwater influx b. weather d. dissolved oxygen 10. Water quantity is determine through a. flow rate meter c. Eckman dredge b. pH meter d. Parameter kit LET US STUDY It is very important that the location of the different tanks to be constructed be inspected and evaluated in order to come up with a very productive tank. The land area, size of the tank, water quality and quantity should be considered in evaluating the site for tank construction. Let Us Define DO meter used to measure the amount of Oxygen dissolved in a unit volume of water. Flow rate meter used to measure linear, non-linear mass or volumetric flow of liquid or gas. Metabolism the complex of physical and chemical processes in the maintenance of life. pH the measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a solution. Refractometer used to determine the concentration of salt and sugar in water. Sleeves an encasement into which a piece of equipment fits. Stratification the process of arranging or dividing according to different levels of class or status. 22

WATER ANALYSIS Water Temperature Water temperature is important because it affects the rates of biological and chemical processes. Temperature is measured in Centigrade and Fahrenheit (between the freezing and boiling point of water). The health of aquatic organisms from microbes to fish depends on temperature. If temperature is outside the optimal range for a prolonged period, organisms are stressed and can die. For fish, the reproductive stage (including spawning and embryo development) is the most temperature-sensitive period. Macroinvertibrates (for example, insects, crayfish, worms, clams and snails) move about in the stream bed to find their optimal temperatures. The temperature of the water also affects the volume of dissolved oxygen (DO), it can hold (waters ability to contain dissolved oxygen decreases as water temperature rises), the form of ammonia (harmful or harmless to aquatic life), the rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the sensitivity of organisms to pollution. Water temperature is affected by season, weather and groundwater influx.

Figure 1. Thermometer.

pH pH describes the acidity or alkalinity of water and represents the balance between hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.

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The value for pH is expressed in a scale ranging from 1 to 14. Solutions with more H+ than OH- ions have a pH value lower than 7 and are said to be acidic. Solutions with pH values higher than 7 have more OH- than H+ ions and are said to be basic or alkaline. If the pH value is 7, the solution is said to be neutral (an equal number of H+ and OH ions) and is neither acidic nor basic/alkaline. It is important to note that the pH scale is logarithmic. This means that each step on the scale represents a tenfold change in the H+ concentration. For example, water with a pH of 5 has ten times the number of H+ ions than water with pH of 6 and is ten times more acidic.

Figure 2. pH meter.

pH of Water Water with a pH of less than 4.8 or greater than 9.2 can be harmful to aquatic life. Most freshwater fish prefer water with a pH range between 6.5 and 8.4 (colored band on the graph). The pH is also useful indicator of the chemical balance in water. A high or low pH will adversely affect the availability of certain chemicals or nutrients in the water for use by plants. Determining Water Quantity Water supply is the most important factor in tank culture of fish. The quantity of water needed is based on the following: 1. source of water supply 2. size of the tank 3. number of tanks in operation 4. stocking density A flow rate meter is used in order to determine the availability of water coming from the water source. 24

LET US REMEMBER Tanks must be durable, easy to clean, easy to sterilize and must be non-corrosive. Water with a pH of less than 4.8 or greater than 9.2 can be harmful to aquatic life.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Now that you have finished the lesson, lets find out how much you have learned from it by answering the post-test. Answer this in your test notebook. Post Test Multiple Choice: Choose the letter with the correct answer. Write this in your test notebook. 1. Which of the following is the foremost factor to be considered in evaluating fishpond site? a. ground elevation c. weather condition b. water supply d. floor hazard 2. Clay loam is the best soil for fishpond operation because a. it has greater water holding capacity. b. it is a good soil for dike construction. c. it has rich organic deposits. d. all of the above 3. Which of the following is a socio-economic factor in selecting an ideal fishpond site? a. protection from flood b. wind direction c. soil characteristics d. availability of cheap labor and construction materials 4. In order to satisfy fish requirement for space and oxygen in the rearing pond, maintain a depth of water of about a. 70-100 cm c. 20-30 cm b. 10-20 cm d. 30-50 cm 5. When the water temperature goes beyond the temperature tolerance of the fish the effect is a. good growth of natural fish food b. poor response to supplemental food c. fish grows fast d. high dissolved oxygen of the water 25

6. What is the pH of the water when fish thrive well and grow fast? a. 4-5 c. 6.5-9 b. 5-6.5 d. 10-11 7. Which of the following is a symptom of ammonia toxicity in fish? a. fish starts jumping b. eroded operculum c. presence of blood spots on the skin d. presence of bloody gills 8. Which refers to the plant that covers the site? a. trees c. vegetation b. shrubs d. herbs 9. What type of soil that has granular appearance? a. silt c. clay b. sand d. loam 10. What generates wave action in ponds? a. wind blowing across the surface b. water current inside the pond c. stock fish d. natural fish food LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED The students will get the temperature of water using thermometer from the water samples at the teachers table. RESOURCES Facilities Concrete tank construction materials Fiber glass Water sources system Equipment Water pump Material PVC pipes REFERENCES 1. Aqua Farm News, SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. 2. Technoguide on the Production of Genetically Male Tilapia (GMT) 3. Freshwater Aquaculture Center CLSU, Nueva Ecija 26 Tools Thermometer pH meter

ANSWER KEY Pre-Test 1. b 2. d 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. a Lesson 2. Pre-Test 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. a 9. d 10. b Lesson 3. Pre-test 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. a 9. d 10. a Post-test 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. a 9. d 10. a Post-Test 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. a 9. d 10. b Post-Test 1. b 2. d 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. a

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

THIRD YEAR

Unit of Competency:

DRAW THE LAY OUT PLAN FOR AQUACULTURE FACILITIES DRAWING THE LAY OUT PLAN FOR AQUACULTURE FACILITIES

Module No.: 2

Module Title:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE II What Is This Module About?............................................................. 2 What Will You Learn? ....................................................................... 2 LESSON 1. Drawing The Layout Plan Of A Fishpond ............................................. 3 What Is This Lesson About? ............................................................. 3 What Will You Learn? ....................................................................... 3 What Do You Already Know? ............................................................ 3 Let Us Study .................................................................................... 4 Let Us Remember ........................................................................... 10 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 10 Let Us Apply What You Have Learned ............................................. 11 Resources ...................................................................................... 11 References ..................................................................................... 11 LESSON 2. Designing A Tank For Culturing Fish ................................................ 12 What Is This Lesson About? ........................................................... 12 What Will You Learn? ..................................................................... 12 What Do You Already Know? .......................................................... 12 Let Us Study .................................................................................. 13 Let Us Remember ........................................................................... 19 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 19 Let Us Apply What You Have Learned ............................................. 20 Resources ...................................................................................... 20 References ..................................................................................... 20 LESSON 3. Drawing The Layout Of Fish Pen And Fish Cages............................... 21 What Is This Lesson About? ........................................................... 21 What Will You Learn? ..................................................................... 21 What Do You Already Know? .......................................................... 21 Let Us Study .................................................................................. 22 Let Us Remember ........................................................................... 31 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 32 Let Us Apply What Have You Learned ............................................. 33 Resources ...................................................................................... 33 References ..................................................................................... 33 Answer Key .................................................................................... 34

MODULE II QUALIFICATION TITLE UNIT OF COMPETENCY : : AQUACULTURE NC II DRAW THE LAY OUT PLAN FOR AQUACULTURE FACILITIES DRAWING THE LAY OUT PLAN FOR AQUACULTURE FACILITIES 130 HOURS

MODULE TITLE

NOMINAL DURATION

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT? This module covers the knowledge, skills and right attitude required in drawing the lay out plan for a fishpond, designing a tank for culturing fish and drawing the layout plan of a fish pen and fish cage. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? Upon completion of this module, you should be able to: 1. draw the layout plan of a fishpond; 2. design a tank for culturing fish; and 3. draw the layout plan of a fish pen and fish cage.

LESSON 1.
DRAWING THE LAYOUT PLAN OF A FISHPOND WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT? This lesson deals on how to draw a layout plan of a fishpond. It includes the factors in selecting fishpond site, the components and common accessory units of a fishpond, types of fishpond layouts, scaling, specifications of equipment, tools, and facilities, the advantages of the improved types of layout and the specifications for different pond designs. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? At the end of the lesson the learners should be able to: 1. draw a fishpond layout into scale; 2. stipulate specifications in the layout plan; 3. specify clearly the proposed facilities, components and accessory; units of a fishpond in the layout based on survey result; 4. appreciate the determined location and number of water pumps and ground water resource to be used; and 5. plan and layout other fishpond facilities. WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Before you go through this lesson, try to answer this pre-test. This will enable you to find out what you already know and what you still need to know about Drawing the Lay out Plan of a Fishpond. Pre-Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. Answer this in your test notebook. 1. Why are fishpond layouts drawn to scale? a. To lessen labor exerted in the construction. b. To show the layout in a smaller space. c. To show all the compartment units of a fishpond project. d. To display the common accessory units of a fishpond. 2. Which of the following fishpond facilities controls the water of the pond system? a. Main gate c. Tertiary gate b. Secondary gate d. All of the above 3

3. What type of fishpond layout has one sluice gate and long water supply canal that supplies water in the different compartments? a. Conventional c. Progressive b. Radiating d. Specialized 4. What fishpond unit is intended for rearing fingerlings to marketable size? a. Transition pond c. Rearing pond b. Nursery pond d. Brood pond 5. Which among the fishpond units is used as water reservoir? a. Head pond c. Rearing pond b. Catching pond d. Transition pond 6. Which is intended for the confinement of breeders? a. Breeding pond c. Head pond b. Rearing pond d. Hatching pond 7. What common accessory unit of a fishpond controls the water in the pond system? a. Secondary gate c. Tertiary gate b. Main gate d. Water supply canal 8. In brackish water fishpond, where should fingerlings be acclimatized? a. Transition pond c. Catching pond b. Rearing pond d. Nursery pond 9. What is the biggest and highest block of earth that surrounds the entire pond system? a. Main dike c. Tertiary gate b. Secondary gate d. Main gate LET US STUDY Let Us Define Fishpond an artificial body of water surrounded by dikes and with accessories such as gates, pipes and canals to facilitate water supply management. In view of the high cost of fishpond development, the layout of improved types of fishponds, and the specifications for different pond designs must be simple and functional. The nature of compartments or units of a fishpond project is dependent upon the nature and quality of water supply and the species of fish to be cultivated.

Fishpond Lay Out A one hectare lay out of a conventional pond system with the following specifications: Area NP TP RP CP NP RP CP = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 10,000 m2 1% of the total production area 9% of the production area 80% of the production area At least 2% of the NP 10,000 x 1% 10,000 x 0.01 100 m2 10,000 x 80% 10,000 x 0.80 8,000 m2 100 x 2% 100 x 0.02 2 m2

After the proposed fishpond site is thoroughly examined and selected based on the required factors for pond selection, the following are the different compartment units, and the common accessories of the pond systems which are to be considered in making the layout plan. Common Compartment Units of a Fishpond

Figure 1. Transition Pond

Figure 2. Rearing Pond

Figure 3. Catching Pond

Figure 4. Water Supply Canal

1. Nursery pond (NP) for the rearing of fish fry to fingerlings size. The most suitable place is where it can be easily supplied with fresh, unpolluted water all the time and at elevation where it can be readily drained even during ordinary low tide. The size of the NP depends primarily on the fingerling requirements of the rearing ponds based on the maximum yearly targeted production. 2. Transition pond (TP) - for the storage or acclimatization of fingerlings. It is located adjacent to the nursery pond in order to have an effective and easy transfer of fry. Its pond bottom is constructed a little bit lower than that of the nursery pond. 3. Rearing pond (RP) for raising fingerlings up to marketable size. It is the largest compartment in the pond system. 4. Breeding pond for confining breeders. 5. Hatching pond for depositing eggs until these are hatched. 6. Catching pond (CP) for confining and catching fry, fingerlings and fish of marketable size. It is constructed at the gate inside the pond where it is intended to be used. 7. Head pond for storing reserve water. 8. Feed pond for producing food such as lab-lab, lumut or plankton. In fishpond areas where natural foods not grow well and supplementary feeding is necessary, one of the RPs or NPs could be utilized as a feed pond. It should be a separate compartment ideally located near the pond where supplementary feeding is intended. 9. Water supply canal for supplying water to the different compartments.

Common Accessory Units of a Fishpond 1. Main gate controls water in the pond system. It could be wooden or concrete. 2. Secondary gate controls the incoming and outgoing water in the different pond units 3. Tertiary gates or pipes controls the incoming and outgoing water in the smaller compartment of the pond system. 4. Main/perimeter dike surrounds the entire pond system to ensure protection and safety of the stocks. It is composed of the biggest and highest blocks of earth and is usually provided with strong basal foundation and puddle trench. 5. Secondary dike subdivides the pond system into several compartments with or without basal foundation and puddle trench. 6. Tertiary dike subdivides the pond system into compartments and serves as partition in the nursery pond. smaller

Figure 5. Main gate

Figure 6. Secondary gate

Figure 7. Tertiary gate

Figure 8. Main/Perimeter Dike

Figure 9. Secondary Dike

Figure 10. Tertiary Dike

Note: In cases where the source of water supply fails to provide a full support of water to the pond during the peak of dry season, the water pump should be available which may be installed at the center part of the pond system. On the other hand, if gravity Figure 11. Pump flow does not permit for total pond draining, use water pump to drain the remaining water from the pond. Types of Improved Freshwater Fishponds Layout 1. Conventional consists of one sluice gate and long water supply canal. This supplies the different compartments.
Figure 12.

2. Radiating has one sluice gate; wide and short supply canal; and secondary gates in the different compartments.
Figure 13.

3. Progressive consists of one sluice gate, long supply canal and a secondary gate provided to different compartments of progressively increasing areas.

Figure 14.

4. Specialized has one sluice gate; one or two drainage gates. Two secondary gates compartment; and a large supply and catching canal/pond.

Figure 15.

Advantages of the Improved Types of Layout 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Easy control of pond water. Easy eradication of fish pest and predator. Easy means of cropping. Pond bottom cultivation can be done when desired. Artificial feeding can be conducted easily when resorted to after the natural food of fish has been consumed. 6. High productivity. Lay-out Specifications for Brackish water Fishpond Systems A. Conventional Pond System The NP comprises about 1% of the total production area (TPA). The TP comprises about 9% of the TPA. The RP comprises about 80% of the TPA. The CP intended for a NP and TP must be at least 2% of the compartments watered area and 1 to 1 if it is intended for the RP.
Figure 16.Conventional pond system

B. Modular Pond System. The NP comprises about 4% of the TPA. The TP covers only 6% of the TPA. The RP is divided into three Production Process Sates (PPS). The main idea is to transfer the fingerlings to the next larger module. The ratio of the area of the three stages of PPS is 1:2:4 for upper PPS and 1:3:9 for lower PPS.

Figure 17. Modular Pond System

Figure 18. Multiple Stock / Harvest System

C. Multiple Stock/Harvest system. There will be at least two (2) NPs comprising six percent of the total production area. A fish holding canal (FHC), which holds fingerlings when the rearing ponds are being prepared, covers at least 1% of each RPs area. It is connected to the RP in such a way that each RP will have a separate FHC. The RP covers up to 94% of the TPA including FHC. The general practice is to stock at different times, different sizes, and group of fingerlings and harvests the bigger ones selectively with the use of the gill net. LET US REMEMBER A properly laid-out fishpond facilitates efficient water management.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Now that you have finished the lesson, lets find out how much have you learned from it by answering the post test. Answer it on your test notebook. Post Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. 1. Why are fishpond layouts drawn into scale? a. To lessen labor exerted in the construction. b. To show the layout in a smaller space. c. To show all the compartment units of a fishpond project. d. To display the common accessory units of a fishpond. 2. Which of the following fishpond facilities controls the water of the pond system? a. Main gate c. Tertiary gate b. Secondary gate d. All of the above 3. What type of fishpond layout has one sluice gate and long water supply canal which supplies water in the different compartments? a. Conventional c. Progressive b. Radiating d. Specialize 4. What fishpond unit is intended for rearing fingerlings to marketable size? a. Transition pond c. Rearing pond b. Nursery pond d. Brood pond 5. Which among the fishpond units is used as water reservoir? a. Head pond c. Rearing pond b. Catching pond d. Transition pond 10

6. Which is intended for the confinement of breeders? a. Breeding pond c. Head pond b. Rearing pond d. Hatching pond 7. What common accessory unit of a fishpond controls the water in the pond system? a. Main gate c. Tertiary gate b. Secondary gate d. Water supply canal 8. In brackish water fishpond, where should fingerlings be acclimatized? a. Transition pond c. Catching pond b. Rearing pond d. Nursery pond 9. What is the biggest and highest block of earth that surrounds the entire pond system? a. Main dike c. Tertiary gate b. Secondary gate d. Main gate LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Make layouts of different specifications/areas using: a. conventional pond system b. modular pond system c. multiple stock/harvest system Use an appropriate scale. Compute the area of each compartment using ratio you have learned from the module

RESOURCES Facility Proposed pond site Tool T-square Triangle Pencil Scaling ruler Drawing table REFERENCES Cagauan A.G., Tilapia Grow Out Systems and Operation Calmorin L. P., Calmorin M. A., Tinaypan A. S., Introduction to Fishery Technology REGION 02, Technoguide for Tilapia Rosel R.N. Tilapia Grow-out in Freshwater Fishpond Sarmiento R.S. Module in Fishpond Engineering and Management Toledo, C.F. Breeding and Hatchery Management 11 Materials Survey result Drawing pad Coupon bond Tracing paper

LESSON 2.
DESIGNING A TANK FOR CULTURING FISH WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT? The lesson deals on how to design a tank for culturing fish. This includes the area and depth of a tank, site selection, number and size of compartments, the materials to be used and the life support units for the fish in the tank system. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? After the lesson, you should be able to: 1. determine the area and depth of the tank to conform with the available site selected; 2. determine the number and size of the tank compartments; 3. determine the materials to be used based on the production targets and capitalization; and 4. appreciate the life support units for the fish to be installed in the tank system. WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Before you go through this lesson, try to answer this pre-test. This will enable you to find out what you already know and what you still need to know about Designing A Tank For Culturing Fish. Answer this in your test notebook. Pre-Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. 1. How to remedy a tank with low dissolve oxygen? a. Start the blower b. Start the water pump c. Start the puddle wheel d. Start the electric fan beside the tank 2. It refers to small aquatic organisms raised in tanks which are commonly used as the first food of young fin fishes. a. Larvae c. Rotifers b. Phytoplanktons d. Microalgae

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3. What is the term used to indicate a large container of liquid usually used in culturing fish? a. reservoir c. basin b. tank d. fishpond 4. Why is it necessary to design the tanks in the hatchery? a. To have a functional tank b. To create a functional arrangement of tanks. c. To have a uniform size and shape of tanks d. To conform with the characteristics of the target specie of fish 5. What is the first phase of a fish production system? a. construction of aquaculture facilities b. hatchery c. nursery d. grow-out 6. Separating suspended solids from water such as silts, debris and foreign organisms can be done by the use of a. fine mesh screen c. filtration units b. secchi disc d. intake structure 7. What is the early stage of fish life cycle? a. egg c. larvae or fry b. fingerling d. post fingerling 8. How many layers of different filter media are set up in the sand filter tank? a. 2 c. 5 b. 4 d. 3 9. What is the design in a milkfish broodstock tank? a. Triangular Square b. Rectangular d. circular 10. Where are newly hatched fish eggs placed? a. Hatchery tank c. Nursery tank b. Broodstock tank d. Grow-out tank LET US STUDY Let Us Define Blower a mechanism that increases the draft of air to supply the bellows of an organ. Broodstock an adult fish kept in tanks or cages to produce eggs for rearing in the hatchery. Design to prepare plans or sketch or model of something to be made. 13

Hatchery a place for the production of fish eggs, larvae and/or fry. Reservoir a place where large quantity of water is collected and stored to have a ready supply of water for use in any eventuality. Sand Filter a mechanism or instrument filled with grades of gravel and sand, used to remove matter from the water before it enters the hatchery. Tank a large container of liquids usually used in culturing fish. HATCHERY TANK DESIGN

Figure 1. Rectangular and Circular Tanks.

The hatchery is the first phase of a production system aimed of producing fish for human consumption. The next phase is nursery tank. The final phase is grow out culture in ponds, pens, tanks or cages where fishes are grown to marketable sizes. Hatchery is a place for the production of fish eggs, larvae and /or fish fry. In practical terms, a hatchery is a building that houses tanks and equipment for eggs cultivation and rearing of larvae. It is an artificial life-support system for fish taken out of its natural habitat. The hatchery tanks should be designed in such a way that it provides for ease of operation and it should also be free from work hazards. The design and layout should take into account the need for the hatchery to expand in the future, so space should be left for the future tank construction, water and air supply, etc.

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Pump

Larval / Fry tank

Sand filter

Larval / Fry tank

Rotifer tanks

Figure 2. Basic layout for a small- scale hatchery with 2 larval tanks, 1 sand filter, 3 rotifer tanks in indoor section, a pump house and 3 microalgae tanks at the outdoor section.

Tank design and description The essential type of tanks required in a small scale hatcheries with 1 meter deep are: 1. Sand filter tank set up with layers of different filter media. Water is pumped in at the top of the tanks, flows to the various media and out at the bottom of the tank.
Seawater intake

Sand

Gravel

Seawater outlet

Large stones

Figure 3. Concrete sand filter tanks for a small hatchery approximately 10 m3 capacity.

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2. Larval rearing tank about 6 m3 capacity. Generally, this is a concrete rectangular or square tank and usually 1 meter in depth. They range in size from 610 m3 capacity.

Figure 4. Larval Rearing Tank

3. Live food production tanks. Microalgae production tanks are usually located outside the hatchery building and are not roofed.

Figure 5. Live Food Production Tanks Figure 6. Small fiber-glass tank (1 to 2 m3 capacity), for rotifer enrichment

Designing Tanks For Culturing Fish There are various ways of designing fish tanks. These may be concrete, rectangular or square fish tanks, hexagonal or octagonal fish tanks and the circular tanks. Tanks for grow out are typically 4-10 m in diameter, and 1-3 m deep.

Figure 7. Rectangular Tanks

Figure 8. Drain Hall

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Figure 9. Outlet hole

Figure 10. Drainage canal

The concrete rectangular tank drain hole fitted with 3 inches PVC pipe is situated at the rear end of the tank (figure 7). The tank floor should have a slight slope towards the drain hole which is 5 degrees to 15 degrees for easy draining, cleaning and for maintaining purposes. The outlet hole (figure 9) is used for draining water from the tank and the drainage canal (figure 10) is where the water drained from the tank passes out from the tank site.

Figure 11. The circular and hexagonal fish tanks

Figure 12. The cross section of a circular or hexagonal fishpond

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The outlet should be in the middle of the tank. The tank bottom should have a slight slope towards the center where the outlet is constructed. Program of Works Project: Proposed Rectangular Concrete Tank, 8m x 2m x 1m Project Cost: P 20,000 SCOPE OF WORK I. Excavation II. Carpentry Works III. Masonry Works IV. Plumbing V. Electrical Works Percentage 15 % 10 % 60 % 10 % 5% TOTAL Estimated Cost 3,000.00 2,000.00 12,000.00 2,000.00 1,000.00 20,000.00

Summary: I. Cost of Materials.. P 12,000.00 II. Labor P 20,000.00 Life Support Units A. Sea water supply systems intake structure used to draw water from the sea using electric motor with 746 watts and 1 hp filtration unit used to separate suspended solids from the water, e.g. fine silts, debris and foreign organisms water pump made of cast iron, stainless steels, fiber glass or plastic is to be used, for this is no subject to corrosion. It must also be a self-priming water pump reservoir provides a ready source of water for use in any eventuality for reservoirs constructed out of a concrete mix

B. Fresh water supply system A hatchery of either saline or fresh water fin fishes and shell fishes shall also require a standby water pump and accessories to use in drawing water from a well or other sources in case natural water supply is a problem C. Air supply system Blower is always necessary to supply high volume of air at low pressure in the hatchery. At least one blower with 1-2 hp capacity is needed although 2 units are better. These will be used in 24-hr cycle, 1 will relieve the other after 12 hours of operation. 18

Figure 13. Water pump

Figure 14. Blower

Figure 15. Tank with aerators

LET US REMEMBER The tank design provides ease and minimizes stress to the fish through handling.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Now that you have finished the lesson, lets find out how much you have learned from it by answering the post-test. Answer this on your notebook. Post Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. 1. How to remedy a tank with low dissolve oxygen? a. Start the blower b. Start the water pump c. Start the puddle wheel d. Start the electric fan beside the tank 2. ____________ are small aquatic organisms raised in tanks which are commonly used as the first food of young fin fishes. a. Larvae c. Rotifers b. Phytoplanktons d. Microalgae 3. What is the term used to indicate a large container of liquid usually used in culturing fish? a. reservoir c. basin b. tank d. fishpond 4. Why is it necessary to design the tanks in the hatchery? a. To have a functional tank b. To create a functional arrangement of tanks c. To have a uniform size and shape of tanks d. To conform with the characteristics of the target specie of fishes 5. What is the first phase of a fish production system? a. construction of aquaculture facilities c. nursery b. hatchery d. grow-out 19

6. Separating suspended solids from water such as silts, debris and foreign organisms can be done by the use of a. fine mesh screen c. filtration units b. Secchi disc d. intake structure 7. What is the early stage of fish life cycle? a. egg c. larvae or fry b. fingerling d. post fingerling 8. How many layers of different filter media are set up in the sand filter tank? a. 2 b. 4 c. 5 d. 3 9. What is the design in a milkfish broodstock tank? a. Triangular b. Rectangular c. Square d. circular

10. Where are newly hatched fish eggs placed? a. Hatchery tank c. Nursery tank b. Broodstock tank d. Growout tank LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Design a milkfish broodstock tank. The size, shape and depth of the tank must be stipulated in the design to conform to the characteristics of the fish. RESOURCES Facility Proposed tank site Materials Survey result Drawing table Ruler/ t-square REFERENCES Castanos M.T. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture info@aquacare.com Patadjai R.S. Article from SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture Sim S.Y., Rimmer M.A., Toledo J.D., Sugama, S.,Rumengan I., Williams, K.C.. Philips, M.J. 2005. A Guide to Small-Scale Marine Finfish Hatchery Technology Toledo C.F. Breeding and Hatchery Management 20 scaling ruler triangle pencil drawing pad

LESSON 3.
DRAWING THE LAYOUT OF FISH PEN AND FISH CAGES WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT? The lesson deals on how to draw a layout plan of fish pens and fish cages. This includes the area, depth, size and shape of the facilities, materials for the frame, mooring, types of net, mesh size and the estimated cost of materials to be used. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? After the lesson, you should be able to: 1. determine the area and depth of facilities conforming to the available site selected; 2. appreciate the identified materials for frame and types of net to be used based on the site selected and species to be cultured; 3. estimate the cost of materials identified for the area; 4. determine the mesh size of the net based on the size of fingerlings and species of the fish; and 5. identify other farm facilities needed for the layout of fish pens and fish cages. WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Before you go through the lesson, try to answer this pre-test. This will enable you to find out what you already know and what still need to know about Drawing the Layout of Fishpen and Fishcages. Answer this in your notebook. Pre-Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. 1. What a. b. c. d. factor usually determines the depth of fish cages? capability of the owner natural productivity of the water the mooring system the species of fish to be cultivated

2. What is the smallest unit of a net? a. mesh c. knots b. mesh size d. twine 21

3. In order to make the fish cage floats on the water, the cage must be equipped with a. mooring system b. netting system c. framework d. floatation system 4. As a general rule, what is the length of the mooring lines? a. two times of the depth of water b. three time of the length of the cage c. three times of the depth of the water d. two meters allowance during high tide 5. Which of the following keeps the whole cage in a certain location and prevents it from drifting along the water current? a. mooring c. framework b. floater d. barrier 6. What part of the cage serves as the walkways for working, feeding and monitoring? a. frames c. mooring b. floaters d. nets 7. What type of net cage fabrication refers to a inch mesh? a. CC-net c. B-net b. DD-net d. knotless NET 8. What aquaculture facility is usually supported by a fixed rigid framework of bamboo poles, palm tree poles and wood poles? a. floating fish cage c. fixed fish cage b. fish pen d. happa 9. Generally, they are the most suitable in relatively large bodies of water and along protected coastal areas where level ranges only from 2.0 meters to a maximum of 7.0 meters. a. floating fish cage c. fixed fish cage b. fish pen d. fishpond 10.In general, which aquaculture facility has the biggest area? a. fixed fish cage c. fish tank b. floating fish cage d. fish pen LET US STUDY Let Us Define Fish cage is a structure fully enclosed by nets on all sides and bottom supported either by a fix rigid frame or by floats which rise and fall with the water or tide level. 22

Fish pen is an area enclosed by nets on all sides and utilizes the lake bed and other bodies of water as the bottom enclosure. Anchor is a heavy object usually a shaped iron weight with flukes, lowered by a cable or chain to the bottom of a body of water to keep a vessel from drifting. Mesh is the smallest unit of a net. Framework is a structure, usually rigid, serving to hold the parts of something together or to support something constructed. Knot is a lump made by intertwining the thread in which one free end is passed through a loop and drawn tightly. Mesh size is the distance between the centers of the opposite knots in the same mesh when it is fully extended at the right angles to the continuing direction of the twines. Net is a fabric of thread, cord, rope or twine woven or knotted to form an open pattern or mesh used to catch fish. Fouling is the process by which an object or materials get extremely dirty or impure, disgustingly filthy, so offensive to the senses, Mooring are the lines, cables, etc. by which water craft or any floating objects or moored or held in place. Before making the layout of the cage/pen, the size, depth and shape must be considered which is dependent mainly on the ability of the owner as far as operation and maintenance is concerned. The biology and behavior of the target species and the characteristics of the project site should be considered as well. The design must be simple but durable, easy to construct and economical. Determining the Size, Depth and Shapes of Facilities and Target Species of Fishes In Laguna Lake, Philippines, size of pens range from less than one hectare to more than 100 hectares. The shape of the enclosure is influenced by the characteristics of the cultured fish. For milkfish and tilapia, square and rectangular pens are commonly used. Circular enclosures are recommended for big head carp. Generally, the most economical shape of the pen is one that has the least perimeter. Circular shape require the least materials per unit area but relatively hard to construct. Generally, fish pens are most suitable in relatively large bodies of water and along coastal protected areas where the water level ranges only from 2.0 meters to a maximum of 7.0 meters. On the other hand, the depth of the cage is usually determined by the natural productivity of the water. Since natural food production is relatively higher in the surface, sunlight penetration is usually employed as the basis for depth.

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TYPES OF CAGE A. Fixed type The fixed types of fish cages are suitable for relatively shallow areas. They are usually installed near shore or in shallow lakes like Laguna de Bay where water depth is less than five meters. In fixed type cages, synthetic net cages are attached to bamboo poles staked to the bottom for support. Size of cages range from 5m x 15m with net mesh sizes of 5-15 mm.

Figure 1. Fixed Fish Cage

B. Floating type

Figure 2. Floating Fish Cages

The floating types of fish cages are suitable for depths exceeding five meters. Floating net cages are typically suspended from bamboo raft with or without plastic drums or any other floating materials to float. Cages have a net mesh size of 15 mm and vary in size from 15 x 10m to 20m x 15 m with a depth of 5-6 m. 24

GENERAL DESIGNS OF CAGES

Figure 3. Square or rectangular cages

Figure 4. Circular cages

Materials and types of nets A. Fish Pen 1. Framework/structure a. bamboo- most common b. wooden poles c. anahaw (palm tree) logs d. creosoted pole- pole treated with creosote (wood preservatives) e. steel/ G.I. pipe

Figure 5. Bamboo Poles

Figure 6. Anahaw

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2. Enclosure and Barrier nets a. polyethylene nets b. polypropylene nets c. nylon nets d. woven bamboo splits

Fig. 7. Polyethylene net

Fig. 8. Polypropylene net

Fig 9. Nylon net

3. Tying and Braiding nets a. b. c. d. e. polyethylene rope and twine polypropylene rope nylon threads nylon cord (monofilament) rubber tire strips

Fig. 10. Polyethylene rope

Fig. 11. Polyethylene twines

Fig. 12. Polypropylene rope

Fig. 13. Nylon thread

Fig. 14. Nylon cord

Fig. 15. Rubber strips

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B. Fish Cage 1. Framework/ structure a. bamboo- most common b. wooden poles c. anahaw (palm tree) logs d. creosoted pole e. steel/ G.I. pipe
Figure 16. Materials that can be used for frame.

2. Enclosure and Barrier nets a. polyethylene nets b. polypropylene nets c. nylon nets d. woven bamboo splits 3. Tying and Braiding a. polyethylene rope and twine b. polypropylene rope c. nylon threads d. nylon cord (monofilament) e. rubber tire strips 4. Floats a. b. c. d. e. f. g. bamboo steel drum/ barrel Styrofoam plastic container aluminum cylinder PVC pipes Rubber tires

Figure 17. Commonly used materials for floaters.

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5. Sinkers a. stone b. concrete slabs c. bamboo and wooden pegs

Figure 18. Materials used for sinkers.

Types of Nets and Mesh Sizes Suitable for Fish Pen and Fish Cage Generally, the most suitable nets should be flexible or adaptable for easy handling, resistant to fouling growth, heat, and ultraviolet rays. The mesh size to be used must be small enough to prevent the escape of fish and entry of predators. For hatchery operations of tilapia, the most common sizes of mesh used are 0.5 mm (happa) for breeding, 10 mm for nursery and 20 mm for grow-out. However, as long as the escape of the fish does not permit, large meshes are recommended since they provide large passageway for water circulation, slower rate of fouling, easier to handle and less expensive per unit area. Type Of Nets For Cage Fabrication B- NET (1/4 mesh) DD- NET (3/8 mesh) CC-NET (1/2 mesh)

There are many kinds of nets that could be used for fabrication. The most common are the B-net (1/4 mesh), DD-net (3/8 mesh), and CC-net (1/2). However, the most popular is the B-net because smaller fingerlings do not need a nursery cage. It is cheaper per unit area because it is wider (108 inches) than the other nets, hence, labor cost in fabricating cages is much lower, and tearing of one or two mesh do not easily provide an escape route for bigger fishes. Floating System (Floating Fish Cage) The floats to be used in floating cages must have the following: a. High buoyancy b. resistant to fouling c. can withstand forces of the wind and waves For longer life and less fouling attachment, floats used may be covered with protective materials such as rubberized canvass. 28

Mooring System Mooring lines should be light and strong, flexible, highly resistant to fatigue, impact, abrasion, stretch and twisting. As a general guide, the length of the mooring lines should be three times the depth of water. Materials commonly used in the fabrication of synthetic fiber ropes are: a. b. c. d. nylon (polyamide) Dacron (polyester) Polypropylene Polyethylene

Nylon is recommended for the high strength and high shock absorption requirements. Anchor (floating Fish Cage) An ideal anchor must provide enough holding power with reasonable weight size. The type of anchor to use in the mooring system depends on the depth of water, nature of bottom, and current. The three types of anchors are: 1. Dead weight anchors- they are recommended for mooring involving essentially vertical tension. A typical example is a concrete block.

Figure 19. Dead Weight Anchors

2. Embedment anchors- are designed to dig into the bottom as they are being pulled by a horizontal force. It is recommended for sandy and muddy bottom.

Figure 20. Embedment Anchors

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3. Special anchors- are combinations of deadweight and embedment anchors. They are designed to resist vertical and horizontal components of tension. Floating Fish Cage

Figure 21. Floating Fish Cage

Exercise 1

Draw a 10 x 5 x 5 meter floating fish cage. Label the materials used. Use appropriate scale.

FIXED FISH CAGE

Figure 22. Fixed Fish Cage

Exercise 2

Make a layout of a 5 x 5 x 3 meter fixed (stationary) fish cage. Label the different materials used.

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Figure 23. Small Boat and Bamboo raft.

The small boat and bamboo raft are farm facilities commonly used in selecting the ideal site and laying out of fish cage and fish pen. They are the most economical water craft to use in the farm site. Materials Required for the Construction of Hectare Fishpen MATERIALS/DESCRIPTION 1. Framework Bamboo poles, 4.5 dia.. 10-12m long with 2 tip 2. Pen enclosure Polyethylene net cc-net 17 knots, knotless 192 mesh depth. 3. Barriers net enclosure Polyethylene net, 7 knots, knotted, 27 mesh depth 4. Rope for tying and netting Polyethylene rope, 5mm dia., black 200 m/roll 5. Twine for net/barrier assembly Polyethylene twine, 1mm dia., black 200 m/roll 6. Sinker stone 1 thick 5 dia. 7. Bamboo stick 1 m long LET US REMEMBER The layout of a fish pen and fish cages must be durable, economical and functional. Fish pens and cages must be kept in their stations with the use of posts and mooring system respectively. Fish pens and cages both use nets to contain the fishes we want to grow. 31 QUANTITY 250 pcs 520 m 100 m 12 rolls 11 rolls 100 pcs. 100 pcs.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Now that you have finished the lesson, lets find out how much you have learned from it by answering the post-test. Answer this on your notebook. Post Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. 1. What a. b. c. d. factor usually determines the depth of fish cages? capability of the owner natural productivity of the water the mooring system the species of fish to be cultivated

2. What is the smallest unit of a net? a. mesh c. knots b. mesh size d. twine 3. In order to make the fish cage floats on the water, the cage must be equipped with a. mooring system b. netting system c. framework d. floatation system 4. As a general rule, what is the length of the mooring lines? a. two times of the depth of water b. three time of the length of the cage c. three times of the depth of the water d. two meters allowance during high tide 5. Which of the following keeps the whole cage in a certain location and prevents it from drifting along the water current? a. mooring c. framework b. floater d. barrier 6. What part of the cage serves as the walkways for working, feeding and monitoring? a. frames c. mooring b. floaters d. nets 7. What type of net cage fabrication refers to a inch mesh? a. CC-net c. B-net b. DD-net d. knotless NET

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8. What aquaculture facility is usually supported by a fixed rigid framework of bamboo poles, palm tree poles and wood poles? a. floating fish cage c. fixed fish cage b. fish pen d. happa 9. Generally, they are the most suitable in relatively large bodies of water and along protected coastal areas where level ranges only from 2.0 meters to a maximum of 7.0 meters. a. floating fish cage c. fixed fish cage b. fish pen d. fishpond 10.In general, which aquaculture facility has the biggest area? a. fixed fish cage c. fish tank b. floating fish cage d. fish pen LET US APPLY WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED Draw the layout of a 5 m. x 5 m. x 3 m. floating fish cage. Include in your drawing the anchors used which are attached to the mooring lines and label each part. RESOURCES Drawing table Ruler/T- square Proposed pen/cage site Drawing pad Pencil Wooden post REFERENCES Cagauan, A. G. Tilapia Grow Out Systems and Operation Manual, CLSU Nueva Ecija Lasam, G. D. Technoguide for Tilapia. Department of AgricultureRegion 2 Vivar, A. V. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Strings Nets Nails Brass peg Floats and sinkers Coal tars

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ANSWER KEY

Lesson 1 Pre-test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b a a c a 6. 7. 8. 9. a b a a 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b a a c a Post test 6. 7. 8. 9. a b a a

Lesson 2 Pre-test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a. c a d b 6. c 7. c 8. d 9. d 10. c 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a. c a d b Post-test 6. c 7. c 8. d 9. d 10. c

Lesson 3 Pre-test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b a d c a 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. d 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b a d c a Post test 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. d

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

THIRD YEAR

Unit of Competency: Module No.: 3

CONSTRUCT AQUACULTURE FACILITIES CONSTRUCTING AQUACULTURE FACILITIES

Module Title:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE III What Is This Module About?............................................................. 3 What Will You Learn? ....................................................................... 3 LESSON 1. Constructing Fishpond ........................................................................ 4 What Is This Lesson About? ............................................................. 4 What Will You Learn? ....................................................................... 4 What Do You Already Know? ............................................................ 4 Let Us Study .................................................................................... 5 Let Us Remember .......................................................................... 16 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 16 Let Us Apply What We Have Learned .............................................. 17 Resources ...................................................................................... 17 References ..................................................................................... 17 LESSON 2. Constructing Fish Tanks ................................................................... 18 What Is The Lesson About? ............................................................ 18 What Will You Learn? ..................................................................... 18 What Do You Already Know? .......................................................... 18 Let Us Study .................................................................................. 19 Let Us Remember ........................................................................... 29 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 29 Let Us Apply What You Have Learned ............................................. 31 Resources ...................................................................................... 31 References ..................................................................................... 31 LESSON 3. Constructing Fish Cage And Fish Pen................................................ 32 What Is The Lesson About? ............................................................ 32 What Will You Learn? ..................................................................... 32 What Do You Already Know? .......................................................... 32 Let Us Study .................................................................................. 34 Let Us Remember ........................................................................... 44 How Much Have You Learned? ....................................................... 44 Let Us Apply What You Have Learned ............................................. 46 Resources ...................................................................................... 46 References ..................................................................................... 46 Answer Key .................................................................................... 47

MODULE III QUALIFICATION TITLE UNIT OF COMPETENCY MODULE TITLE NOMINAL DURATION : : : : AQUACULTURE NC II CONSTRUCT AQUACULTURE FACILITIES CONSTRUCTING AQUACULTURE FACILITIES 160 HOURS

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT? This module covers briefly the process in constructing fishpond. It provides the students basic information and guidelines in constructing fishpond, fish tanks, fish pens and fish cages. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? After completing this module, you should be able to: 1. construct fish pond; 2. construct fish tanks; and 3. construct fish pen and fish cages.

LESSON 1.
CONSTRUCTING FISHPOND WHAT IS THIS LESSON ABOUT? The lesson covers briefly the construction of fishpond, preparation of construction materials, lay-out specification, installation of gates and pipes and placing of markers. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. prepare the construction materials and manpower for ponds constructions; 2. construct the different pond compartments based on lay-out specification; 3. install the different accessories such as gates and pipes based on lay-out specification; and 4. place markers and string. WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Lets find out how much you already know about constructing a fishpond. Select the correct answer and write the letter in your test notebook. Pre-Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. 1. It is a structure that is used to enclose the whole fishpond. a. gate c. dike b. supply canal d. crown 2. What is the biggest compartment in all types? a. catching pond c. nursery pond b. transition pond d. rearing pond 3. It is a compartment that is used to grow fish fry. a. catching pond c. nursery pond b. transition pond d. rearing pond 4. It refers to the configuration of the earths surface. a. dike b. gate c. topography d. vegetation 4

5. Structure dug at the center of the dike foundation to strengthen the dike. a. slope c. top width b. mitsa d. bed width 6. The main gate is constructed at the a. corner of the dike b. shorter side of the pond c. lowest part of the fishpond at the straight stretch of the stream d. center part of the dike 7. A concrete class A mixture has a ratio of (cement: sand: gravel) a. 4:2:1 c. 2:1:4 b. 4:1:2 d. 1:2:4 8. It is the complete removal of tree stumps and root system embedded in the soil. a. falling b. underbrushing c. uprooting d. withering 9. What part of the gate that serves as the foundation of the structure? a. apron b. braces c. bridge d. floor 10. The ratio of horizontal length to the vertical height is called a. freeboard c. side slope b. top width d. base LET US STUDY The construction of ponds should be carried out systematically, economically and continuously within the stipulated time frame. Time is influenced by weather conditions and available labor, materials and equipment. In order to attain the most economical implementation of the project, full utilization shall be made of all the materials, labor and equipment. Let Us Define Design a preliminary sketch or plan Gate a structure that is used to control water flow Layout a diagram showing how something is constructed Perimeter dike a dike that encloses the entire facility and render overall protection to the cultured stock Plan a drawing or diagram drawn on a plane Site a place where construction work is taking place Seepage the act or process of seeping

Development of New Area When all the requirements needed are at hand, fishpond construction starts as planned. The system of farm construction will be based on the prepared program and schedule of development. In cases where capital is limited, partial construction can be practiced. That is, by developing a portion of an area and the remaining parts or area shall be constructed or developed using the income from the constructed fishpond. Clearing the Area Underbrushing cutting grasses, bushes, vines, shrubs and small trees. It is done by manual labor and the work should commence when the foundation of the main dike and the main gate have been established. Withering to kill back the trees by filling up the pond with water. Falling cutting down big trees left after underbrushing. The falling operation should commence when the trees bark begins to peel, but before the leaves and branches fall. Burning usually carried out when the dead trees have become dry. Uprooting of stumps and root system the complete removal of tree stumps and root system embedded in the soil.

Water Control Structures A. Main gate. The main gate links the pond system to the source of water. It regulates the exchange of water between the pond system and the tidal stream or sea. It should be concrete for effective control and to last longer. The main gate is usually situated at the central side of the proposed fishpond facing the source of water. The following provides some information needed in the design of the main gate. 1. The floor elevation of the main gate should be lower than the lowest pond bottom, elevation desired inside the pond system. It should also be lower than extreme low tides. Preferred elevation is -0.30m or 0.30m lower than the zero datum. 2. The height of the main gate depends upon the top elevation of the main dike which is also dependent upon the tidal fluctuation, flood and other factors in the area. 3. The opening of the main gate depends upon how large the area to be flooded. Experience tells us that a 1.0 m opening main concrete gate will flood a 10-15 hectare pond system in two to three successive high tides. Fishpond areas of more than 15 hectares will require a multiple opening gate. Each opening will not exceed 1.2 m wide for easy manipulation of slabs and screens.

Parts of a Main gate: a. Floor. The floor serves as the foundation of the structure and its elevation is lower than the pond bottom elevation. The floor of the main gate must not be exposed even during extreme low tides. b. Apron. The apron generally rest on the foundation piles, which are made of seasoned bamboo driven at 0.3 m intervals into the soft soil with the butt end up. The apron serves as protection to scouring and future seepage of water at the gates sides. c. Cut-off. Walls are provided at both ends of the gate floor to prevent seepage and undercutting of water over the gates foundation. They extend down the soil at a minimum depth of 0.60m and are integral part of the gates foundation. Wooden sheet piles maybe used for cut-off-wall. d. Side of breast wall side walls defined the sluice way in addition to their being retaining walls for the dike fill. Grooves or double cleats for flashboards and screens are built on these walls. The top of these walls are as high as the top of the dike. e. Wing walls provide the transition from the sluices way into the main canal in addition to retaining the earth at both sides the gate. This transition improves the hydraulics of the flow by providing a control on flow of velocities from one bed to another. f. Bridge (or catwalk). This is a reinforced concrete slab or thick wooden planks that span the side walls. At least two catwalks are provided, located at regular intervals near the flashboard grooves. g. Flashboards slabs or flashboard are generally wooden pieces, 11/2 x 10 inserted into grooves or double cleats. They are used to control the amount of water flowing through the gate. h. Screens are usually made of bamboo strips or of fine polyethylene meshes attached to a wooden rectangular frame that fit into the grooves. The screens are used to prevent the exit of the cultured fish and the entry of predators into the pond. i. Pillars in wooden gates, these are vertical supports where wooden walls are nailed. They are placed at regular intervals so that they form a frame work. j. Braces in wooden gates, these wooden frames hold or fasten two or more pillars together or in place. They control the steady opening of a gate.

Figure 1. Main Concrete Gate

B. Secondary and Tertiary Gates. Secondary and Tertiary gates provide the control of water to and from the main canal and into the pond. These structures are usually made of wood and can be treated for durability by the application of coal tar. Secondary and tertiary gates are usually located centrally at the shorter compartment side along the canal. C. Dikes. It is the system of portioning and positioning in the fishpond area for water control and stock separation and distribution. They are made of soil materials found in the area where they are constructed. Dikes are trapezoidal in shape in cross- section with the top width, the side slopes and the height proportionally designed according to the soil material used. They must be of adequate size and shape to hold the water as well as prevent the seepage under or through the dike. a. Height above the waterline the top of the dike should extend sufficiently above the waterline to give a safe margin against overtopping at high tide and flood, and such allowance should include wave action caused by exposure to winds. The designed height of a perimeter dike normally has a free board, after shrinkage and settlement of 0.6 to 1.0m above maximum flood water level observed in the locality for at least 10 to 15 years. Freeboard for secondary and tertiary dikes is usually 0.30m. b. Top width. There are several recommendations for determining the top width of an earth dike. The minimum recommended width for dikes less than 3.0 m high is 2.4 m. For dikes used as roadway, a width of at least 4.0 m is specified. This width provides space for roadway for access to ponds should be at least 3.5 m., but preferably 4.0m. c. Side Slope. The side slope (ratio of horizontal to vertical). This is a function of the type of soil used. The side of the dike inside the pond which is saturated all the time is generally flattened than the outer side which is dry. If both sides are saturated, both sides slopes are the same. Fishpond dikes constructed lower than 4,26 m should have a slope of 1:1. Dikes constructed above 4.26 m should adopt 2.1 slopes.

Figure 2. Cross Section of Main Dike

d. Design height 1. The design height of a main dike is calculated using the following formula: Hm = ( HAT GS ) + MF + FB 1 - %S = = = = = = Height of the main dike Highest Astronomical Tide Elevation of the Ground Surface Maximum Flood Level Allowance for Free Board Percent Shrinkage and Settlement

Where : Hm HAT GS MF FB %S

2. The design height of a secondary dike is calculated using the following formula: HS = ( HST GS ) + MR + FB 1 - %S Where: HS = Height of the Secondary Dike HST = Highest Spring Tide in the Locality GS = Elevation of the Ground Surface MR = Maximum Rainfall Within 24 hrs. FB = Allowance for Free Board %S = Percent Shrinkage and Settlement 3. The design of a tertiary dike is calculated using the following formula: Ht = Where: Ht DWL GS MR FB %S Dpb Dwd ( DWL GS ) + MR + FB 1 - %S = = = = = = = = Height of the Tertiary dike Desired Water Level Elevation of the Ground Surface Maximum Rainfall Within 24 hrs Allowance for Free Board Percent Shrinkage and Settlement Desired Pond Bottom Elevation Desired Water Depth

Gate Construction and Installation 1. Main concrete gate The main gate location depends upon the layout plan of the fishpond project. Usually, however, it is constructed at the central side of the proposed fishpond facing the source of water. 9

The main gate is constructed at the same time the perimeter dike is constructed to allow the curing of concrete while the main dike is completed. The best time for construction is during neap tides or ayaay, preferably during the months of February and March. Construction should be completed before the spring tide comes. All the materials needed should be in the area before the construction of the gate is started. Prior to construction, conduct tidal observation in the place where the main gate is to be constructed. To calculate the elevation of the ground surface based on the height of the tide observed, set a tide pole and determine the highest mark the tide has reached for the day. If no tide pole is available, any permanent structure such as a tree can be used. Locate in the tide table or tide calendar the time and date the high tide occurred and note its height, and apply correction to the measurement as discussed previously in the text. This height of tide is reckoned from the MLLW. From this data, you can approximate the elevation of the existing ground surface by adding the differences in elevation (g) to the elevation of the tide observed (T), (see figure below). Ground Level

G
Height of tide Ground Elevation = T + G

River Bed

MLLW

Figure 3. Calculation of Ground Level from Tide Observations

The elevation of the ground surface could also be determined based on pre-established Bench Mark, if it is available. After conducting tidal observation, gate construction can begin. The following is the procedure in constructing a concrete main gate: 1. Measure the area of the proposed concrete gate. Give a space allowance of about 1-2 meters around for movement as the markers are placed;

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2. Enclose the markers with a temporary dike. Make the temporary dike high and big enough to withstand the pressure of the incoming tide. Pump or bail out the water inside the temporary dike; 3. Excavate the enclosed portion to a negative 0.6 meter elevation. Remove the stumps, roots and soft soil if there is any. Excavation should include the portion where toes of the gate will be constructed; 4. Drive three meters long bamboo puno or wooden posts into the ground over the entire area of the gate at one-meter intervals. Leave 5cm of the piles exposed. Continue removing the soft and displaced as a result of the driving. Drive shorter, (one to two meter) piling at 30cm intervals. The driven bamboo puno should be level; 5. Insert boulders about 20cm thick between the piles to form a floor. Spread gravel to level and cover the boulders, then compact the fill materials, Leave 5cm of the bamboo piles exposed. These piles should be embedded in the concrete mixture for a stronger foundation; 6. Construct the form for the flooring including the toes. Place the reinforcement bar as per plan and tie with number 16 wire. Check the elevation of the flooring to be sure it is still within the desired elevation; 7. Install vertical and horizontal reinforcement bars for sidewalls, wings and collars. Place the reinforcement bars for bridges and tie them one by one. While installing the reinforcement bars, prepare forms for the walls, wing, etc.; 8. Set the forms for the walls, wings, collars and bridges. Properly reinforce all the forms with wood so that it can withstand the pressure of the concrete mixture. Fix the reinforcement bars at the center of the forms. Pump the water out if there is any. Continue pumping if necessary. Check everything is in place and properly fixed; 9. Prepare a Class A concrete mixture (1:2:4) and pour it in the form continuously until completed. While pouring the mixture, somebody should compact the concrete with the use of a long stick to prevent a hollow or void forming and at the same time move large stones to the middle of the form in order to insure a smooth finish when the forms are removed. Prevent salt water from coming in contact with the concrete mixture while it is still wet;

11

10. Allow concrete to harden for about 2-4 days, then remove the forms. Apply finishing touches, especially at any portion of the gate not properly compacted; 11. Sprinkle fresh water on the curing concrete everyday for two weeks; and 12. Remove the temporary dike after 30 days. Condition the gate by letting tidal water in and out of the pond. 2. Wooden Gates Secondary and tertiary gates are usually made of wood to reduce construction cost. Like the main gate, secondary and tertiary gates are constructed simultaneously with the construction of partition dikes, because it is easier to construct and install a wooden gate, it may not be necessary to have a temporary dike enclosure. Keep the pond dry by closing the main gate. The following is the procedure in constructing and installing a wooden gate: 1. Buy selected lumber and dry it under a shed for at least 15 days; 2. While shed drying the lumber, set a temporary BM near the site of the gate to be constructed. Determine the elevation of the BM either by the transit and stadia method or by running a water hose from a known elevation; 3. Smooth the sides and edges of the lumber by the use of a plane. Cut the lumber according to specifications given in the design of wooden gate; 4. Assemble the pillars and braces with bronze nails. Nail the floor and the walls to the pillars and braces. Nail other parts; 5. Mix coal tar with a small amount of cement. Paint the wooden gate with the mixture at least two coatings and let it dry under the heat of the sun; 6. Excavate the site to the desired elevation. Check the elevation from a temporary BM previously set for such purpose; 7. Install the gate at the excavated foundation. Check if the gate is properly installed and in the proper direction; 8. Fill with mud blocks layer at the sides of the wooden gate. Allow the soil to dry and harden; 9. Condition the gate by allowing tidal water in and out of the pond 12

Earthwork Dike Construction

Dike construction begins by clearing the path of vegetation, stumps and debris. The clearing should be about 2-4 meters wider than the base of the dike. For a main dike, a puddle trench (mitsa) of about 50cm wide by 50cm deep should be dug in the cleared path. For secondary and tertiary dikes, it may not be necessary to dig a puddle trench, but it is advisable in the path of the dike where the soil substratum is loose and root-ridden. The portion of the dike passing through rivers, creeks or low places, if there are any, should be constructed first. If possible, blocks of mud which will be used for diking should be dug near the dike for ease and lower costs. Sandy clay soil makes the strongest diking material. Sand and root-ridden soils are inferior, thus, they should be avoided. When filling with mud, the dike should not be raised at once to its desired height. It should be done in layers allowing each layer to settle before another layer is laid. Diking may be done either manually or by machine or both. It is very important to have uniform dike height. A inch diameter hose, 25meters long, can be used to measure accurately the uniformity of dike height. The hose is first filled with water, one end should be held at the first station and the other end should be held at the next station. The levels of water at both ends of the hose should be the same. Then mark the height of the next station. Station to station should have a distance of 20 meters. The process is repeated until the last station has been marked. Canal Construction

Canal construction is done at the same time as construction of adjacent dikes. Markers should be staked before construction starts. These markers will serve as guide during the excavation of canals. The canal slope will be the same as the dike. The canal should have a grade sloping towards the main gate and the bottom should be flat so that the flow of water will be uniform. Pond Bottom Leveling

Mechanical leveling is a cheaper and faster means of leveling a pond bottom than manual leveling if the soil condition will support the equipment use. Farm tractors or tillers with a back blade may be used. Manual leveling is done by slicing the soil into cubes using digging blades. The cubes are loaded onto a sliding board, a bamboo raft or flat boat. The pond bottom should slope gently towards the gate when leveling is finished. The steps in leveling pond bottoms are as follows: 1. Bring the water down to the desired pond bottom elevation and place a wooden mark. Beside the mark, place another stick about 2 meter long calibrated from 0 to 100cm to serve as leveling guide for cut and fill operation as well as indicate the 13

depth of water inside the pond. Set the stick so that the zero mark is level with the wooden mark. The zero mark is the required elevation of the pond bottom; 2. Mark area of the pond above and below zero elevation marks, then increase the depth of water inside the pond to 40cm for the flatboat to float; 3. Excavate a portion of the pond marked above zero elevation. Transport the excavated soil with a flatboat and unload it at portion of the pond marked below zero elevation. One to two workers should be at the receiving end to supervise the dumping of soil in the depth portions. The receiver is equipped with a meter stick and from time to time check the elevation of the pond bottom by the sounding method. If the desired elevation is attained the receiver transfers to another low area; 4. When all marked portions have been excavated, drain the water to the zero mark. The remaining soil on the sides can be leveled using the spade; 5. The process is repeated until all lower portions are filled; and 6. Excess soil materials are transported to other compartments having low areas or are utilized as berm for the dike or to increase its height. Protection Repair and Maintenance Creeping grasses should be planted on the top and slope of the dike for protection from erosion as soon as the construction of dike is completed. Grass can be maintained by fertilizing and minimizing traffic. Dampalit is the most common grass that grows in brackishwater ponds and it also can be planted over the dike. Carabao grass could also be grown on the dikes. Mangrove vegetation is the best protection to main dikes to salvage or buffer zones are required along the river or bay. Vegetation left undisturbed in a wide belt counteracts the destructive action of the waves. The salvage zone is also serves as an ecological balance in the area. Erosion to dikes inside a pond is controlled by placing twigs along the side of the dike. The twigs also serve as protection for natural fish food. Some fishpond operators construct broken dikes inside the pond to break and minimize the wave action. Construction of berm along the foot of the dike also protects the dike from wave action. Dikes which are exposed to open water are at times subject to the destructive action of waves. Protective measures to safeguard such dikes are: 14

a.

Riprap is stone, concrete block or concrete slabs handplaced compactly or irregularly on the dike slope in order to prevent the scouring action of water. The provision for a banquette on the seaside slope of the dike is an added protection, as riprap placed on the banquette is prevented from slipping. The banquette area is covered with coarse crushed stones to a thickness of from 0.10m to 0.20m before the riprap is placed. The crushed stone fill form a bedding layer that prevents the erosion of the soil beneath the riprap. Stone used for riprap should be dense and hard enough to withstand exposure to air and water. Rough angular stone is preferred to smooth rounded stone as rounded stone does not interlock or resist movement.

b.

External Support. Failure due to rotational slipping is quite common in dikes. This is due to loose sharing resistance of the soil when wet or saturated as well as its corresponding increase in weight. The dike slope is stabilized by providing external pile support at the toe or by the application of heavy loading on the toe. The used of bamboo culms as piles serves the purpose very well and the use of boulders provide the external load. Frequent and scheduled inspection of the dike must be established as this provides a means of early detection of erosion and will allow time for repair before major damage occurs. The dike must be patrolled periodically especially after storms. Leakages and seepages must be thoroughly inspected as they are the possible points of failure. Burrowing aquatic animals such as crabs can cause serious damage to a dike. Traps may be installed to eliminate them or placing plastic sheets over the dike slopes may be used to prevent them from boring holes. Harvesting of oysters, if they grow on the boulders placed at the dike toe, must be prevented as the harvesting process causes the rocks to be moved. Trees and brush should not be allowed to grow on the dike as the roots loosen the dike soil.

Expressions on the top of the dike should be filled with a suitable earth material. Surface drainage must be effected immediately so that no water will percolate into the dike soil.

15

LET US REMEMBER A fishpond is said to be properly designed when the arrangement of the pond compartments, water control structure and all other facilities mutually harmonized each other. The main gate is usually situated at the central side of the proposed fishpond facing the source of water.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Now that you have finished the lesson, lets find out how much you have learned from it by answering the post-test. Answer this on your notebook. Post Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. 1. It is a structure that is used to enclose the whole fishpond. a. gate c. dike b. supply canal d. crown 2. What is the biggest compartment in all types? a. catching pond c. nursery pond b. transition pond d. rearing pond 3. It is a compartment that is used to grow fish fry. a. catching pond c. nursery pond b. transition pond d. rearing pond 4. It refers to the configuration of the earths surface. a. dike b. gate c. topography d. vegetation 5. Structure dug at the center of the dike foundation to strengthen the dike. a. slope c. top width b. mitsa d. bed width 6. The main gate is constructed at the a. corner of the dike b. shorter side of the pond c. lowest part of the fishpond at the straight stretch of the stream d. center part of the dike 7. A concrete class A mixture has a ratio of (cement: sand: gravel) a. 4:2:1 b. 4:1:2 c. 2:1:4 d. 1:2:4 16

8. It is the complete removal of tree stumps and root system embedded in the soil. a. falling b. underbrushing c. uprooting d. withering 9. What part of the gate that serves as the foundation of the structure? a. apron b. braces c. bridge d. floor 10. The ratio of horizontal length to the vertical height is called a. freeboard c. side slope b. top width d. base LET US APPLY WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED Draw a simple design of a fishpond. Construct the pond in accordance with proper specification. Install fishpond accessories such as gates and pipes based on specifications. RESOURCES digging blade shovel running board REFERENCES Engineering Field Manual for Conservation Practices 1969 Fernandez, Villoso and Mendoza. Fishery Arts for Secondary School BFAR, UNDP-FAO. Fishpond Engineering and Management Lawrence, J. Pond Construction Alabama USA Sin, A.W. 1977. Design Layout and Construction of Freshwater Fishponds Used for Fin fish culture in Hongkong bolo crowbars fishpond lay-out/proposal

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LESSON 2.
CONSTRUCTING FISH TANKS WHAT IS THE LESSON ABOUT? The lesson deals on how to construct fish tanks. It includes the preparation of construction resources, installing the lay out of facilities, life support system and positioning of the equipment appropriately. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? After the lesson, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. prepare the construction materials adequately. install the lay out facilities. install the life support system. appreciate the appropriate positioning of equipment.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Pre-Test Answer the following by writing the letter with the correct answer in your notebook. 1. What is the basis as to its shape, size and depth in constructing tank? a. the beauty of the tank b. the color of the fish c. the sensitivity of the fish d. the characteristics and nutritional requirements of the fish 2. What is the purpose of installing air support system in your tank? a. to produce bubbles in the water of the tank b. to add beauty in the tank system c. to supply dissolved oxygen for the fish d. to attract the attention of your classmates 3. What is the term used to indicate a mixture of cement, sand and water? a. mortar b. concrete c. aggregates d. cement 4. What is the whirling mass of water performing a vacuum at its canter which anything caught in the motion is drawn? a. inlet b. vortex c. outlet d. mortar 18

5. Which of the following is common in small tanks? a. telescope outlet b. sink outlet c. combined telescope and sink outlet d. all of the above 6. What should be done if one wants to add the volume of water in the tank? a. fetch water and put it in the tank b. open the water outlet c. open the water inlet d. open the blower 7. What is the best remedy you can do for them if the fishes in the tank are surfacing on the water? a. stir the water b. decrease the volume of the water c. give them feeds to eat d. accelerate the blower to supply more dissolved oxygen to the water 8. What part of the tank system where the drained water from the tank flows out from the tank site? a. water outlet b. water inlet c. drainage canal d. central drain 9. How many sides are there in a hexagonal tank? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 8 10. What do you call the line segment passing through the center of a circle? a. diameter b. radius c. inlet d. eccentric LET US STUDY Before any entrepreneur or fish farmer engage in fish farming through the use of fish tanks, the shape, size and depth of the tanks must be considered before the construction to conform to the nutritional requirement and characteristics of the target fish. The nature or purpose of fish farming through the tank whether it may be for breeding, hatching or grow out or live food production tank must also be taken into consideration.

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Let Us Define Cement a soft powder used to bind sand or gravel into a hand solid mass Diameter a line segment passing through the center of a circle Eccentric not having the same center, as two circles are inside the other Fish tank any large concrete, fiber glass or steel container of liquids for culturing fish and other aquatic plants and animals Inlet an entrance, opening or passage of water Mortar a mixture of cement, sand, and water used for laying blocks, bricks or masonry Outlet the passage, a vent for letting something out Pipe a hollow cylinder or cone as of reed, straw, hard plastic or wood Vacuum a space with nothing at all in it Vortex the whirling mass of water forming a vacuum, at its center, into which anything caught in the motion is drawn Construction Resources for Concrete Tank The resources for the construction of fish tank must be an adequately prepared such as the gravel, sand, steel, bars, cements, PVC pipes and elbows, hollow blocks, Sahara cements, PVC solvent cement, faucet, GI wire, shovel, crow bar, construction pail and wooden box. Construction materials like the gravel, sand, steel bars, PVC and bags of cement should be placed or positioned near the proposed site for tank construction in a manner that these materials that do not obstruct the free movement of the worker while doing the construction work.

Figure 1. Corrugated steel bars

Figure 2. sand

Figure 3. gravel

Figure 4. pipe wrench

Figure 5. GI Wire

Figure 6. PVC pipe

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Figure 7. cement

Figure 8. hollow block

Tank construction The construction starts after making the layout of the tank area by erecting pegs, putting up strings and markers based on specification proposal,. Excavate the floor area, the depth of which depends upon the design of the tank to be constructed, Layers of hollow blocks with reinforcement horizontal and vertical steel bars are piled up to the recommended height to contain the volume of water to conform to the specification proposals of the tank design. Computing Needed Materials for Constructing 5m X 1.5 M X 1.0m Rectangular Fish Tank. Finding Area Finding Volume

Computation on finding needed gravel/ sand/ cement/ CHB 1. Find the area in sq. inches dimension of Fish tank 2. Find also the aggregate area in m2 / ft2 of the proposed fish tank Sample: If you are to construct a tank 5 meters long, 1.5 meters wide and 1 meter high. How many hallow blocks are needed to finish the job? Sample: Step 1. Convert meter into ft 1 m = 100 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 12 inches 1m = 1 ft 12 inch 1 inch 2.54 cm 100 cm = 3.28 ft 1m

Step 2. Find the aggregate area: Area (lengths) =LxW L=5.0 m W=1.0 m = 5.0 m (3.28 ft/m) 1.0 m (3.28 ft/m) = 16.40 ft 3.28 ft = 53.79 sq. ft. 21

Total area of L1 and L2 = 107.58 sq. ft. Area (widths) = 1.5 m (3.28 ft/m) 1.0 m (3.28 ft/m) = 4.92 ft 3.28 ft = 16.14 sq. ft.

Total area of W1 and W2 = 32.28 sq. ft. Total area of wall = 139.86 sq. ft or 13.0 m2 Step 3. Compute for the no. of CHBs Area of 1 CHB (4 x 8 x 16) = 0.66 ft x 1.33 ft = 0.879 ft2 No. of CHB = 140 ft2 x 1 pc / 0.879 ft2 = 159.42 pcs. or 160 pcs. The following tables proportioning process: are herein provided for the concrete

Table 1. QUANTITY FOR 1 CU.M. CONCRETE USING 94 LBS PORTLAND CEMENT Class Proportion Cement Sand Gravel AA 1:2:3 10.50 0.42 0.84 A 1:2:4 7.84 0.44 0.88 B 1:2.5:5 6.48 0.44 0.88 C 1:3:6 5.48 0.44 0.88 D 1:3.5:7 5.00 0.45 0.90 USING 88 LBS PORTLAND CEMENT A 1:2:4 8.20 0.44 0.88 B 1:2.5 6.80 0.46 0.88 C 1:3:6 5.80 0.47 0.89 D 1:3.5:7 5.32 0.48 0.90 Table 2. CHB LAID PER BAG CEMENT 4x 8 x 16 55 to 60 Pieces 6x 8 x 16 30 to 36 Pieces 8x 8 x 16 25 to 30 Pieces Table 3. VOLUME OF PER CHB 4x 8 x 16 0.001 6x 8 x 16 0.003 8x 8 x 16 0.004 CEMENT Cu. M. Cu. M. Cu. M.

Table 4. CHB FINISH PER SQUARE METER Type of Finishing Cement Sand Bag Sand Tooled Finish 0.125 0.0107 Plaster Finish 0.250 0.0213 22

Table 5. REQUIREMENT Kinds Mix Plain Cement Floor Finish 1:2 Cem. Plas. Fin. 38 Thnk. One Face 1:2 Peeble Wash Out Floor Finish 1:2 Laying Of 6 CHB 1:2 4 Fill All Holes and Joints 1:2 Plaster Perlite 1:2 Grouted Riprap :3

FOR MORTAR Cement Sand 0.33 B/SM 0.00018 CM/SM 0.11 B/SM 0.006 CM/SM 0.43 B/SM 0.024 CM/SM 0.63 B/SM 0.37 CM/SM 0.36 B/SM 0.019 CM/SM 0.22 B/SM 0.12 CM/SM 4 B/CM 0.324 CM/CM

Table 6. CHB- REINFORCEMENT Spacing of Vertical Length of Bars (m) Bars in Meter per block per sq. m 0.4 0.25 3.0 0.6 0.17 2.1 0.8 0.12 1.5 Horizontal Bars Every 2 Layers 0.22 2.7 3 0.15 1.9 4 0.13 1.7 5 0.11 1.4 Step 4. Compute for the amount of cement, sand and gravel for flooring Using Class A /94 lbs Cement (Refer to Table 1) V = 4 in x 5 m x 1.5 m V = 0.10 m x 5 m x 1.5 m V = 0.75 m3 Cement = 0.75 m3 x 7.84 = 5.88 bags Sand = 0.75 m3 x 0.44= 0.33 m3 Gravel= 0.75 m3 x 0.88 = 0.66 m3 Step 5. Compute for the amount of cement needed for laying CHB (Refer to Table 2) 1 Bag of Cement = One ft3 Say, 1 bag = 55 pcs. Number of bags = 160 pcs x 1 bag/ 55 pcs = 2.91 or 3 bags Step 6. Compute for the amount of cement and sand for mortar (Refer to Table 5) Fill all holes and joints Compute for Perimeter Perimeter = 2 (length + width) = 2 (5 m + 1.5 m) 23

= 2 (6.5 m) = 13 meter Area = 13 m x 1 m = 13 m2 Amount of Cement: = 13 m2 x 0.36 bags/m2 = 4.68 bags Amount of Sand: = 13 m2 x 0.019m3/m2 = 0.247 m3 Step 7. Compute for the amount of cement and sand for CHB plaster finish (Refer to Table 4) Square Meter = cement= bag, sand= 0.0213 Cu. M. = 13.00 m2 x bags / 1 m2 = 3.25 bags In and Out of Wall Total Cement= 6.5 bags Step 8. Compute for the amount of cement for plain cement floor finish (Refer to Table 5) Floor Area = 7.5m2 Mix 1:2 Cement= 0.33 B/SM, Sand= 0.00018 CM/SM Cement = 0.33 bags/ m2 = 0.33 bags / m2 x 7.5 m2 = 2.48 bags Sand = 0.00018 m3 / m2 x 7.5m2 = 0.0135 m3 Step 9. Compute for the number of needed steel bars (Refer to Table 6) Using 20 ft- standard length or 6.096 m Horizontal Bars: Area = 13 m2 No. of bars = 13.0 m2 x 2.7 m / m2 = 35.1 meters x 1 bar / 6.096 m = 5.75 bar Vertical Bars: Area = 13 m2 No. of Bars =13.0 m2 x 3 m / m2 = 39 m x 1 bar / 6.096 m = 6.4 bars Flooring: Area = 7.5 m2 No. of Bars = 7.5 m2 x 3 m / m2 = 22.5 m 24

= 22.5 m x 1 bar/ 6.096 m = 3.7 bars Total amount of Bars= 5.75 + 6.4 + 3.7 = 15.85pcs or 16 pcs. Bill of materials and cost estimates Materials 1. Gravel 2. Sand 3. CHB 4 x 8 x 16 4. Portland Cement 5. Steel Bar(10mm.) 6. Sahara Cement 7. PVC 8. PVC Elbow 9. PVC 4 10. PVC Solvent Cement 11. Faucet 12. G.I. Wire # 16 13. Hose 5 mm Quantity Unit Cost 1 Elf Load 1, 400.00 1 Elf Load 1, 000.00 160 pcs 5.50 23 bags 182.00 16 pcs. 175.00 9 bags 30.00 5 pcs. 100.00 6 pcs. 15.00 1 pc. 220.00 1 small can 35.00 1 pc. 130.00 1 kg. 65.00 10 m 8.00 Grand Total : Php. Total 1, 400.00 1, 000.00 880.00 4,186.00 2,800.00 270.00 500.00 90.00 220.00 35.00 130.00 65.00 80.00 11,656.00

Note: For every bag of cement for Plaster Finish, 1 bag of Sahara cement is added for water proofing purpose. *Costs subject to change based on the prevailing price of materials. For circular tanks, the outlet should be at the middle part of the tank. The flooring must therefore be constructed with a slight slope towards the center. The slope is from 5 degrees to 15 degrees which is very useful when the tank is drained for cleaning and maintenance purposes. On the other hand, the floor slope of some rectangular shaped concrete tanks is towards the rear end where the water outlet is constructed. Outlet Construction Construct a water outlet at the rear end of the tank.

Figure 9. Drain Outlet

Figure 10. Drain Hole

Figure 11. Drain Canal

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The outlet must be fitted with PVC pipe of 4 diameter to prevent the hole to enlarge due to constant flow of water. This is where the water from the tank when draining passes out from the tank to the drainage canal. Construct a concrete drainage canal where the drained water from the tank flows out from the tank site. The drainage canal is .5 m wide and .3 m deep. The outlet of round tanks (hexagonal or 6-sided tanks, octagonal or eight-sided tanks and circular tanks) must be constructed at the middle of the tank. The tank floor must have a moderate slope towards the center. The construction of outlet may vary in types with and without particle traps. Particle trap can be chosen if requirements are for outlet cleaning or for the water to be reused. The most common outlets are of two types: 1. Sink outlet. Horizontal grid outlets are common in smaller tanks. The outlet is a sink with a grid as described below.

Figure 12. Outlet of Circular Tanks must be at the middle.

The grid should be made of acid proof material and of round shape. The holes should always be larger than the biggest feed pellets used. The water should accelerate through the holes so the speed through them is greater than the average current in the tank. The outlet from the sink is placed eccentrically into it which will create a vortex in the sink and thus keep it clean 2. Telescope outlet. Telescope outlet with inner level control is shown in the figure below. The inner tube is a shorter pipe than the external one, with a slightly wider tube at the top which can be moved up and down to control the level in the tank.

Figure 13. View of Telescope Outlet

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Inlet Construction In a concrete rectangular tank, the inlet is usually a vertical pipe with a faucet fitted into it.

Figure 14. Installation of water pipes

For a large round or circular tanks, there are three different ways of fitting the inlet pipe. 1. Vertical pipe with rounded holes which gives almost weight to the bottom 2. Horizontal pipe with rounded holes. The length is 1/3 of the diameter of the tank.

Figure 15. Vertical pipe

Figure 16. Horizontal pipe

3. Combined vertical and horizontal inlet. The length if the horizontal inlet is of the radius of the tank. Installation of Life Support System Install the blower (1-2 HP) in a secured area near the tank to limit construction cost particularly the PVC pipe line. The place must be free from drop of rain and direct heat of the sun. Lay out and install a PVC pipe line from the blower to the tank. Bore a hole 5 mm to the PVC pipe adjacent to the tank. A hose (5 mm) is fitted to the pipe line and attaches a stone air and sinker at the opposite end. The air pump by the blower will pass through the PVC pipe line going down to the hose till it reaches the air stone which is submerged in the tank water. The air will dissolve into the water necessary to the good growth of the fish reared in the tank. 27

Always bear in mind that tanks regardless of size, shape and depth need aeration to supply the dissolved oxygen required for the fish. A regular monitoring of the aerating device is a necessity.

Figure 17. Air blower

Figure 18. Pipe lines are installed to the blower with hose and stone air.

Figure 19. Fitting the hose to the PVC pipe line

Figure 20. Fitting the sinker stone to the hose

Figure 21. Drawing to fit your tank requirements

Program of activities 1. Clearing the proposed area for tank construction. 2. Preparing the construction materials. 3. Storing/ positioning the construction materials to a place convenient for the construction worker. 28

4. Laying out by erecting pegs, tying strings, and putting up marks for the dimension of the tank to be constructed. 5. Excavating of the tank area to a depth based on specifications proposal. 6. Preparing the mixture for footing, 1:2.5:5 ( cement- sand- gravel) 7. Preparing the horizontal and vertical bars based on the dimension of the tank to be constructed. 8. Preparing for a class A mixture for the mortar which is 1:2:4. 9. Pile the hollow blocks (CHB 4x 8 x 16) layer by layer until the required height is reached. 10. Cementing the tank floor with class A mixture. 11. Plaster finishing. Plaster finish the walls of the tank (in and out) to a mixture of 1:2. Add 1 bag of Sahara cement per mixture. LET US REMEMBER Raising fish can be done in the backyard through fish tanks. Raising fish in tanks generate income and at the same time a sort of pleasure and fun.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Answer the following by writing the letter with the correct answer in your notebook. Post Test 1. What is the basis as to its shape, size and depth in constructing tank? a. the beauty of the tank b. the color of the fish c. the sensitivity of the fish d. the characteristics of nutritional requirements of the fish 2. What a. b. c. d. is the purpose of installing air support system in your tank? to produce bubbles in the water of the tank to add beauty in the tank system to supply dissolved oxygen for the fish to attract the attention of your classmates

3. What is the term used to indicate a mixture of cement, sand and water? a. mortar b. concrete c. aggregates d. cement 29

4. What is the whirling mass of water performing a vacuum at its canter which anything caught in the motion is drawn? a. inlet b. vortex c. outlet d. mortar 5. Which of the following is common in small tanks? a. telescope outlet b. sink outlet c. combined telescope and sink outlet d. all of the above 6. What should be done if one want to add volume of water in the tank? a. fetch water and put it in the tank b. open the water outlet c. open the water inlet d. open the blower 7. What is the best remedy you can do for them if the fishes in the tank are surfacing on the water? a. stir the water b. decrease the volume of the water c. give them feeds to eat d. accelerate the blower to supply more dissolved oxygen to the water 8. What part of the tank system where the drained water from the tank flows out from the tank site? a. water outlet b. water inlet c. drainage canal d. central drain 9. How many sides are there in a hexagonal tank? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 8 10. What do you call the line segment passing through the center of a circle? a. diameter b. radius c. inlet d. eccentric

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LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Make a program of work activities for a 4 m diameter circular tank with 1.5 m deep. RESOURCES Sand Shovel Gravel Sahara cement Wooden boxes Pail REFERENCES info@aquacare.com Sim S.Y., Rimmer M.A., Toledo J.D., Sugama, S., Rumengan I., Williams, K.C... Philips, M.J. 2005. A Guide to Small-Scale Marine Finfish Hatchery Technology Velasco R.A. Handbook of Construction Estimate

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LESSON 3.
CONSTRUCTING FISH CAGE AND FISH PEN WHAT IS THE LESSON ABOUT? This lesson deals on how to construct fish pens and fish cages. This includes preparing construction materials and man power, positioning post for fish pen based on specifications, selecting netting materials, attaching floats and sinkers on the net assembly, conducting inspection of damage nets prior to installation, fitting nets to frame, and checking proper placement of nets bottom. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. prepare construction materials and man power; position posts appropriately based on specifications; select netting materials based on the size of fish stocked; attach floats and sinkers properly; inspect damage net prior to installation; set up nets to fit the frame; and check proper placement of nets bottom.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Lets see what you already know about constructing fish cage and fish pen. Read and understand the questions carefully. Choose the correct answer and write the letter in your test notebook. Pre-Test 1. Which of the following is a disadvantage of culturing fish in fish cage? a. easier handling, inventory, and harvesting fish b. better control of fish population c. efficient control of fish competitors and predators d. more man power requirement 2. What a. b. c. d. part of a floating fish cage where the nets are suspended? framework floaters mooring lines anchors 32

3. It keeps the whole cage in a certain location and prevents towing the fish cage by water current. a. framework b. netting assembly c. floating system d. mooring system 4. What a. b. c. d. 5. What a. b. c. d. is the mesh size of net used in growout cages? 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm 30 mm is the first step in net cage fabrication? double lace every mesh cut net according to the desired specification rig all sinkers to the rib lines make splices on the four corners

6. Bamboo poles or anahaw logs used in fish pen construction should be cleared of sharp edges in order to a. prolong its life span b. make staking easier c. prevent damage to the nets d. increase its buoyancy 7. How to align the poles to be installed between each of the guide poles? a. by using of a transit b. by using a bracing bamboo c. by using a rope d. by using a sighting device 8. Net fabrication will be based on the physical date of the proposed site. This includes a. nature of water current b. characteristics of the cultured fish c. highest water levels or flood levels d. temperature and salinity of the water 9. The length of the nets needed is determined by multiplying the perimeter of the fish pen by a. 1.2 b. 1.3 c. 1.4 d. 1.5 33

10. What pen? a. b. c. d.

is the first step in fixing the net into the framework of a fish Tie the head rope about 1.2 m above the water surface. Use the double foot rope to fasten the bamboo pole. Fix the net in place by driving bamboo pegs. Remove debris and other materials inside the enclosure.

LET US STUDY The design and construction of fish pens and cages involved collective ideas from fishery biologists, aquaculture engineers, economists and farmers. This is done mainly to obtain the best returns possible from the efforts and money invested in the project. The biological behavior of the target species and the characteristics of the project site should also be considered as well. This means that the project should be functional, durable, easy to construct and economical. The design must be simple enough to permit easy construction and operation without sacrificing basic engineering principles. Let Us Define Fish cage a structure made of a net enclosing all sides supported by fixed rigid frames with floats on sides. Fish pen made of bamboo frames driven on seabed and enclosed with nets. Mesh the smallest unit of a net. Floaters include barrels, Styrofoam, and plastic containers that are installed to keep the frame stable above the water surface. Mooring system materials that keep the whole fish cage in a certain location and prevent towing of the cage by water current. Ribbing the joining nets with rope. Construction of fish cage Cage culture is the process of raising fish in cages made of nylon nettings and bamboo / GI frames that are either floated, submerged or fixed at the bottom (Floating cage is discussed in this lesson). Fish cages can be established at sea, lakes, rivers, lagoons, estuaries, coastal bays, as well as in water filled excavations such as old quarries and mines, irrigation canals, small farm reservoirs, and small water impounding projects. Cage culture has the following advantages: Easier handling, inventory, and harvesting of fish Better control of fish population Efficient control of fish competitors and predators Effective use of fish feeds Reduced mortality High stocking rate Movement or relocation of the fish cage is possible 34

Less man power requirement Minimum supervision

Pointers to consider in selecting sites for fish cage project The body of water must have a depth of at least 2 3 meters. Shallow water tends to be turbid and may clog the gills of the fish with silt. The site must not be exposed to strong winds. Strong winds might break or totally destroy the project. Avoid exposing the fish cages opposite prevailing wind direction. Water should be of good quality and free from pollutants. Fish does not exhibit good growth and might even result to mass mortality when exposed in polluted water. Very strong current must be avoided. Strong current at the surface or under will carry away the feed given to the fish and might destroy the fish cage itself. Water temperature should range from 20 OC to 30 OC. While recommended pH level is 6.8 to 8. Dissolved oxygen should be at least 5 ppm. Good quality fingerlings should be available in the locality at reasonable price. Transporting fingerlings from distant places would entail higher cost. Labor and other inputs must be available in the locality. The cage should be secured against poachers. This problem is encountered if the project is unguarded especially when the fish are ready for market. A caretaker must guard the project. The project must be accessible to transportation.

Major parts of a floating fish cages Frames for the net cages are suspended. The sides of which become walkways for walking, feeding and monitoring. The frames should be able to withstand water current, withstand high salt content if at sea, and resistant to fouling organisms. Floaters are installed to keep the frame stable above the surface of the water surface. The commonly materials for floaters are: a. Barrel b. Styrofoam c. Plastic containers Mooring keeps the whole cage in a certain location and prevents towing of the cages by water current. Mooring materials are made of steel with shapes as follows. Nets hold the fishes and their mesh dize depends on fish size. Polyethelene net is durable, strong, resilient, less expensive and resistant to fouling. Pointers in the selection of nets are: a. must be non abrasive b. must be knotless 35

MATERIALS NEEDED IN CONSTRUCTING FISH CAGES a. b. c. d. a. b. c. a. b. c. d. e. f. a. b. c. For Structure / Framework G. I pipes Bamboos (most common) Lumber Tying materials For net cage fabrication polyethelene nets polypropylene nets nylon nets For floaters steel drum Styrofoam Plastic container Aluminum cylinder PVC pipes Rubber tires For mooring plastic rope (1 inch in diameter) steel weights anchors

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF FISH CAGES Determination of Size, Depth, and Shape The dimension of the fish cage is dependent mainly in the ability of the owner as far as operation and maintenance are concerned. The physical and biological traits of the fish must also be considered. The sizes of fish cages used in the country are: Cage Size Width (m) Length (m) Depth (m) Small 1 1 1 1.5 2 23 1.5 2 Medium (Semi 2 34 23 commercial) 3 5 10 23 Large (Commercial) 10 30 3 25 50 5 The depth of the cage is usually determined by the natural productivity of the water. Since natural food production is relatively higher in the surface, light penetration is usually the basis for depth.

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Netting System

A net is basically made of meshes. A mesh is the smallest unit of a net. The mesh size is the distance between the centers of the opposite knots in the same mesh when it is fully extended at the right angles to the continuing direction of the twine. The mesh size to be used must be small enough to prevent the escape of the cultured fish and entry of predators. For grow out cages the size is 20 mm. However, as long as they can prevent the escape of fish large meshes are recommended, since they provide large passageway for water circulation, have a slow rate of fouling are easier to handle and are less expensive per unit area. Framework Design

Framework construction varies according to operators specification. However, there are two basic framework designs which are commonly used the single braced and double braced framework. The framework should be appropriately designed to withstand strong winds, currents, and waves, pile up of water hyacinths and other floating debris. If the framework area to be used as service area, they should be strong enough to support the weight of the people and other materials necessary for the operation. Floating System

The floats to be used in floating cages should have high buoyancy, are resistant to fouling, and could withstand water pressure, forces of winds and waves. It should be constructed to support the weight of the frameworks and materials necessary for the operations. For longer life and less fouling attachments, floats like styrofoam and polystyrene may be covered with protective materials such as rubberized canvass. Mooring System

Mooring lines should be light and strong, flexible, highly resistant to fatigue, impact, abrasion, stretch, and twisting. As a general guide the length of mooring lines should be three times the depth of water. Rope made of synthetic fibers; metallic wire ropes and chairs are commonly used for mooring lines. Metallic ropes have excellent strength but have the disadvantage of being too heavy and costly. Synthetic fiber ropes are light, flexible, and also have excellent strength but are relatively less resistant to abrasion and cuts. Anchor

An ideal anchor must provide enough holding power with reasonable weight and size. The type of anchor use in the mooring 37

system depends on the depth of water, nature of the bottom and current. The three types of anchors are deadweight, embedment, and special anchors. Deadweight anchors are recommended for mooring involving essentially vertical tension. A typical example of this type is concrete block. Embedment anchors are designed to dig into the bottom as they are being pulled by a horizontal force. It is recommended for sandy to muddy bottom. Special anchors are combination of deadweight and embedded anchors. They are designed to resist vertical and horizontal components of tension. NET CAGE FABRICATION There are many kinds of nets used in cage fabrication. The most common are B-net (1/4 mesh), DD-net (3/8 mesh), and CC-net (1/2 mesh). Floating fish cages are made of nylon nettings supported on all sides and corners with polyethylene rope fixed by a nylon twine. Each is hung within a rectangular area, the top is supported by frames and the bottom provided with sinkers. Construct the fish cage net in the following manner: 1. Cut net according to the desired specification. 2. Double lace every mesh of the four corners using nylon twine 210 d/6, double twine beginning at the second mesh now using rolling hitch or clove hitch with a single hitch as look at intervals of 7.62 to 10.16 cm. 3. Double lace the nylon salvage net to top the edges of the cage with a nylon twine, using either a rolling hitch or clove hitch with single hitch as lock. 4. Rig all sinkers (No. 07) to the rib line of the bottom side and centers. Attach the rib lines on all sides using rolling or rib hitch with an interval of 7.62 to 10.16 cm. 5. Make splices on the four corners of the hanging lines (top portion of the net cage) for the attachment of the top four corners fixing the ropes. Make also eye splices on the four bottom corners for the attachment of four stretching ropes with weight. Continue with the other units following the same procedure. CONSTRUCTION OF FISH PEN Fish pens are areas enclosed by nets on all sides and utilize the lakebed as the bottom enclosure. It is usually supported by fix rigid frameworks of bamboo poles, palm tree poles (anahaw), and wood poles. Dimension in this type of structure varies from less than a hectare to as wide as 100 hectares each compartment depending on the capability of the operators in terms of financial and manpower. Generally, fish pens are most suitable in relatively large bodies of water and along protected coastal areas when the water level ranges only from 2 meters to a maximum of 7 meters. 38

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING A SUITABLE FISH PEN SITE Selecting a suitable site for fish pen is very important. Failure to choose the right site often contributes to the failure of the project. There are salient factors to consider. 1. When done in coastal waters, the tidal range should not be more than 1.5 meters. 2. Accessible for transporting supplies and products. 3. When done in coastal waters, the tidal range should not be more than 1.5 meters. 4. Accessible for transporting supplies and products. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION The materials needed are mainly based on the specifications set by the operation. Quality and type of materials to be used would depend on the financial capability of the owner. However, functionality, and the ability of the structure to withstand adverse condition in the proposed site should be given utmost considerations. Proper specifications of materials such as rope and twine diameter, mesh depth, sizes, knotted or unknotted, color, etc., must be observed at all times. a. b. c. d. e. a. b. c. a. b. c. d. e. For Structure / Framework bamboos (most common) wooden poles Anahaw (palm tree) logs Creosoted pole steel / G. I pipe For Enclosure and Barrier Nets polyethelene nets polypropylene nets nylon nets For Tying and Braiding polyethelene rope and twine polypropylene rope nylon threads nylon cord (monofilament) rubber tire strip

DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF FISH PEN Determination of Size, Depth, and Shape

Size of fish pens range from less than one hectare to more than 100 hectares. The shape of the enclosure is influenced by the characteristics of the cultured fish. For milkfish and tilapia culture, square and rectangular pens are commonly used. Generally, the most economical shape of the fish pen is one that has the least perimeter. 39

Circular shape require the least materials per unit area but relatively hard to construct. Netting System

A net may either be flexible or rigid depending on the netting materials used. Generally, the most suitable nets should be flexible or adaptable for easy handling, resistant to fouling growth, resistant to heat and ultraviolet rays locally available and less expensive. The mesh size to be used must be small enough to prevent the escape of the cultured fish and entry of predators. For growout operation, use 20 mm mesh nets. However, as long as they can prevent the escape of fish large meshes are recommended since they provide large passageway for water circulation, easier to handle, slow rate of fouling, and less expensive per unit area. Framework Design

Framework construction varies according to ones specifications. However, there are three basic designs, which are commonly used, the single braced, the double-braced and log reinforced framework. The use of double framework is very common. The inner frame holds the enclosing nets for the fish and the outer framework holds the barricade net which would prevent debris from damaging the net enclosure. The framework should be designed to withstand strong winds, currents, waves, pileup of water hyacinths and floating debris. CONSTRUCTION OF FRAMEWORKS Prior to installation, bamboo poles or the anahaw logs are cleared of sharp edges to prevent damage to nets. When bamboo poles are used, the diaphragm is removed to reduce buoyancy by forcing an iron rod throughout the length of the pole to be submerged. Other method is to drill holes at the internodes up to the length of the pole to be embedded into the mud and the length to be submerged in the water. For anahaw logs, a triangular anchor made of bamboo is fastened near the end of the logs to prevent it from floating after being driven into the lake bed. At the start of the framework construction, guide poles are placed using the corners of the proposed fish pen. This serves as the starting point. Another set of guide poles are staked at about 25 to 100 meters apart which are aligned from the corners. A rope will then be used to align the poles to be installed between each of the guide poles. After the area has been enclosed with the vertical 40

poles, horizontal braces will then be tied at a distance above the water surface not reach by waves. These prevent added stress to the framework. Likewise, bracing will also be installed to prevent misalignment. This process is repeated until the framework is completed. When using anahaw logs, a boom is attached to the bamboo raft. This is used to lift and align the logs being driven into the lake bed. However, the distance between logs can be longer. PREPARATION OF NET ASSEMBLY Net fabrication will be based on the physical data of the proposed site, i.e. area, depth of water and mud, highest water level or flood levels, and characteristics of fish to be cultured. The perimeter of the fish pen must be known before the nets are cut and assembled based on specifications. NET MEASUREMENT The length of the nets needed is determined by multiplying the total perimeter of the fish pen by 1.3. This is the ideal allowance for net pen. It gives equal stretching to the four sides of the mesh. Example: Perimeter = 400 m. Therefore, the length of perimeter net required = 400 x 1.3 =520 m. PROCEDURE IN RIBBING NETS (Joining nets with rope) Join nets together. Insert 5 mm polyrope at the first row of meshes of nets. Sew with 210/18 resinized nylon twine one inch apart employing a clove hitch and knot.

This procedure is repeated for succeeding layers until the desired depth of net is complete. Another set of rope (optional) can be stitched 2 inches apart (head) and lower (foot) part of the assembly nets. These ropes can be used for installation of floats and bamboo pegs or stone sinkers respectively. FIXING NET INTO THE FRAMEWORK The assembled nets are carried to the site and fixed to the fish pen framework. This can be done by tying the head rope about 1-2 meters high above the water surface. Use the double footrope to fasten the bamboo pegs and stone sinkers. Fix the net in place by driving the bamboo pegs and sinker stones into the lakebed with a bamboo pole. After the nets have been fixed, remove the debris and other materials inside the net enclosure as these may damage the nets.

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GUIDE FOR MATERIAL ESTIMATES Sample Problem Compute the materials required to construct a one-hectare fish pen. Specifications: Area: 1 hectare or 10,000 sq. m. Shape: square Average Depth: 3.5 Framework: Bamboo (single framework) Netting: Pen net enclosure Polyethelene net 17 knots (knotless) or CC net No. of mesh depth = 197 Depth = 1.5 meters Computation of Framework Materials Bamboo pole: Vertical pole, VP = P = 400 = 800 0.5 0.5 0.5 is minimum spacing of vertical poles Horizontal pole, HP = P = 400 = 100 4 4 4.0 is the ideal spacing for overlap of horizontal members and bracing Diagonal pole, DP = P = 400 = 100 4 4 Bamboo raft = 100 Total poles needed 1,100 Polyethelene rope for tying Length of rope, RL = (VP + DP) (6) = (800 + 100) (6) = 5,400 m polyrope, 5 mm or 27 rolls 6 is the maximum length of rope for tying Computation of Rope, Net, and Twine for netting Assembly Perimeter = 400 Length of rope for framing LR = (P + 2.5) per section 4 = (400 + 2.5) 4 = 102.5 meters/section 2.5 additional rope/section

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Total length of Rope Framing for the Whole Perimeter TLR = (P + (2.5 x 4) (NRr) = (400 + 10) (7) = 2,870 m. or 15 rolls Where NRr = No. of rope ribbing including head rope and foot rope Length of Nets Length of Nets, LN = (P x 1.3) (NL) = (400 x 1.3) (4) = 2,080 m Where NL = No. of layers Length of Twine LT = P (3) (NRs) = 400 x 3 x 5 = 6000 m or 30 rolls polyethelene rope 1 mm Where 3 = length of twine used per meter NRs = no. of rows to be stitched 200 = standard length of rope per roll Length of Barrier Net = P + 2 = 400 + 2 = 402 Where 2 = additional netting Length of Barrier Rope = [P + (2.5 x 4) ] (NRr) = [400 + 10] (2) = 820 meters or 4.1 rolls 5 mm polyrope Length of Twine = P (3) (NRs0 = 400 (3) (2) = 2,400 m or 12 rolls 0.5 mm polyrope Where NRs = No. of row (head / foot rope) Bamboo Stake and Stone Sinker = these will be spaced at 1 meter alternately P = 400 meters, therefore stone sinkers needed is 400 pieces with 5 diameter x 1 thick Bamboo stake needed is 400 pieces Summary of Materials Required for 1 Hectare Fish Pen Materials / Description 1. Framework: Bamboo poles 4.5 bottom; 10-12 m. long with 2 tip 2. Pen Net Enclosure: Polyethelene net, CC net, 17 knots; 197 mesh depth 3. Barrier Net Enclosure Polyethelene net, 17 knots, 27 mesh depth Quantity 1,100 pcs. 2,800 m. 402 m. 43

4. Rope for Tying and Netting Polyethelene rope, 5 mm in diameter, black 200 m. / roll 5. Twine for Net Barrier Assembly Polyethelene twine 1 mm diameter, black, 200 m. / roll 6. Sinker Stone 1 thick, 5 dimeter 7. Bamboo Stakes LET US REMEMBER

48.2 rolls 42 rolls 400 pcs. 400 pcs.

Construction of fish cage and fish pens needs a lot of planning and preparation. Design consideration is an important aspect when constructing fish cages and fish pens. Materials for construction should be readily available and less expensive.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Now that you have finished the lesson, lets find out how much you have learned from it by answering the post-test. Answer this in your notebook. Post Test Choose the letter with the correct answer. 1. Which of the following is a disadvantage of culturing fish in fish cage? a. easier handling, inventory, and harvesting fish b. better control of fish population c. efficient control of fish competitors and predators d. more man power requirement 2. What a. b. c. d. part of a floating fish cage where the nets are suspended? framework floaters mooring lines anchors

3. It keeps the whole cage in a certain location and prevents towing the fish cage by water current. a. Framework b. netting assembly c. floating system d. mooring system 44

4. What a. b. c. d. 5. What a. b. c. d.

is the mesh size of net used in growout cages? 15 cm 20 cm 25 cm 30 cm is the first step in net cage fabrication? double lace every mesh cut net according to the desired specification rig all sinkers to the rib lines make splices on the four corners

6. Bamboo poles or anahaw logs used in fish pen construction should be cleared of sharp edges in order to a. prolong its life span. b. make staking easier. c. prevent damage to the nets. d. increase its buoyancy. 7. How to align the poles to be installed between each of the guide poles? a. by using a transit b. by using a bracing bamboo c. by using a rope d. by using a sighting device 8. Net fabrication will be based on the physical date of the proposed site. This includesa. nature of water current. b. characteristics of the cultured fish. c. highest water levels or flood levels. d. temperature and salinity of the water. 9. The length of the nets needed is determined by multiplying the perimeter of the fish pen by: a. b. c. d. 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

10. What is the first step in fixing the net into the framework of a fish pen? a. Tie the head rope about 1.2 m above the water surface b. Use the double foot rope to fasten the bamboo pole c. Fix the net in place by driving bamboo pegs d. Remove debris and other materials inside the enclosure

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LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED 1. Make a miniature of a floating fish cage and a fish pen. 2. Visit a body of water in your locality and evaluate its suitability for fish cage and fish pen operation. 3. Canvass the price of materials needed in constructing fish cage and fish pens and prepare a report to be presented in class. RESOURCES Tools steel rod crowbar pulley welding machine bolo auger bit Materials bamboos G. I pipes Nets Twines Ropes Floaters Anchors REFERENCES Landoy, R. 1983. Cage Design and Construction. National Training Program for Tilapia and Cage Culture 11 April May SEAFDEC/AQD, Binangonan Freshwater Station, Binangonan, Rizal Pascual, A.C. 1982. Major Fishing Gear in the Philippines, Philippine Fishing Net and Twine Manufacturers Association, Inc. Valera, P. B. and de los Reyes F. N. 1982. Training Course for cage and Pen Culture of Tilapia in Freshwater. SEAFDEC/AQD, Binangonan Freshwater Station, Binangonan, Rizal

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ANSWER KEY

Lesson 1 Pre-test 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. c 9. d 10. c Lesson 2 Pre-test 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. d 8. c 9. c 10. a Post test 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. d 8. c 9. c 10. a 1. c 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. c 9. d 10. c Post-test

Lesson 3 Pre-test 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. c Post-test 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. c 47