1 Basic Concepts

ECS203 Basic Electrical Engineering (ChE Students), Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts 1
ECS203
Basic Electrical Engineering Basic Electrical Engineering
(For ChE Students)
Chapter 1 :
Basic Concepts
SIIT : Banlue Srisuchinwong Semester 1/2012
p
GRADING SYTEMS
P i t th Midt E i ti Prior to the Midterm Examination
1 Homework (see notes) 0%
50%
2 Attendance will be checked randomly See Note (b) 5 %
3 Quiz 1(tobeannounced) 5%
50 %
3 Quiz 1 (to be announced) 5 %
4 Mid-Term Exam 40 %
After the Midterm Examination
5 Attendance will be checked randomly See Note (b) 5 %
50 %
6 Quiz 2 (to be announced) 5 %
7 Final Exam 40% 7 Final Exam 40 %
Total
100 %
TEXT BOOKS :
HANDOUTS : Summaries (Power Points) of lessons, examples and exercises
are available from the Copy Center (at SIIT Rangsit). Such summaries are
TEXT BOOKS :
are available from the Copy Center (at SIIT Rangsit). Such summaries are
selected from several topics in textbooks as follows :
TEXTBOOKS in this chapter : TEXTBOOKS in this chapter :
J. David Irwin and Robert M. Nelms (2011), Engineering Circuit Analysis,
International Student Version, John Wiley & Sons.
Consultations outside the classroomare welcome.
Please visit Dr Banlue at his office (Room3601-5) at SIIT Bangkadi.
( ) g
Tel : 02-501-3505 till 20 (extensions 1806, 1802 or 1817).
Mobile : 081-868-2441.
1. Introduction
International System of Units (SI)
Table 5. SI prefixes
Factor Name Symbol
24
Y
Factor Name Symbol
d i d
nte national System of Units (S )
10
24
yotta Y
10
21
zetta Z
10
18
exa E
10
-1
deci d
10
-2
centi c
3
milli m
10
18
exa E
10
15
peta P
10
12
tera T
10
-3
milli m
10
-6
micro
10
-9
nano n
10
tera T
10
9
giga G
10
6
mega M
10
9
nano n
10
-12
pico p
10
-15
femto f
10
g
10
3
kilo k
10
2
hecto h
10
femto f
10
-18
atto a
10
-21
zepto z
10
1
deka da
10
p
10
-24
yocto y
2. Electrical Charges
2 Electrical Charges
A charge Q is as fundamental a quantity as those that we have already
encountered :
2. Electrical Charges
encountered :
Charge
Mass,
Fundamental
units
Length,
Time
Th h Q b h
units
The charge Q can be either positive or negative.
2 Electrical Charges 2. Electrical Charges
One coulomb is a very large
amount of charge For
19
1.602 10 ( )
e
Q C
~
amount of charge. For
example, if we were to collect
all the charge that is created in
i l li ht i t ik
19
1.602 10 ( )
p
Q C
~ +
a single lightning strike, we
would correct a total of only 10
to 20 coulombs.
3. Electrical Currents
3 Electrical Currents 3. Electrical Currents
( )
( )
dq t
i t = ( ) i t
dt
=
Charges in motion represent a current.
[Ampere = 1 Coulomb per second]
3 Electrical Currents
A A
3. Electrical Currents
Circuit
I
1
= 2 A
Circuit
I
2
= 3 A
B B
At any point in the wire, 2
Coulombs of charge pass
At any point in the wire, 3
Coulombs of charge pass Coulombs of charge pass
from B to A each second.
Coulombs of charge pass
from A to B each second.
A
Circuit
3 A
3
b
A I I = =
B
Actual Current
3
a b
A I I
A A
Actual Current
The same
Circuit
I
a
= 3A
Circuit
I
b
=3A
B B
Current Version I
C t V i II
Current Version-I
Current Version-II
I
a
may not know the actual value.
I
b
4. Electrical Voltages
4 Electrical Voltages 4. Electrical Voltages
Voltage = electromotive force or potential Voltage electromotive force, or potential
Voltage is very similar to a gravitational force.
We define the voltage between two points in a circuit as
the difference in energy levels of a unit charge located at gy g
each of the two points.
If a unit positive charge is moved between two points, If a unit positive charge is moved between two points,
the energy required to move it is the difference in energy
level between the two points and is defined voltage.
( )
12
Work or Energy Joules Newton meter
V
( = =
(
12
V
Coulomb
(

Volt =
A
+
Circuit
+
V
1
= 2V
B
-
1
V
1
2V
V
=
2
A
V V =
AB
A B
V
V V
=
= +
0 , ( )
B
V V reference =
2 0 = +
A
+
Circuit
+
V
2
= 5V
B
-
2
V
2
5V
V
=
5
A
V V =
AB
A B
V
V V
=
= +
0 , ( )
B
V V reference =
5 0 =
A
Circuit
-
V
3
= +5V
B
+
3
V
3
5V
V
= +
5
B
V V = +
BA
B A
V
V V
=
= +
0 , ( )
A
V V reference =
5 0 = +
4. Electrical Voltages 4. Electrical Voltages
A
+
A
-
Circuit
-
V
2
= 5V
Circuit
+
V
3
= +5V
B B
+
2
V
3
V
2
5
V
V
V
=
3
5
V
V
V
= +
AB
A B
V
V V
=
= +
BA
B A
V
V V
=
= +
5 0 =
5 0 = +
The same
A
+
Circuit A
+
5V
5
b
V V V = + =
B
-
Actual Voltage
5
a b
V V V +
A
-
A
+
Actual Voltage
The same
Circuit A
-
V
b
= 5V
Circuit A
+
V
a
= 5V
B
+
B
-
Voltage Version I Voltage Version II
Voltage Version-I Voltage Version-II
V
a
V
b
5. Electrical Power
5 Electrical Power 5. Electrical Power
Power is an indication of the amount of work done in a
specified amount of time; that is, it is the rate of doing
work. work.
h k k
watt current voltage
time
e ch
e ch
work
time
Work
P Power = = = =
arg
arg
Power in an electric circuit is the product (multiplication) of
lt d t
voltage and current.
5 Electrical Power 5. Electrical Power
2
R
V
R I IV P
2
2
= = =
R
6.
Passive Sign Convention
for Power
6. Passive Sign Convention for Power g
Power can be either
( ) P iti (a) Positive, or
(b) Negative
6. Passive Sign Convention for Power
g
+I
D
+R
1
V
in
+
+R
1
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
i
To determine the sign of any of the quantities
involved, the variables for the current and
voltage should be arranged as shown.
g
+I
D
+R
1
V
in
+
+R
1
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
i
The variable for the voltage is defined as the voltage across
the element with the positive reference at the same terminal
th t th t i bl i t i
that the current variable is entering.
g
+I
D
+R
1
V
in
+
+R
1
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
i
Dissipated power :
Current (ALWAYS) flows from a higher to a lower
Current (ALWAYS) flows from a higher to a lower
voltage (plus to minus) of a load
g
+I
D
+R
1
V
in
+
+R
1
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
i
The product of voltage and current with their
attendant signs (shown above) will determine
g ( )
the magnitude and sign of the power.
Following the passive sign convention
+I
D
: Passive sign convention
+5 A : Actual Current
1
V
in
= 2 V : Passive sign convention
+
+R
P
r
c
u
i
t
in
g
C
i
Power
If the sign of the power
i iti i
( 5) (2) 10
D in
I V
W
=
= + =
is positive, power is
being dissipated or
absorbed by the element
( ) ( )
positive power =
absorbed by the element
R
P
.
+I
D
2
V
in
+
+R
N
r
c
u
i
t
in
g
C
i
Power
If the sign of the power is
( 5)(2) 10
D in
I V
W
=
= =
negative, power is being
generated or supplied by
th l t R
( )( )
negative power =
the element R
N
.
d f h d h f
g
To avoid confusion with regard to the sign of
power, the electrical engineering community
uniformly adopts the Passive Sign Convention uniformly adopts the Passive Sign Convention,
(positive values) which simply states that
The power dissipated by a load is a positive
quantity, i.e
1
(or, conversely, that the power generated by a
source is a negative quantity) i e
source is a negative quantity), i.e.
2
7.
Positive Resistance and
Negative Resistance
+I
D
1
V
in
+
+R
P
r
c
u
i
t
in
g
C
i
2 V
Power
2
0.4
5
in
P
D
V
R A
I
= = =
( 5) (2) 10
D in
I V
W
=
= + =
tan positive resis ce =
( ) ( )
positive power =
+I
D
2
V
in
+
+R
N
r
c
u
i
t
in
g
C
i
Power
2 V
( 5)(2) 10
D in
I V
W
=
= =
2
0.4
5
in
N
D
V
R A
I
= = =

( )( )
negative power =
tan negaive resis ce =
Homework Homework
Homework-1 : Determine whether the element Rx is Homework 1 : Determine whether the element Rx is
absorbing or supplying power and how much.
4 A
2 V
+R
X
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
+
C
Ans : Supplying power, i.e. power = 8 W.
Rx is a resistance
Rx is a _______________ resistance
2 A
2 V
+
+R
X
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
Rx is a resistance
Homework-3 : Determine whether the element is a Homework 3 : Determine whether the element is a
4 A
12 V
+
+R
X
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
Rx is a resistance
2 A
4 V
+
+R
X
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
Ans : Absorbing power, i.e. power = 8 W.
Rx is a resistance
Homework-5 : Determine the unknown voltage or Homework 5 : Determine the unknown voltage or
current.
5 A
V1 = ?
+R
X
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
+
C
Power = 20 W
Ans : Delivering power, i.e. V1 = 4 V.
Rx is a resistance
current.
5 A
V1 = ?
+R
X
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
+
C
Power = +20 W
Ans : Dissipating power, i.e. V1 = 4 V.
Rx is a resistance
current.
I = ? A
5 V
+R
X
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
+
C
Power = 40 W
Ans : Dissipating power, i.e. I = 8 A.
Rx is a resistance
Homework-8: Determine the unknown voltage or Homework 8: Determine the unknown voltage or
current.
I = 2 A
V1 = ?
+R
X
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
+
C
Power = 40 W
Ans : Dissipating power, i.e. V1 = 20 V.
Rx is a resistance
Homework-9: Determine the unknown voltage or Homework 9: Determine the unknown voltage or
current.
I = ? A
V1 = 10 V
+
+R
P
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
Power = 50 W
Ans : Generating power, i.e. I = 5 A.
Rx is a resistance
Homework-10 : Determine whether the element is a
2 A
Homework 10 : Determine whether the element is a
2 A
R
1
24 V
6 V +
18 V
+
R
2
Ans : R1 : absorbing power, i.e. power = 12 W.

R2 : absorbing power, i.e. power = 36 W.
24V : generating power i e power = 48 W
24V : generating power, i.e. power = 48 W.
Generating Power +Absorbing Power = 0
Homework-11 : Determine whether the element is a
3 A
Homework 11 : Determine whether the element is a
3 A
R
1
18 V +
6 V
R
2 12 V
+
+
Ans : R1 : absorbing power, i.e. power = 54 W.
R2 : generating power, i.e. power = 18 W.
12V : generating power i e power = 36 W
12V : generating power, i.e. power = 36 W.
Generating Power + Absorbing Power = 0
8.
Source Elements
8 Circuit Elements 8. Circuit Elements
Active Elements Passive Elements
Capableof generating Cannot generate energy. p g g
energy.
g gy
May capable of storing
For example batteries
energy.
For example For example, batteries
and generators.
For example,
Resistors,
Capacitors,
p ,
Inductors
8 Circuit Elements 8. Circuit Elements
Important Active Elements Important Active Elements
1. Independent voltage source
2. Independent current source
3. Two dependent voltage sources
4. Two dependent current sources p
8.1. Independent p
Voltage Source
8 1 Independent Voltage Source 8.1. Independent Voltage Source
vv
Regardless of current (ideally)
v
s
(t)
v
o
(t)
i
8 1 Independent Voltage Source 8.1. Independent Voltage Source
An ideal voltage source is an electric device that generates a
prescribed voltage across its terminals irrespective of the
current flowing through it i e an independent voltage source current flowing through it, i.e. an independent voltage source.
The amount of current supplied by the source is determined by
the circuit connected to it.
( )
v (t) 0 O
R
O
(t)
+
+
v
s
(t)
v
o
(t) 0 O
v
o
(t)

Ideally, output resistance R
o
2 A
R
0
approaches zero in order to
enable a maximum transferable
output voltage, i.e. v
o
(t) = v
s
(t),
d L di Eff
24 V
6 V +
18 V
+
R
L
or to reduce Loading Effects
when a load is connected through
a voltage divider.
Practically, output
resistance R
o
does not
h
If R
0
is not zero, there will be
a loading effect.
approach zero.
A good voltage source : R
o
is very small (a few ohms).
A bad voltage source : R
o
g
o
is very large (>> a few
ohms).
8.2. Independent p
Current Source
8 2 Independent Current Source 8.2. Independent Current Source
v
i (t)
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
i
o
(t)
l
e
s
s

o
f

v
y
)
i
s
(t)
R
e
g
a
r
d
l
(
i
d
e
a
l
l
y
i
R
8 2 Independent Current Source 8.2. Independent Current Source
An ideal current source is an electric device that generates a
prescribed current to any circuit connected to it, i.e. an p y ,
independent current source. The amount of voltage generated by
the source is determined by the circuit connected to it.
i
o
(t) i
o
(t)
i
s
(t)
O
R
O
i
s
(t)
Ideally, output resistance R
o
i
o
(t)
approaches infinity in order to
enable a maximum transferable
output current, i.e. i
o
(t) = i
s
(t), or to
O
R
O
i
s
(t)
output current, i.e. i
o
(t) i
s
(t), or to
reduce Loading Effects when a
load is connected through a current
divider
If R
0
is not infinite,
divider.
Practically, output resistance R
o
0
,
there will be a loading
effect.
does not approach infinite.
A good current source : R is very A good current source : R
o
is very
large.
A bad current source : R
o
is very
small.
8.3. Dependent p
Voltage Source
8 3 Dependent Voltage Source 8.3. Dependent Voltage Source
Dependent voltage source generates a voltage that is Dependent voltage source generates a voltage that is
determined by a voltage or current at a specified location
in the circuit.
A voltage-to-voltage converter
= Voltage Amplifier
+
i
t
v v =
v
0
(t)
-
C
i
r
c
u
i
S
v
O S
v v =
8 3 Dependent Voltage Source 8.3. Dependent Voltage Source
A current-to-voltage converter
T i t t A lifi
S
i
= Transresistant Amplifier
v
0
(t)
c
u
i
t
O S
v ri =
S
v
0
(t)
C
i
r
c
8.4. Dependent p
Current Source
8 4 Dependent Current Source 8.4. Dependent Current Source
Dependent current source generates a current that is Dependent current source generates a current that is
determined by a voltage or current at a specified location
in the circuit.
A voltage-to-current converter
= Transconductant Amplifier
+
i
t
i gv =
i
t
-
C
i
r
c
u
i
S
v
O S
i gv =
C
i
r
c
u
i
8 4 Dependent Current Source 8.4. Dependent Current Source
A current-to-current converter
C t A lif
S
i
= Current Amplifer
c
u
i
t
S
O S
i i | =
c
u
i
t
C
i
r
c
C
i
r
c

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ECS203 Basic Electrical Engineering (ChE Students), Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts 1

SIIT : Banlue Srisuchinwong Semester 1/2012

Ans : R1 : absorbing power, i.e. power = 12 W.

SIIT : Banlue Srisuchinwong Semester 1/2012

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