EIEN307 I

Electronic Circuits I

2007 Spring
2007-11-13

EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-1

Circuit Analysis and Design

Chapter 2 Diode Circuits

Microelectronics

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-2

In this chapter, we will: Determine the operation and characteristics of diode rectifier circuits, which is the first stage of the process of converting an ac signal into a dc signal in the electronic power supply. Apply the characteristics of the Zener diode to a Zener diode voltage regulator circuit. Apply the nonlinear characteristics of diodes to create waveshaping circuits known as clippers and clampers. Examine the techniques used to analyze circuits that contain more than one diode. Understand the operation and characteristics of specialized photodiode and light-emitting diode circuits.
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-3

Block Diagram for ac to dc Converter

dc power supply: The diode rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator are diode circuits.

220Vac 60Hz or 120Vac 60Hz

3-24 Vdc

Rectification is the process of converting an alternating (ac) voltage into one that is limited to one polarity. the diode will be used as a rectifier. Half-wave rectifier or full-wave rectifier

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-4

Problem-Solving Technique: Diode Circuits

In using the piecewise linear model of the diode, the first objective is to determine the linear region (conducting or nonconducting) in which the diode is operating. 1. Determine the input voltage condition such that the diode is conducting (on). a. Find the output signal for this condition. 2. Determine the input voltage such that the diode is not conducting (off). a. Find the output signal for this condition.

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-5

v I N1 = vS N 2

Half-Wave Rectifier
vS >V conducting vS < V nonconducting

where N1 and N 2 are the number of primary and secondary turns, respectively. N1 N 2 is called the transformer turns ratio.

iD
120V(rms) 60Hz + V -

rf = 0
=vS -V

vO = vS V

primary secondary

reverse bias Voltage Transfer Characteristics

for vS > V

for vS < V vO = iD R = 0
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iD =

vS V

R vO = iD R = vS V

EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-6

Signals of Half Wave Rectifier

time-average value of zero Vavg=0

vO = vS V

Vavg 0

Vavg> 0

Input voltage
IO nonconducting

Output voltage half-wave rectifier

PIV conducting

vS(pk)=VP=PIV Diode voltage

The diode must be capable of handing the peak current in the forward direction and sustaining the largest peak inverse voltage (PIV) without breakdown.
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-7

Load Line Analysis

on conducting

vS = v D + iD R iD = vS v D R
off nonconducting

Load line 1when vS is at its maximum forward voltage.

Load line 2 when vS is at its most negative value.

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-8

Load Line (cont)

vS

diode on

V
diode off

As vS varies with time, the load line also changes, which changes the Q-point (vD and iD) of the diode.
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-9

Half-Wave Rectifier as Battery Charger

+V-

The diode is conducting. i.e. charging current exists.

waste the negative half-cycles

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-10

Full-Wave Rectifier
center-tapped transformer
+V120Vrms 60Hz +VD1 off D2 on
D1 off D2 off

The transformer provides electrical isolation.

D1 on D2 off

PIV=?
Voltage transfer characteristics full-wave rectifier Input and output waveforms
EIEN307 I

vI N1 = vS N 2 vS = N2 vI N1

step down trans former N1 > N 2 vS < vI

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vO=vS -V
Chapter 2-11

Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

A center-tapped transformer is not required, but 4diodes required.

isolation two diode drops

PIV=?
vO=vS -2V

When vS is positive, D1 and D2 are turned on (a). When vS is negative, D3 and D4 are turned on (b). In either case, current flows through R in the same direction, resulting in an output voltage, vO, shown in (c).
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-12

Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

vO +

Negative Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-13

Compare voltages and the transformer turn ratio in two full - wave rectifier circuits. Consider the rectifier circuits shown in Fig. 2.7(a) and 2.8(a) Assume the input voltage is from a 120V(rms), 60Hz ac source. For the full - wave rectifier : The desired peak output voltage vo is 9V, V = 0.7V. vS (max) = vO (max) + V = 9 + 0.7 = 9.7V vS , rms = 9.7 = 6.86V 2 N1 120 = 17.5 N 2 6.86
For the bridge rectifier : vS (max) = vO (max) + 2V = 9 + 2(0.7) = 10.4V 10.4 = 7.35V 2 N1 120 = 16.3 N 2 7.35 vS , rms = PIV = vR (max) = vS (max) V = 10.4 0.7 = 9.7 V

Example3.2

PIV = vR (max) = 2vS (max) V = 2(9.7) 0.7 = 18.7 V

The advantage of the bridge rectifier over the center-tapped transformer full-wave rectifier. Only half as many turns are required for the secondary in the bridge rectifier. For the bridge rectifier, PIV is only half that of the full-wave rectifier.
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-14

Diode on charge 1. vS > V at t=0 VC=0 2. vS>Vf Initially uncharged

rf =0

Filters, Ripple Voltage

r f C 0
V

vO=VC=vS - V

vS < vS - V diode off discharge

VC

+ -

=RC

vO=VC=Vf

ripple voltage Vr
1 T' T ' T P= Vr = VM RC f 1 for half - wave Vr = VM fRC

T T=Tp
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-15

Output Voltage of Full-Wave Rectifier with RC Filter v (t ) = V e = V e

t ' t ' RC O M M

1 T = = 2T p f

The smallest output volatge at t ' = T ' VL = VM e T

'

RC

the ripple voltage Vr = VM VL = VM (1 e T

T ' RC
'

RC

For small discharge time T ' T ' << RC e T' 1 RC

T ' RC

Vr = VM (1 e

The ripple on the dc output is

1 T' ' T T P= Vr = VM 2f RC 1 for full - wave Vr = VM 2 fRC
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T' ) = VM 1 1 + RC

T' = VM RC

1 T' T ' T P= Vr = VM RC f 1 for half - wave Vr = VM fRC

Chapter 2-16

EIEN307 I

Determine the capacitance required to yield a particular ripple voltage. Consider a full-wave rectifier circuit with 60Hz input signal a peak output voltage of VM=10V. Assume R=10k and Vr =0.2V.

Example 2.3

VM VM Vr = C = 2 fRC 2 fRVr
VM 10 = C= 2 fRVr 2(60)(10 103 )(0.2) = 41.7 F
1 VM 1 VM = Vr = 2 fRC 2 f R C 1 I LT p = Tp I L = C C
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-17

2.2 Zener Diode Circuits

Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

II = IZ + IL

VPS VZ Ri = II VPS VZ = IZ + IL IZ = II IL VPS VZ = IL Ri

Chapter 2-18

VL = VZ
For ideal Zener diode rZ=0

VL VZ IL = = RL RL
EIEN307 I

2007-11-13

The proper operation of the voltage regulator, the diode must remain in the breakdown region and power dissipation in the diode must not exceed its rated value. 1. The current in the diode is a minimum, Iz(min), when the load current is a maximum, IL(max), and the source voltage is a minimum, VPS(min). 2. The current in the diode is a maximum, Iz(max), when the load current is a minimum, IL(min), and the source voltage is a maximum, VPS(max).
VPS (min) I I = VPS (max) I I =
IZ(min)

Design of Ri (1)

VPS (min) VZ = I Z (min) + I L (max) Ri VPS (max) VZ = I Z (max) + I L (min) Ri

Ri = Ri =

VPS (min) VZ I Z (min) + I L (max) VPS (max) VZ I Z (max) + I L (min)

IZ(max)

IL(min) < IL < IL(max)

EIEN307 I Chapter 2-19

2007-11-13

Design of Ri (2)
We know the range of input, the range of output load current, and Zener voltage. The two unknowns, I Z (min) and I Z (max) : I Z (min) = 0.1I Z (max) Ri = Ri = VPS (min) VZ I Z (min) + I L (max) VPS (max) VZ I Z (max) + I L (min)

VPS (min) VZ VPS (max) VZ = I Z (min) + I L (max) I Z (max) + I L (min) [VPS (min) VZ ][ I Z (max) + I L (min)] = [VPS (max) VZ ][ I Z (min) + I L (max)] I Z (min) = 0.1I Z (max) [VPS (min) VZ ][ I Z (max) + I L (min)] = [VPS (max) VZ ][0.1I Z (max) + I L (max)] I Z (max) = I L (max)[VPS (max) VZ ] I L (min)[VPS (min) VZ ] [VPS (min) 0.9VZ 0.1VPS (max)]
EIEN307 I Chapter 2-20

2007-11-13

Design Example 2.5

Design a voltage regulator using the circuit in Fig. 21.8. The voltage regulator is to power a car radio at VL=9V from a automobile battery whose may vary between 11 and 13.6V. The current in the radio will vary between 0(off) to 100mA (full volume). IL(min)=0, IL(max)=100mA + VL + 9V The maximum Zener diode current : (100)[13.6 9] 0 I Z (max) = 300mA 11 (0.9)(9) (0.1)(13.6) The max power dissipated in the Zener diode : PZ (max) = I z (max)VZ = (300)(9) = 2.7W The current limiting resistor Ri : Ri = 13.6 9 = 15.3 0.3 + 0

The max powr dissipated in this resistor : (VPS (max) VZ ) 2 (13.6 9) 2 PRi (max) = = 1.4 W 15.3 Ri I Z (min) =
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11 - 9 0.1 = 30.7mA 15.3

EIEN307 I Chapter 2-21

Load Line Analysis vPS

RL 8.61

vPS VZ VZ = IZ + Ri RL RL Ri RL VZ = vPS R +R IZ R +R L L i i
I L (min) = 0 RL = I L (max) = 100mA RL = Ri = 15 11V vPS 13.6V
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A : vPS = 11V, RL = ,

VZ = 11 I Z (15)

B : vPS = 11V, RL = 90, VZ = 9.43 I Z (12.9)

9 = 90 0.1

C : vPS = 13.6V, RL = , VZ = 13.6 I Z (15) D : vPS = 11V, RL = 90, VZ = 11.7 I Z (12.9)

E : v PS = 11V, Ri = 25 , RL = 90 VZ = 8.61 - I Z (19.6) not properly operate

EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-22

Zener Resistance and Percent Regulation

For an ideal Zener diode rZ=0 For an actual Zener diode rZ0
The source regulation is a measure of the change in output volatge with a change in source voltage : vL 100% Source reguation = vPS The load regulation is a measure of the change in output volatge with a change in load current : Load reguation =
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vL , no load - vL , full load 100% vL , full load

EIEN307 I Chapter 2-23

Example 2.6
Determine the source regulation and load regulation of a volatge regulator circuit. Consider the circuit in Example 2.5 and assume a Zener resistance rZ = 2.
For vPS = 13.6V, I L = 0 :
no load condition RL = For vPS = 13.6V IZ = vPS VZ 13.6 - 9 = = 0.2659A 15.3 + 2 Ri + rZ

I Z = 0.2659A vL , no load = 9.532V For I L = 100mA : IZ = II IL vPS -[VZ + I Z rZ ] IL Ri

= vL , max = VZ + rZ I Z = 9 + (2)(0.2659) = 9.532V

For vPS = 11V IZ = vPS VZ 11 - 9 = = 0.1156A 15.3 + 2 Ri + rZ

13.6 [9 + I Z (2)] 0.1 = 0.1775A 15.3 vL , full load = VZ + rZ I Z = 9 + (2)(0.1775) =

vL , min = VZ + rZ I Z = 9 + (2)(0.1156) = 9.231V = 9.355V vL v , no load - vL , full load 100% Source regulation = 100% Load egulation = L vPS vL , full load = 9.532 9.231 100% = 11.6% 13.6 11
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9.532 9.355 100% = 1.89% 9.355

Chapter 2-24

EIEN307 I

Demodulation of Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Detectors

Modulating signal Audio signal

+
T RF carrier

Modulated input signal

Detector circuit
Half-wave rectifier + filter

=RC=T
Demodulated output signal

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-25

Voltage Doubler Circuit

Ideal diode V=0 vO=2Vp=2VM=2vs(pk)=2vs(max)

+ +

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-26

Equivalent Circuits for Input Cycles

+ + -

Negative input cycle

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Positive input cycle

Chapter 2-27

EIEN307 I

Voltage Triplers

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-28

Voltage Quadruplers
+ +

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-29

Clippers and Clamper Circuits

Clipper circuits, called limiter circuits, are used to eliminate portions of a signal that are above or below a specified level. Clamper circuits shift the entire signal voltage by a dc level.

double limiter

Voltage Transfer Characteristics of Limiter Circuit

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-30

Single Diode Clipper vI >VB+V D1 on vO =VB+V VB+V

vI <VB+V D1 is off.

vO =vI
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-31

Additional Diode Clipper Circuits

VB - V vO =vI -VB + V

-VB - V

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-32

Parallel-Based Diode Clipper Circuit

VB1 + V -VB2 - V

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-33

Series-Based Diode Clipper Circuits

V=0

vI - VB

V < 0 diode on vO=0 vI - VB V

0 -VB

-V

t V < 0 diode off vO=0

vI + V B

V > 0 diode off VB 0

t

V V > 0 diode off

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-34

Parallel-Based Clipper Circuit Using Zener Diodes

VB1 + V -VB2 - V

VZ1 + V -VZ2 - V

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-35

Homework #2 Chapter 2 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 25, 27, 29, 33, 53

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-36

Diode Clamper Circuit

In clamper, the output waveform is an exact replica of the input waveform, but the output signal is shifted by a dc value that depends on the circuit.

vO = vI v C = VM sin t VM
Initially uncharged, rf=0, V = 0

vO = VM (sin t 1) The output is clamped at zero volts. vO 0

Waveshapes are the same, but dc level is shifted. -VM

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-37

Diode Clamper Circuit with Voltage Source

rf =0, V = 0

For example, the dc level of a TV signal may be lost during transmission, so that the dc level must be restored at the TV receiver.

Clamper (dc restorer)

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-38

Photodiode Circuit
A photodiode converts an optical signal into an electrical current.

No light Iph=IS

h n p E Iph
I ph = eA where is the quantum efficiecy, e is the electronic charge, is the photon flux density(# /cm 2 - s).

reverse-biased

VPS

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-39

Find the output of the parallel-based clipper in Fig. 2.26(a). Assume that V=0 and rf=0.

Example 2.7

vI 2 i1 = 10 + 10 1 vO = i1 R2 + 2 = (vI 2) + 2 2 1 = vI + 1 2
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-40

Find the steady-state output of the diode-clamp circuit shown in Fig. 2.32(a). Assume that V=0 and rf=0.

Example 2.8

0 t t1 diode off vO = VB + vI

3 t T diode off 4 vO = VB + vI + VS VB = VS sin t + VS = VS (sin t + 1)

3 t1 t T diode on 4 vO = 0
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-41

LED Circuit
A light-emitting diode (LED) is the inverse of a photodiode, that is, a current is converted into an optical signal. common-anode

Seven-segment LED display

The display show the number 2. D1, D2, D7, D5, and D4 should be on. VI1, VI2, VI7, VI5, and VI4 should be connected to the ground potential.

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-42

Optoisolator

No electrical feedback or interaction between the output and input portion of circuits
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Optoisolator

EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-43

Design Problem 2.6 DC Power Supply Circuit

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-44

Diode and Resistor In Series

vI V vI =V + vO vO=vI - V

Voltage shift between input and output voltages in transfer characteristics is because the diode only conducts when vI V.
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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-45

Diode with Input Voltage Source

Output voltage is a constant when the diode is not conducting, when v1 Vs - V.

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-46

2 Diode Circuit

Voltage transfer characteristics

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-47

Diode Current
diode on charge cap If V= 0 then vO= vS V = vS

t 1 = T
-t 0
iD ( avg) = 1

2Vr VM

2.25(b)

2Vr VM 1 + VM R 2

2VM Vr

2.26

Diode conducts current for only a small portion of the period.

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-48

Equivalent Circuit During Capacitance Charging Cycle

iD = iC + iR = C dvO vO + dt R 1 vO = VM cos t VM 1 (t ) 2 2

Vr = VM

1 V fC = M 2 fRC 2 RVr

2fC = C = iC , peak iC , peak VM = RV r V = M R

VM
RVr 2Vr VM V M 2VM Vr

dvO 1 = CVM 2(t ) = CVM t iC = C dt 2 iC , peak = +CVM t 1 VL = VM cos[ ( t )] VM 1 (t ) 2 2

t =

2Vr VM

where Vr = VM VL

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-49

 VM iC , peak = RV V M r iC , avg = iL VM R VM R 1 +

2Vr VM

VM
2 R

2V M Vr

i D , peak

2V M Vr

i D , avg i D ( avg) t =

1 + 2 V = M + 1 R 2 VM R 2V r 1 = VM 2 f

2V M Vr

2V M t Vr T 2V r VM 2V r VM 2V M Vr

t 1 = T 2 f i D ( avg) =
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2V r 1 2f = VM f 2V r V M VM R

2.25(b) 2.26
Chapter 2-50

1 + 2

EIEN307 I

Design Example 2.4

Design a full-wave rectifier to meet particular specifications. A full-wave rectifier is to be designed to produce a peak output voltage of 12V, deliver 120mA to the load, and produce an output with a ripple of not more than 5%. An input line voltage of 120V(rms), 60Hz is available.
A full - wave bridge rectifier will be used. R= VO 12 = = 100 I L 0.12
C= VM 12 = 1667 F 2 fRVr 2(60)(100)(0.6) 2(12) 12 1 + = 2.5A 0.6 100 1

Assume V = 0.7V vS (max) = vO (max) + 2V = 12 + 2(0.7) = 13.4V 13.4 vS ,rms = = 9.48V 2 N1 120 = = 12.7 N 2 9.48 Vr = (0.05)VM = (0.05)(12) = 0. 6 V
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iD,peak =

iD (avg) =

2(0.6) 12 1+ 12 100 2

2( 0. 6) 132mA 12

PIV = vR (max) = vS (max) V = 13.4 0.7 = 12.7 V

EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-51

PSpice Schematic of Diode Bridge Circuit

Steady state output voltage for a 60Hz sine wave input with peak value of 13.4V.

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-52

Problem-Solving Technique: Multiple Diode Circuits

1. Assume the state of the diode. a. If assumed on, VD = V b. If assumed off, ID = 0. 2. Analyze the linear circuit with assumed diode states. 3. Evaluate the resulting state of each diode. 4. If any initial assumptions are proven incorrect, make new assumption and return to Step 2.

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-53

Exercise 2.10

D1 is not on. D2 is on. This pins VO to -0.6V

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EIEN307 I

Chapter 2-54