Far Eastern University Institute of Nursing Group 22

PNEUMONIA

SUBMITTED TO: Mam Cenas BSN !N M"N SUBMITTED B#: Cru$ Don Darry% G& 'unio Ni((a )im Su*o

CLINICAL OVERVIEW
Definition
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill ith flui! or "us# causing cough ith "hlegm or "us# fe$er# chills an! !ifficulty breathing. A $ariety of organisms# inclu!ing bacteria# $iruses an! fungi# can cause "neumonia. Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mil! to life%threatening. It is most serious for infants an! young chil!ren# "eo"le ol!er than age &'# an! "eo"le ith un!erlying health "roblems or ea(ene! immune systems. Antibiotics an! anti$iral me!ications can treat many common forms of "neumonia. )ost "neumonia occurs hen a brea(!o n in your bo!y*s natural !efenses allo s germs to in$a!e an! multi"ly ithin your lungs. To !estroy the attac(ing organisms# hite bloo! cells ra"i!ly accumulate. Along ith bacteria an! fungi# they fill the air sacs ithin your lungs +al$eoli,. -reathing may be labore!. A classic sign of bacterial "neumonia is a cough that "ro!uces thic(# bloo!%tinge! or yello ish% greenish s"utum ith "us. Causes Pneumonia has many "ossible causes. The most common are bacteria an! $iruses in the air e breathe. .our bo!y usually "re$ents these germs from infecting your lungs. -ut sometimes these germs can o$er"o er your immune system# e$en if your health is generally goo!. Pneumonia is classifie! accor!ing to the ty"es of germs that cause it# an! you ac/uire! the infection. here

Types:
Community-acquired pneumonia Community%ac/uire! "neumonia is the most common ty"e of "neumonia. It occurs outsi!e of hos"itals an! other health care facilities# an! may be cause! by0 -acteria# such as 1tre"tococcus "neumoniae. -acterial community%ac/uire! "neumonia can occur on its o n or after you ha$e a col! or res"iratory flu. This ty"e of "neumonia often affects one area +lobe, of the lung# a con!ition calle! lobar "neumonia. -acteria%li(e organisms# such as )yco"lasma "neumoniae# hich ty"ically "ro!uce mil!er signs an! sym"toms than !o other ty"es of "neumonia. 2Wal(ing "neumonia#2 a term use! to !escribe "neumonia that isn*t se$ere enough to re/uire be! rest# may result from )yco"lasma "neumoniae. Viruses# inclu!ing some that are the same ty"e of $iruses that cause col!s an! flu. Viruses are the most common cause of "neumonia in chil!ren younger than 3 years. Viral "neumonia is usually mil!. -ut $iral "neumonia cause! by certain influen4a $iruses# such as su!!en acute res"iratory syn!rome +1AR1,# can become $ery serious.

5ungi# hich can be foun! in soil an! in bir! !ro""ings. This ty"e of "neumonia is most common in "eo"le ith an un!erlying health "roblem or ea(ene! immune system an! in "eo"le ho ha$e inhale! a large !ose of the organisms. Hospital-acquired pneumonia 6os"ital%ac/uire! "neumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in "eo"le 78 hours or more after being hos"itali4e! for another con!ition. 6os"ital%ac/uire! "neumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics. Peo"le ho are on a breathing machine +$entilator,# often use! in intensi$e care units# are at higher ris( of this ty"e of "neumonia. Health care-acquired pneumonia 6ealth care%ac/uire! "neumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in "eo"le ho are li$ing in long%term care facilities or ha$e been treate! in out"atient clinics# inclu!ing (i!ney !ialysis centers. Li(e hos"ital%ac/uire! "neumonia# health care% ac/uire! "neumonia can be cause! by bacteria more resistant to antibiotics. Aspiration pneumonia As"iration "neumonia occurs hen you inhale foo!# !rin(# $omit or sali$a into your lungs. This as"iration may ha""en if something !isturbs your normal gag refle9# such as a brain in:ury# s allo ing "roblem# or e9cessi$e use of alcohol or !rugs.

Risk factors
Pneumonia can affect anyone. -ut the t o age grou"s at highest ris( are0 Infants an! chil!ren younger than age 3 years# because their immune systems are still !e$elo"ing Peo"le ol!er than age &' Other ris( factors inclu!e0 Certain chronic !iseases# such as asthma# chronic obstructi$e "ulmonary !isease an! heart !isease Wea(ene! or su""resse! immune system# !ue to factors such as 6IV;AI<1# organ trans"lant# chemothera"y for cancer or long%term steroi! use 1mo(ing# hich !amages your bo!y*s natural !efenses against the bacteria an! $iruses that cause "neumonia -eing "lace! on a $entilator hile hos"itali4e!

Signs & Symptoms

The signs an! sym"toms of "neumonia $ary from mil! to se$ere# !e"en!ing u"on factors such as the ty"e of germ causing the infection an! your age an! o$erall health. )il! signs an! sym"toms often are similar to those of a col! or flu# but they last longer. 1igns an! sym"toms of "neumonia inclu!e0

5e$er# s eating an! sha(ing chills Lo er than normal bo!y tem"erature in "eo"le ol!er than age &'# an! in "eo"le ith "oor o$erall health or ea(ene! immune systems Cough# hich may "ro!uce thic(# stic(y flui! Chest "ain hen you breathe !ee"ly or cough 1hortness of breath 5atigue an! muscle aches Nausea# $omiting or !iarrhea 6ea!ache Ne borns an! infants may not sho any sign of the infection. Or they may $omit# ha$e a fe$er an! cough# a""ear restless or tire! an! ithout energy# or ha$e !ifficulty breathing an! eating. Ol!er "eo"le ho ha$e "neumonia sometimes ha$e su!!en changes in mental a areness.

When to see a !octor 1ee your !octor if you ha$e !ifficulty breathing# chest "ain# "ersistent fe$er of =>3 5 +?@ C, or higher or "ersistent cough# es"ecially if you are coughing u" "us. It*s es"ecially im"ortant to see a !octor if0 A chil! ith signs an! sym"toms is younger than age 3 .ou are ol!er than age &' .ou ha$e an un!erlying health con!ition or ea(ene! immune system .ou*re ha$ing chemothera"y or ta(ing me!ication that su""resses your immune system 5or some ol!er a!ults an! "eo"le ith heart failure or lung ailments# "neumonia can /uic(ly become a life%threatening con!ition.