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Clauses at play
Phrases and clausesalong with parts of speech and parts of sentencesare the basic components of sentences. e fit these things together in infinite ways to create an infinite variety of sentences rather li!e parts of a highly complicated home entertainment system.
prepositions that modify the noun. Noun phrase: An entirely new culture emerges when people can work together to build a wiki.
Phrase: " phrase is a group of related words that does not include a sub#ect and verb.
Verb phrase. The parts of the verb that function as the grammatical verb of an independent or dependent clause. Verb phrases: People have said that creating a standard for wikis would bea good idea, and many proposals have been made for standardizing various aspects of wikis, but none have taken hold. "nybody can recogni(e a one) word verb. The verb phrases in this compound sentence $yes% three independent clauses& show you a nice range of examples. Prepositional phrase. " phrase made up of a preposition% and the phrase or clause that acts as its ob#ect. Prepositional phrase: One of the best ways to understand wikis is to see how wikis are different from many other tools for Internet-based communication such as email, blogs, bulletin boards, forums, content
management systems, and eb publishing systems. Three prepositional phrases here. $The dictionary doesn*t want to commit whethersuch as is a preposition+ it certainly functions li!e one&. ,otice that the phrase to see how wikis are different... is not a preposition+ it is an infinitive because it contains the verb see. Infinitive and infinitive phrase. "n infinitive is a phrase in its own right- to plus a verb% for example% to read. .owever% an infinitive phrase can also be the infinitive plus any phrase or clause associated with it. Infinitive phrase: One of the fastest ways to get an understanding of wikisis to see how wikis are different from many other tools for Internetbased communication such as e-mail, blogs, bulletin boards, forums, content management systems, and eb publishing systems. The second infinitive phrase contains an adverb clause- how...systems.
" gerbil pretending to be a noun
Gerund and gerund phrase. " gerund is an )ing form of a verb functioning as a noun in a sentence. " gerund phrase is the gerund
plus any phrase or clause associated with it. Gerund: !etween "##$ to "##%, entrepreneurs noticed the market opportunity for providing hosted wikis &also known as wiki farms' that that would allow people to create wikis without needing their own server or special skills. /oth these gerund function as ob#ects of the prepositions for and without. Appositive. "n appositive is a noun phrase along with any phraes or clauses associated with it% the composite of which 0renames0 a noun or pronoun. In the sentence (oan )oe, our mayor, dedicated the new school% the appositive is our mayor. Appositive: *nited +tates federal intelligence agencies,,the -IA, the .+A, the )efense )epartment, and others,, use a wiki to help gather, share, and analyze information. Particularly complex appositives for example% ones with their own internal punctuation% often use dashes as in this examples. Parentheses can also be used to set off appositives. Participial phrase. " participial is an -ing or -ed form
of a verbnot functioning as a noun. Instead% it and the phrases or clauses associated with it function as a modifier in a sentence. Participial phrase: Instead of physical ob/ects, pages in a wiki are electronic virtual ob/ects created by the wiki engine. Sentence predicate. It*s hard to !now where to put the predicate. It is simply everything after the sub#ect and its modifiers. Predicate: !efore "##%, the only way that you could use a wiki was to first set up a wiki engine on a server. also 0hus, to use a wiki, you had to have access to a server that was available through the Internet as well as the skills to set up and run a wiki engine. Sentence "subjecticate." This is made up1 If the predicate is everything after the sub#ect% why isn*t there a term for everything before the predicate2 In other words% the sub#ect and all its modifiers. This includes introductory elements. : !efore "##%, the only way that you could use a
wiki was to first set up a wiki engine on a server. If you are confident that you can identify the different types of phrases% use these two sets of exercises to test yourself Identify different types of phrases
Independent clause. " complete sentenceno matter how brief. It works is a complete sentence1 Dependent clause. "lmost a complete sentencesomething about the sub#ect or the verb is not complete. 3ependent clauses cannot stand on their own as complete sentences. Dependent clauses: A sandbo1 is a practice page on a wiki where you can become familiar with how wikis work. The highlighted dependent clause contains still another dependent clause within it- how wikis work. Adjective clause. " dependent clause that functions as an ad#ective and modifies a noun or pronoun. In other words% it adds extra information about that noun or pronoun. T o independent clauses: ard -unningham was interested in solving problems and sharing his ideas using his wiki creation, but he generously did not patent his creation. Ad!ective clause: A wiki is a collection of eb pages that anyone can edit.
"lause: " clause is a group of related words containing a sub#ect and a verb. In some dependent clauses% a relative pronoun $such as that or hich acts as placeholder for the sub#ect.
adverb and modifies a verb $or possibly an ad#ective or adverb&. "dverbsincluding adverb clausesprovide how% when% where% why information to a sentence. Adverb clause: hen ard -unningham created the first wiki engine in 233$ and then released it on the Internet in 2334, he set forth a ma/or revolution. Noun clause. " dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. ,oun clauses can act as sub#ects% direct ob#ects% and ob#ects of prepositions. Noun clause: People get involved with this technology when they learn how to solve their problems with wikis. This noun clause functions as the direct ob#ect of the verb learn. It doesn*t matter that this noun clause is located within an adverb clause.