IGCSE GEOGRAPHY CASE STUDIES

These case study summaries have been prepared t he!p y u "et t p mar#s n the ! n"er $ r % mar# &uesti ns' (EAR) SO*E O+ THESE SPECI+IC +ACTS TO I*PRESS THE GCSE E,A*I)ERS It " es -ith ut sayin" that these e.amp!es may n t c ver every sin"!e &uesti n s y u need t ! # at y ur case studies in y ur /i!es t ' And remember t thin# n y ur /eet 0use ! "ic1in the e.ams22222 GOOD (UC3222

Case Study 4 ' C asta! pr tecti n c ast!ine / the S uth U3

n the )e- + rest

New Forest coastline in Hampshire has clay and sand cliffs of 30m which have retreated 60m since 1971 now being protected by concrete sea wall and groynes !dflows and landslips at "arton on #ea after heavy rains wor$ing with nat!re by constr!cting roc$ revetments and groynes H!rst spit v!lnerable to erosion now deciding whether to leave it to nat!re or protect it arshland with wildlife val!e from %eyhaven to &ymington so nat!re reserve created and New Forest named as National 'ar$

Case Study5' +! 0*EDC1

din"

/ the *ississippi River6 USA

ississippi is 3(00$m long Flows thro!gh ten states Has over 100 trib!taries Has a drainage basin covering 1)3 of the *#+ ,a!ses of 1993 flooding Heavy rain in +pril 1993 sat!rated the !pper ississippi basin .h!nderstorms in /!ne ca!sed flashfloods id /!ly 1(0mm of rain in one day &evees in nearby towns collapsed 0ffects of 1993 flooding 13 deaths 203000 people evac!ated 463000$m of land flooded 54616 billion crop losses 7iver traffic stopped for several months 514 billion in damages ,ontents of and the b!ildings themselves destroyed .hreat of disease from sewage 8ns!rance claims high #tagnant water attracted mos9!itoes and rats anagement 6 h!ge dams and 102 reservoirs +fforestation to delay r!noff #trengthening the levees with concrete mattresses 42m:(m a$ing the co!rse shorter and straighter ; from 230$m to 300$m by c!tting thro!gh the nec$ of meanders to get the water passed towns more 9!ic$ly to the sea <iversionary spillways overflow channels 9$m long &ess constr!ction on the floodplain eg #t &o!is6

Case Study 7' +! din" / the 8rahmaputra and Gan"es Rivers6 8an"!adesh 0(EDC1
,a!ses of 199( flooding onsoon season; (0= of rain falls /!ne to #eptember <eforestation in the Himalayas increases r!noff below *rbanisation b!ilding on floodplains 199( both rivers pea$ed at the same time #ilt had been deposited near the mo!th bloc$ing the main channel

 >lobal warming melting Himalayas 'oorly maintained emban$ments Flat low lying land over (0= of "angladesh 0ffects in 199( 70= of land in "angladesh affected 4)3rds of people affected <ha$a 4ms deep in water 0lectricity s!pply c!t off for several wee$s ?ells contaminated and not safe for drin$ing 7 million homes destroyed 42 million homeless people 1300 appro:imate death toll 4 million tonnes of rice destroyed 7oads3 bridges3airports and a third of the railway destroyed 5162 billion damages anagement#ince 19(9 "angladesh has been trying to"!ild 2000 flood shelters with stilts to save lives 8mprove forecasting with satellite technology 0arly warning system with megaphones "!ild dams ,ontrol water with sl!ice gates and water p!mps Heighten emban$ments on side of river to 7m; more than 7200$m already in place

Case Study 9' The Three G r"es Dam6 China 0/ r /! pr tecti n A)D HEP1

8n 199( 3000 deaths and 30 million people homeless from @angtAe flood <am b!ilt at #ando!ping Bto be totally finished in 4014 b!t already f!nctioningC Advanta"es B0conomic3 social and environmentalC 100 million people downriver protected as water dischrged thro!gh dam when necessary H0' needed for ,hinaDs growing ind!stry and for domestic !se too B,hina !ses 10= world powerC 8t will provide for 4= of ,hinaDs energy needs .o!rism increased on la$e 8mproved shipping as larger cargo boats B!p to 103000 tonnesC can travel !pstream to ,hong9ing New settlements have better services eg water3 sewage etc Disadvanta"es B0conomic3 social and environmentalC 163 million people relocated often witho!t ade9!ate compensation 1 cities3 ( towns and 326 villages s!bmerged .emples and sacred places flooded Factories s!bmerged releasing to:ic waste into water #ilt b!ilds !p behind dam so does not fertilise fields downstream 7is$ of earth9!a$es crac$ing dam and ca!sing flooding 47 billion po!nds to b!ild it &oss of species li$e the @angtAe river dolphin

E.tra case study: The As-an Dam 0better t Three G r"es21

Nasser behind6

!earn the

+swan is a city on the Nile in 0gypt6 .wo dams on the river- the +swan High <am and +swan &ow <am B6$m apartC with &a$e

"enefits of dam constr!ction ?itho!t the 33600m dam the Nile wo!ld flood each year d!ring s!mmer so dam needed to protect farmland and cotton fields6 <am stopped maEor floods in 1961 and 19736 'rovides water for agric!lt!re to stop widespread dro!ght and famine6 >enerates energy ; hydroelectric o!tp!t of 461 gigawatts ; prod!ced aro!nd half of 0gyptDs entire electricity prod!ction in the 1960s6 + new fishing ind!stry has been created aro!nd &a$e Nasser6 'roblems of dam constr!ction <am constr!ction flooded m!ch of lower N!bia Fver 903000 people lost their homes6 &a$e Nasser flooded val!able archeological sites6 .he silt which was deposited in the yearly floods3 and made the Nile floodplain fertile3 is now held behind the dam6 #ilt deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of &a$e Nasser6 'oor irrigation practices are waterlogging soils and bringing salt to the s!rface6 editerranean fishing declined after the dam was finished beca!se n!trients that !sed to flow down the Nile to the editerranean were trapped behind the dam6 .he red;bric$ constr!ction ind!stry3 which !sed delta m!d3 is also severely affected6 #ignificant erosion of coastlines Bd!e to lac$ of sand3 which was once bro!ght by the NileC all along the eastern editerranean6

Case Study ;' Hurricane +! yd6 USA 4<<< 0*EDC1

8ntro Formed in +tlantic Fcean off coast of +frica "egan 4 #eptember 1999 ,at 1 h!rricane B411;410 $phC in "ahamas by 13 and 11 #eptember ?ea$ened by time reached *#+ near ,ape Fear3 N ,arolina .ropical storm by time reached New 0ngland 0ffects 11 states BFlorida to aineC hit N ,arolina worse hit 79 deaths 17 people died from storm of 200mm rain and floods in N ,arolina 1 million evac!ated in N ,arolina3 >eorgia and Florida 1 million had no electricity or water 13000 'ennsylvanians homeless 42000 claimed ins!rance ; 5160 million 14973 homes damaged 11779 destroyed 111(21 as$ed for assistance 10: increase in +labama benefits applications 1022(0 people went to shelters 51 billion agric!lt!ral losses ;10= N ,arolina tobacco lost N ,arolina 200 roads impassable #torm s!rge in Nassa! s!n$ boats "eaches in "ahamas destroyed ?rightsville beach 40m sand on roads 'rediction National h!rricane ,entre in Florida government r!n *se geostationary satellites +llowed 462 mil to be evac!ated N ,arolina (003000 evac!ated ca!sed traffic on 8nterstate 46 120$m Eo!rney too$ 10 hrs 'reparedness)"!ildings)&and!se planning Federal 0mergency anagement +gency BF0 +C gave advice for family disaster plan and disaster s!pply $it

"!ilding codes to constr!ct earth9!a$e proof b!ildings not always applied tho!gh High ris$ coastal locations identified based on past h!rricanes and s!rges "!ilding limited here

Case study =' CYC(O)E O)E 8RA>O6 8A)G(ADESH 4<<$ 0(EDC1

8ntro Formed in "ay of "engal #tr!c$ #0 coast of "angladesh on onday 19 ay 1997 420$ph winds str!c$ ,o:Gs "aAaar and ,hittagong 1 million people living there ( o!nt 0verest e:peditions trapped in basecamp 0ffects 111 died 7000 inE!red 4m high tidal s!rges ,!t comm!nications 2003000 homeless as m!d and thatch destroyed 60( ed!cational instit!tions destroyed #altwater contamination of freshwater t!bes and wells 1 mil no clean water Fishing boats and nets destroyed 3003000 ha crops destroyed and 4000 cattle lost 0lectricity c!t for one wee$ in large towns <iarrhoea <estr!ction of roads3 bridges and cyclone shelters anagement 1997 >overnment established 7elief f!nd 200 families in each area received 34$g of rice in 4 months Fne b!ndle of corr!gated iron to people with no ho!se 7ed ,rescent plane to s!rvey damage 40 ay 4000 "angladesh red ,rescent 100 tarpa!lins3 100 Eerry cans3 200 m!gs3 200 croc$ery and al!mini!m plates3 20 bars soap and 1 .onne rice #i: medical teams and first aid vol!nteers 8nternational donors eg *N established new t!be wells 0!ropean ,ommission H!manitarian ,ommittee donated 3203000 ec! ,+70 gave food3 s!rvival $its and water p!rification tablets <onations ; +!stralia 57730003 ,anada 510030003 France 53230003 #weden 541030003 *% 516030003 *#+ 56103000 'rotection 0arth emban$ments ,yclone shelters above sea level 0d!cation programmes

Case study $: Dr u"ht in U3 0*EDC1

*% has a temperate climate and can e:pect rain thro!gho!t year b!t 1992;96 rains were less than average 0ffects8n N of 0ngland 400 tan$ers wor$ing 41hrs a day to transfer water to reservoirs >arden hosepipes banned ?ater rationing ,lay soiled dried3 crac$ed and b!ildings collapsed >rass stopped growing so cattle did not have eno!gh food ,rops died

Forest fires as land dry &egislation introd!ced to red!ce home and ind!strial !se of water

Case study %' Dr u"ht in Ethi pia 0(EDC1

0thiopia is one of the poorest co!ntries in the world 19(3;(1 saw the worst dro!ght ever ,a!se7ainfall level was considerably lower than average Famine ca!sed as civil war and poor roads made it diffic!lt to transport food 0ffectsFarmland dried o!t +nimals died and crops failed ca!sing widespread starvation and illness 2003000 people died illions of people needed food from 0<, charities li$e F:fam and "andaid 'eople migrated to other areas or ref!gee camps 'eople malno!rished 'eople living in poverty

Case Study <' G! ba! -armin": Tuva!u

.!val! has 113000 people living on nine coral islands 8t is so!th of the e9!ator in the 'acific Fcean Bmidway between Hawaii and +!straliaC6 .!val! is the smallest of all nations3 e:cept for the Hatican6 8t has no ind!stry3 b!rns little petrole!m and creates less carbon poll!tion than a small town in +merica6 ,a!ses of problems >lobal warming beca!se of increased greenho!se gases li$e ,F43 methane3 ,F,s etc d!e to ind!stry3 car f!mes etc 0vident with the increasing intensity of tropical weather .he increase in ocean temperat!res +nd rising sea level 8ndeed3 .!val!ans face the possibility of being the first place in the world that has to be abandoned d!e to >lobal ?arming 'roblematic as .!val!Ds highest land is 166 metres above sea level and most of the land is no more than a metre above the sea 0ffects #everal times each year the waves from the 'acific come r!shing over onto roads and into neighbo!rhoods6 8n the centre of the island water comes !p o!t of the coral bedroc$ and covers part of the airport and roads on the main island Floods homes that are not along the ocean6 &ocal people thin$ that if they are not completely flooded in 20 to 70 years they face increasingly strong storms and cyclones3 changing weather patterns3 damage to coral reefs from higher ocean temperat!res3 and flooding of all gardens6 Not growing eno!gh food and decreasing fish catch if reefs are damaged wo!ld mean importing more food3 more foreign e:change3 and more health and diet problems6 8n November 4001 their government anno!nced that they will have to abandon some of their islands6 8t is !ncertain where the people will live6

Case study 4?' Rain/ rest c!earance in the Ama@ n6 8ra@i!

1)3 of the worldGs trees in +maAon 0stimates that 12;10= has been cleared 12 football pitches per min!te cleared for #lash and b!rn farming by +merindian tribes li$e the @anomami #!bsistence farming by 42 million landless peasants ,ommercial cattle ranching for fast food chains

 2300$m +maAonian highway 900$m railwayline from ,araEas to the coast .imber) logging companies ineral mining eg diamonds3 gold H0' #ettlements eg ,araEas 0ffects 30000 $nown species co!ld be threatened ay lose species that are as yet !ndiscovered ,o!ld lose the c!re for diseases li$e +ids and cancer eg periwin$le fo!nd to c!re &e!$aemia &oss of +merindians d!e to 0!ropean diseases &oss of +merindian traditions #oil erosion as lac$ of interception as canopy removed &oss of n!trients in soil ,limate change and global warming >lobal balance of carbon and o:ygen affected ?ays to protect +maAonia Iones for different activities &oggers !se selective logging practices &aws &imit licences to be given o!t 7estricting !se of heavy destr!ctive machinery 0nco!rage helilogging;!ses helicopter ,omm!nity forestry development scheme to ed!cate local people +void constr!ction where local tribes e:ist Fines and prosec!tion for lawbrea$ing 8ncreased patrols

Case study 44' Deserti/icati n in the Sahe!6 A/rica

.he #ahel is a narrow belt of semi arid land #o!th of the #ahara in +frica 7ainfall is only in 1 or 4 months of the year 7ainfall is irreg!lar with no rain in some years <ro!ghts in 0thiopia B19(3C3 #!dan B19(1;91C and #omalia B1990sC ,a!ses of desertifi cation ,limate change and global warming allow less rain per year ?ater holes dry !p 8ncreased pop!lation growth 3 or 1=increase each year FvergraAing of cattle3 camels3 goats etc increased 10= since 19(0s +nimals ta$en to wells which decreases height of water table Non dro!ght resistant grasses die Farming on marginal land Farming the same crop each year &ac$ of fallow land .a$ing local trees for firewood +ll these increase the siAe of the desert3 increase soil erosion and ca!se famines for people

Case study 45' *t' Pinatub 4<<4 0(EDC1

600 years dormant 8sland arc of &!Aon in 'hilippines

v !can

in the Phi!ippines

'hilippines oceanic cr!st s!bd!cting !nder continental 0!rasian plate ie destr!ctive plate margin 0r!pted /!ne 1991 0r!ption events and management 4 +pril steam e:plosions vegetation $illed and d!st on villages 'H8HF&,# set !p to monitor er!ption 2000 pop evac!ated in 10$m Aone 43 +pril contin!ing earth9!a$es; *# >eological #!rvey set 7 seismographs at ,lar$ +ir "ase N? slope villages evac!ated 9 /!ne ( hr er!ption with pyroclastic flows +lert 2 ; evac!ated to 40$m 10 /!ne ,lar$ +ir "ase evac!ated 14 /!ne !shroom clo!d 40$m high evac!ated 30$m 2(3000 people 12 /!ne er!ption 10$m high ash and (0$m)hr pyroclastic flows s!mmit collapses6 Heavy rain ca!ses m!dflows6 +ffects ho!ses3 bridges and river6 anila airport closed6 0ffects (17 dead 300 $illed by collapsing roofs 100 $illed by lahars +etas tribe ref!sed to leave or died in evac!ation centres from disease easles3 respiratory and gastric diseases 164 million lost homes 2003000 migrated to anila 6203000 lost Eobs (03000 ha of cropland destroyed 1 million farm animals died No electricity for 3J wee$s 5700 million loss of roads3 water and telecom!nications +sh ca!sed global cooling 062 degrees

Case Study 47' 3 be6 Aapan earth&ua#e 4<<; 0*EDC1

8ntro 764 7ichter on 17 /an!ary 1992 2616am 0picentre 40$m so!th of %obe in Fsa$a bay 11$m depth so m!ch gro!nd sha$ing and soil li9!efaction 0ffects ,ollapse of elevated roads and bridges eg 630m stretch of Hanshin e:pressway collapsed 1033200 b!ildings collapsed Fnly 40= b!ildings in ,"< !sable after earth9!a$e 64 high rise destroyed and only 19 reb!ilt 'ort facilities B30= /apans commercial shippingC destroyed by soil li9!efaction 7!pt!red pipes and poles stopped cityGs gas and electricity 6300 deaths 4900 more from s!icides or neglect 32000 inE!ries +rea of Nagata badly affected timber framed b!ildings owned by poor were death traps 60= deaths were over 60 year old people 300 fires in city after gas pipes r!pt!red 3003000 immediately homeless 40= of %obe; 923000 in temporary accommodation 1 year later 59963 billion damage and 5140 billion needed for reconstr!ction only 7= had ins!rance 403000 lost Eobs "!sinesses moved away %awasa$i shipping and #!mitomo r!bber anagement #tateGs crisis management very poor

8nade9!ate comm!nication between government and administrators 'eople r!nning thro!gh street hit by falling debris ignoring fires 2 hr delay calling #elf <efence Force ) +rmy only 400 troops Fnly 41 /an 303000 troops .oo$ several days to designate disaster Aone 3 days no electricity <elays in accepting international help *# military based in /apan3 foreign medical teams and sniffer dogs %obeGs residentGs believed that not at ris$ 8mprovements since then +ll school children now have earth9!a$e and drills 1K per year 0arth9!a$e $its can be bo!ght in department stores b!c$et3 bottle water3 food3 radio3 torch3 first aid $it and protective head gear 0arth9!a$e <isaster 'revention <ay 1 #ept every year for offices etc

Case Study 49' Earth&ua#e in Tur#ey 4<<< 0(EDC1

8ntro 17th +!g!st 1999 3+ 761 7ichter scale 0picentre 8Amit 0!rasian and +frican plates H!man 0ffects 113000 people dead 4003000 homeless >olc!$ (0= b!ildings destroyed b!rying bodies +dapaAari 623000 b!ildings destroyed or !n!sable .ens of tho!sands living in tents and ma$eshift centres 0nvironmental 0ffects .!pras oil refinery set alight 7003000. oil *$ based Fil #pill 7esponse ,ompany has booms3 absorbent material and e9!ipment to clear !p .o:ic waste d!mp at 'et$im has crac$s so ris$ of e:pos!re <amage to 'H, factory3 waste treatment plant and incinerator @alova chlorine wor$s +id) anagement +merican 7ed ,ross 41 hr record for online disaster relief donations 3 days later donations of 513(320( &incy Fo!ndation donated 51 million +merican 7ed ,ross 1 members of staff from 8nternational 0mergency response !nit +merican 7ed ,ross 423000 high protein bisc!its and 423000 comfort $its >erman and Norwegian 7ed ,ross 4 field hospitals 400 beds Bin large tentsC with field $itchens3 mobile toilets etc 1000 7ed ,rescent tents total in and aro!nd @alova Needed 103000 more <iarrhoea ,ontrib!ting factors)what co!ld be done betterL #low response as downed bridges3 roads and telecoms #hoddy b!ilding constr!ction poor modern ho!sing from m!d bric$ 8nfl!: of people from 8stanb!l and 8Amit 'oor 9!ality contractors Ho!sing and &and mafia trained to loo$ for steam releases and smell of s!lph!r

Case study 4;' Oi! spi!!: E.. n >a!de@6 A!as#a 4<%<

<isaster was on 41 arch 19(9 /!st after midnight the s!pertan$er 0::on HaldeA ran agro!nd 10$m o!t of HaldeA3 +las$a 20 million tonnes of cr!de oil was being carried .here were perfect weather conditions b!t the captain was dr!n$ 0ffects Fil e:tended 1700$m from the boat 32000 sea birds died 3000 sea otters $illed &ocal economy badly affected as depended on fishing ind!stry #almon hatcheries destroyed &and animals li$e ,aribo! poisoned by eating contaminated plants Fil on beaches "ald eagles and wading birds died as food chain affected #eals3 shrimps and shellfish s!ffocated

Case study 4=: )uc!ear E.p! si n Chern by!6 Pripyat6 U#raine

Fn +pril 463 19(6 the worldDs worst n!clear accident was ca!sed by h!man error6 Facility operators3 in violation of safety reg!lations3 had switched off important control systems at the *$rainian plantDs reactor n!mber fo!r and allowed it to reach !nstable3 low;power conditions + power s!rge led to a series of blasts3 at 1641 a6m63 which blew off the reactorDs heavy steel and concrete lid and sent a clo!d of radioactive d!st billowing across northern and western 0!rope3 reaching as far as the eastern *nited #tates6 ainly *$raine and neighboring "elar!s affected3 as well as parts of 7!ssia and 0!rope6 .he ,hernobyl For!m3 a gro!p of eight *6N6 agencies3 and the governments of *$raine3 "elar!s and 7!ssia3 have estimated the death toll at only a few tho!sand as a res!lt of the e:plosion6 *6N6 agencies have said some 13000 people will die in total beca!se of radiation e:pos!re6 #ome estimates s!ggest the present death toll from the disaster at almost 73130006 .he disaster was the obEect of a cover;!p by secretive #oviet a!thorities who did not immediately admit to the e:plosion6 + ma$e;shift cover ;; the D#arcophag!sD ;; was b!ilt in si: months after the e:plosion6 8t covers the stric$en reactor to protect the environment from radiation for at least 30 years6 .his has now developed crac$s3 triggering an international effort to f!nd a new encasement6 *$raine is see$ing a f!rther 600 million e!ros B5(10 millionC to help finance the new conve: str!ct!re which will slip over the aging D#arcophag!sD and allow the old reactor to be dismantled6 Ffficials say it co!ld be !p to 100 years before the station is completely decommissioned6 + 30;$m B19;mileC e:cl!sion Aone is in place ro!nd the disaster site6 ?ildlife has made a comebac$ in this area and there are said to be more than 60 different types of mammals living there incl!ding wild boar and el$6

1323000 people were evac!ated from the area3 incl!ding 203000 from the nearby town of 'ripyat3 *$raine6 #oil3 plants and animals contaminated

Case study 4$: Dairy +armin" in an *EDC B U3

Name of farm owner ; r >ilbert Hitchen &ocation ,heshire 'lains 7elief low lying3 flat land #oil deep and rich growing good 9!ality grass ,limate reliable rain thro!gho!t year3 mild winters so farmer does not need a lot of winter fodder s!mmers not very warm so grass does not die #iAe 120 hectares +nimals 190 dairy cows 'roblems herd destroyed beca!se of foot and mo!th disease in 1960s .ransport 6 motorway nearby ar$et anchester and erseyside near .echnology 7efrigerated lorry to transport mil$ ,omp!ters control food in relation to mil$ prod!ction 8ncome mil$ sales 0* s!bsidies

Case study 4%' Intensive subsistence -et rice /armin" in the Phi!!ippines
'hilippines is a gro!p of 7000 islands in the 'acific Fcean Name of farm owner a:imo ,asiendo &ocation of farm "arangay "!say #ince when has he had farm;1996 beca!se of land reform act 7elief Flat at 70m above sea level #oil fertile clay loams ,limate average temperat!re 42 degrees and 1(00m rainfall #iAe of land 466 hectares ,rops;rice3maiAe3 vegetables and cassava &abo!r; r ,asiendo and his seven children achines; rice thresher Bwhich he rents to others in villageC Needs to hire water b!ffalo to plo!gh for 4( e!ros per hectare ,hemicals Fertilisers B( bags of nitrogen3 phosphor!s and potassi!m 8nsecticide to $ill leafhoppers Herbicides to control weeds <iesel; 30 litres per hectare for rice thresher F!tp!t 240 cavans of rice per year and maiAe Bs!bsistence most for family !se b!t some may be soldC

Case study 4<' U"anda : Y uth/u! p pu!ati n and hi"h "r -th
4767 million people in *ganda 0:pected to do!ble by 4042 8t co!ld be the worldDs 14th most pop!lo!s co!ntry by then Half pop!lation is !nder 12 +verage fertility per woman is seven children low stat!s of women

&ac$ of ed!cation and access to contraception in most parts of *ganda clinic do not e:ist 'resident !seveni even believes that *ganda is !nderpop!lated ; he thin$s that more people will boost the internal mar$et and wor$force to increase the economyMMM Bvery 9!estionableMMMMC

Case study 5?' ChinaCs One Chi!d P !icy

Fne child policy was introd!ced by ,hinese leader <eng Kiaoping in 1979 to limit comm!nist ,hinaDs pop!lation growth6 .he policy limits co!ples to one child6 ,hina had been prone to floods and famine and wanted to feed all its people6 'ast view had been Nthe more people3 the stronger we areN Families with one child were given free ed!cation3 priority ho!sing and family benefits6 0:ceptions to the policy people living in r!ral areas were allowed to have two children3 if the first child is female3 to be farm wor$ers6 ,o!ples co!ld have another child if the first was disabled or died6 0thnic minorities Bnon;HansC ?hat has this policy achievedL ,hinaDs pop!lation of abo!t 163 billion is said to be 300 million B63 billionC smaller than it wo!ld li$ely have been witho!t the enactment of this policy6 .he fertility rate has fallen to 167 births per woman6 #!ch a red!ction in fertility red!ced the severity of problems that come with overpop!lation3 li$e epidemics3 sl!ms3 overwhelmed social services Bhealth3 ed!cation3 law enforcement3 and moreC3 and strain on the land from farming and waste Dhy are people critical of this policyL .here is a clear preference for male children as they provide the primary financial s!pport for the parents in their retirement6

bribery
forced abortion

infanticide
spoiled children

Case study 54: HI>EAids in 8 ts-ana

'olicy B19(7;(9C the screening of blood to eliminate the ris$ of H8H transmission thro!gh blood transf!sion6 B19(9;97C information3 ed!cation and comm!nication programmes ; "otswana National 'olicy on +8<#6 B1997 onwardsC ed!cation3 prevention and comprehensive care incl!ding the provision of antiretroviral treatment for 193000 people6 8n 4002 an estimated 4703000 people living with H8H Btotal pop!lation below two millionC 4161= of people have H8H)+ids &ife e:pectancy less than 10 years in 4000;40023 a fig!re abo!t 4( years lower than it wo!ld have been witho!t +8<#6 +n estimated 1403000 children have lost at least one parent to the epidemic6 First case 19(2

H8H prevention programme '!blic ed!cation O awareness

16 N+",N of +8<#- +bstain3 "e faithf!l and3 if yo! have se:3 ,ondomiAe6

46 safe;se: billboards and posters everywhere6 36 radio drama dealing with c!lt!rally specific H8H)+8<#;related iss!es and enco!raging changes in se:!al behavio!r6 16 wor$place peer co!nselling6 0d!cation for yo!ng people

16 @o!th Health Frganisation B@FHFChas art festivals3 dramas and gro!p disc!ssions6 46 #chool;based learning plays and teachers are given special training6 36 .al$ show is broadcast twice wee$ly by "otswana .elevision6 ,ondom distrib!tion O ed!cation 16 8nstallation of 103200 condom dispensers in traditional and non;traditional o!tlets ;condoms have been given o!t for free distrib!tion6 46 .argeting of highly mobile pop!lations especially migrant wor$ers travelling to other s!b;#aharan +frican co!ntries6 ,oncentration on treatment of se:!ally transmitted infections3 condom promotion and prevention ed!cation6 8mprovement of safety for blood transf!sions; the national s!pply of H8H;free blood do!bled by4002 beca!se of better screening of donors and co!nselling6 'revention of mother to child transmission of H8H ; in 4002 3261= of women attending antenatal clinics in "otswana had H8H6 0nco!raging the !se of antiretroviral treatment and non;breast feeding practices6 Hol!ntary testing;same day res!lts so more people are aware of their stat!s6 National antiretroviral therapy for 193000 people

Case study 55' P pu!ati n p !icy in Ita!y

&ow fertility rates of 1643 children per family +geing pop!lation #ome women feel that they cannot wor$ and cope with raising a family too #ome men not doing s!fficient ho!sehold chores 'oor service provision for childcare in pre school years ,hildless no longer bears a stigma #ocial press!re to marry and have childrenis less 0ven tho!gh head of the catholic ch!rch is in itlay contraception !se is high @!ppiedom preference for l!:!ry goods delays marriage and babies &ess than 1)3 mothers have children before 4( years @o!ng people live at home with parents longer to save rent etc which delays relationships and births #ol!tions 103000 e!ro bon!s for births in a village in eAAogiornio as mayor concerned that yo!ng people will not enter village otherwise

Case study 57' Overp pu!ati n in (a" s6 )i"eria

"y 19(6 Nigeria had an estimated !rban growth rate of 6= Bmore than twice that of the r!ral pop!lationC with the percentage of people living in !rban areas estimated to have grown from 16= to 40=6 "y 40103 more than 10= of the pop!lation was living in the !rban centers 8nade9!ate fresh water for drin$ing water !se as well as sewage treatment and effl!ent discharge6 &agos has the persistent problem of inade9!ate water s!pply which has lead to the !nhealthy living conditions6 8ncreased levels of poll!tionP air3 water3 noise3 soil contamination6

8rreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification6 'arts of the north in Nigeria are c!rrently s!ffering from encroachment of desert from the #aharan desert6 High infant and child mortality6 NigeriaGs infant mortality rate is c!rrently 100)1000 births6 ,omparing that fig!re with those of developed co!ntries3 it shows the growth of pop!lation has not created the chance for development of the health system6 8ncreased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics6 For many environmental and social reasons3 incl!ding overcrowded living conditions3 maln!trition and inade9!ate3 inaccessible3 or non;e:istent health care3 the poor are more li$ely to be e:posed to infectio!s diseases6 #tarvation3 maln!trition or poor diet with ill health and diet;deficiency diseases Be6g6 ric$etsC6 Famine is aggravated by poverty6 +bo!t 70= of Nigerians live in r!ral areas and these regions are so !nderdeveloped that maln!trition has become a constant iss!e6 ?ith the press!re of pop!lation on the environment3 there is a decline in both s!bsistence and e:port agric!lt!re6 0levated crime rate d!e to dr!g cartels and increased theft by people stealing reso!rces to s!rvive6 7egions with high rate of pop!lation are posed to threats of high crime rates6 &agos state for e:ample in the past years has had an increase in crime rate6

Case study 59' Underp pu!ati n in Austra!ia

*nderpop!lation occ!rs when there are far more reso!rces in an area eg6 food3 energy3 and minerals than the people +!straliaDs landmass of 736 million $m4 44 million people Bdo!ble >reece onlyC +!stralia can e:port their s!rpl!s food3 energy and mineral reso!rces .hey have high incomes3 good living conditions3 and high levels of technology and immigration6 +!stralia is the worldDs thirteenth largest economy and has the worldDs fifth;highest per capita income 8t is probable that standards of living wo!ld rise3 thro!gh increased prod!ction and e:ploitation of reso!rces3 if pop!lation were to increase6

Case study 5;' T urism in Ayia )apa Cyprus6 *EDC

,ypr!s is third largest island in the editerranean 8n 199( to!rism bro!ght (79 million po!nds to ,ypr!s +yia Napa is becoming a party town for yo!ng people Bli$e 8biAaC ?hy is it attractive to to!ristsL ,limate #!mmer is hot with average +!g!st temperat!re of 30 degrees +$amas penins!la with !nspoilt forests "eaches with breeding t!rtles eg Nissi beach .roodos mo!ntains >reco penins!la with caves ,r!ise ships stop here <ay trips to 0gypt and /er!salem "ars3 discos and nightlife ?aterworld waterpar$ arine par$ with performing dolphins and seals +ncient r!ins li$e a$ronissos .ombs 0ffects of to!rism on the environment >ood New hotels b!ilt "each cleaned and maintained "ad "each destroyed by new hotels right on beach .!rtles no longer attracted to beach to breed

"each over!se means littering <aily cleaning of beach needed 'ress!re on services li$e sewage 'ower s!pply problems so government want to b!ild new oil fired power station

0ffects of to!rism on local people >ood 'rovides 40= of ><' 0mploys 403000 people in hotels !ltiplier effect do!bles impact &ocal yo!ng ,ypriots have better night life ore b!s services to &arnica "ad #easonal Eobs Fnly 30= of rooms let in winter &oss of local fishing village traditions Friginal inhabitants moved to new village on the hill &ocals dist!rbed by noise and bad behavior of to!rists

Case study 5=:T urism in Arach va6 >i tia6 Greece

&ocation t 'arnassos is at the #o!thern tip of the 'indos mo!ntain range 8t is in the Hiotia region of ,entral >reece 8t is only 1(0$m from +thens close pro:imity for wee$end getaways 8t is one of the largest mo!ntains in >reece at 4127 m +ttractions .he +rea has been given National 'ar$ stat!s since 193( 0very year some 1203000 people visit the two s$i centres of %ellaria and Fterrola$$a at 'arnassos 11 lifts cater to !p to 123000 visitors per day 42 mar$ed r!ns3 14 s$i ro!tes with 36$m in length total6 .he longest is 1$m long6 #lopes cater for all abilities from beginners to "lac$ r!ns 7 cross co!ntry s$i ro!tes Half pipe for snowboaders #nowmobiling any facilities on the slopes for food3 drin$s and s$i rental ?orld famo!s <elphi site is very close where the Holy Fracle predicted the f!t!re of the +ncient >ree$s +maAing flora3 incl!ding ,ephallonian fir3 and fa!na3 li$e wolves3 hares3 eagles and v!lt!res #cenic views of s!rro!nding co!ntryside and olive groves Hi$ing3 mo!ntain bi$ing3 1:1 driving3 paragliding3 h!nting any well mar$ed mo!ntain trails for wal$ers *ni9!e scenery the limestone roc$ that dominates res!lts in n!mero!s precipices3 caves and gorges &ocal vineyards "ea!tif!l3 traditional charm of +rachova with its local stone ho!ses and staired side roads ascending !p thro!gh the town6 +<H+N.+>0# FF .F*78# "enefits on the economy 8ncreases ><' .a:es increase the reven!e for the government /obs more diverse range

 &ess reliance on farming and greater economic diversification Foreign c!rrency !ltiplier effect Helps f!nd more infrastr!ct!re #ocial benefits News ideas and improves ed!cation ore services for locals to !se "etter p!blic transport3 services and widens amenities for locals to !se 0nvironmental benefits National par$ stat!s since 193( enco!rages tighter environmental legislation &itter collection 'lanting trees "!ildings in +rachova b!ilt to local traditional standards to ens!re 9!ality of the environment remains <8#+<H+N.+>0# FF .F*78# 'roblems for the economy &ea$age money spent on imported prod!cts from o!tside #easonal Eobs more wor$ers needed only in winter high season anagerial Eobs mainly go to the people from o!tside and locals tend to get the more !ns$illed and man!al Eobs e6g6 the lady who is the anager of the s$i lifts comes from +thens 7eliance on to!rism in times of an economic crisis can be ris$y Ho!se prices increase so local yo!ng people cannot afford to stay in the area when they try to b!y their first home 'rices of goods li$e food increase so life becomes to!gh for locals #ocial problems &ocal traditions lost @o!ng people more e:posed to ideas from o!tside that can bring tension between the yo!ngsters and older generations 8ncrease rift between those who have done well and badly o!t of to!rism d!al society 8ncreased material aspirations 0nvironmental problems .raffic congestion ; roads are Eammed when coaches ma$e their way thro!gh +rachova town on their way to the s$i resort or <elphi archaeological site6 0rosion of s$i slopes by !p to 40cm on the centre of the piste which also res!lts in soil compaction and decreased infiltration6 &oss of vegetation on the slopes red!ced vegetation height3 vegetation diversity and increased bare gro!nd and e:pos!re of roc$s6 .he landscape was 9!arried and hac$ed apart to install the s$i lifts all over the mo!ntain6 &ittle consideration was given to the environmental impact when they were installed bac$ in the 1970s and 19(0s poll!tion from large n!mber of vehicles6 &itter >raffiti

Case study 5$' T urism in Fan@ibar 0(EDC1

&ocated in the 8ndian ocean 37$m from coast of .anAania ?hy is it attractive to to!ristsL ,limate temperat!re always 4(;3( degrees 8sland s!rro!nded by coral reefs *nspoilt white sand beaches #wimming with dolphins /oAani forest reserve with wal$s with g!ides 7ed colomb!s mon$ey can be seen #tone .own with <r &ivingstones ho!se 0ffects of to!rism on the environment

>ood Hotels at N!ngwi b!ilt to fit in with the environment "ad 7aw sewage flows straight into the 8ndian ocean ?aste left aro!nd island Fear of water contamination and lac$ of drin$ing water 0ffects of to!rism on local people >ood /ob opport!nities ore diverse economy ; no longer E!st relying on primary ind!stry 8mproved roads to !se "ad &oss of fishing stoc$s &oss of access to beach for locals as the hotels control it any Eobs menial and low paid Fresh water s!pplies are only for the benefit of the hotels ,ost of food has risen locally .o!rists c!lt!re and behavior often offends locals .he local economy starts to depend on to!rism 8ncreased crime and m!ggings

Case study 5%' Ec t urism in the *a!dives

8sland rep!blic in the 8ndian Fcean ?hy is it attractive to to!ristsL 16190 coral islands 4(0 inhabited islands and (0 resort islands ,limate 46 to 30 degrees all year ro!nd How has it been developed to be s!stainableL 7esorts only b!ilt on non inhabited islands 0nvironmental 8mpact assessment before resorts b!ilt +ll resorts 2m bac$ from treeline No b!ildings taller than the trees No more than 40= of islands b!ilt on 8ncinerators to get rid of non biodegradable waste 7esorts recycle water for gardens #olar hot water systems #eptic tan$s for sewage <esalination of seawater to freshwater "rea$water along ale coast to deal with sealevels rising ,ollege for hotel and catering for locals to improve s$ills "each no!rishment .o!rists only visit designated home islands in small gro!ps of 12;30 &ocal prod!cts are being sold as so!venirs

Case study 5<' *i"rati n /r m USA t

e:icans ma$e !p 4962 = of all foreigners in the *#+6

*e.ic

e:ican immigrants acco!nt for abo!t 40= of the legal immigrants living in the *#+6 "rain drain is occ!rring o!t of e:ico6

e6g6 +n estimated 113000 of the 193000 e:icans with doctorates live in the *#+ B8nternational FrganiAation for igrationC

'!sh factors from

e:ico B#anta 8nesC B4010C

'oor medical facilities ; 1(00 per doctor &ow paid Eobs ; ><' per capita 5113106 +d!lt literacy rates 22= ; poor ed!cation prospects &ife e:pectancy 74 yrs 10= *nemployed *nhappy life poor standard of living #hortage of food 'oor farming conditions National average poverty level of 37 percent e:icans are attracted to the *#+ B4010C

'!ll Factors 7easons

0:cellent medical facilities ; 100 per doctor ?ell paid Eobs ; ><' per capita 5163(60 +d!lt literacy rates 99= ; good ed!cation prospects &ife e:pectancy 76 yrs any Eobs available for low paid wor$ers s!ch as "etter ho!sing Family lin$s "right lights e:icans

0ffects on *#+ 8llegal migration costs the *#+ millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons e:icans are seen as a drain on the *#+ economy igrant wor$ers $eep wages low which affects +mericans .hey ca!se problems in cities d!e c!lt!ral and racial iss!es e:ican migrants benefit the *# economy by wor$ing for low wages e:ican c!lt!re has enriched the *# border states with food3 lang!age and m!sic .he incidents of ." has been increasing greatly d!e to the increased migration

0ffects on .he

e:ico B#anta 8nesC e:ican co!ntryside has a shortage of economically active people

any men emigrate leaving a maEority of women ?omen may have tro!ble finding marriage partners @o!ng people tend to migrate leaving the old and the very yo!ng &egal and illegal immigrants together send some 56 billion a year bac$ to ,ertain villages s!ch as #anta 8nes have lost 4)3 of its inhabitants e:ico

Case study 7?: *i"rati n /r m Tur#ey t

?est >ermany needed reb!ilding after ?orld ?ar 4 in 1912 0:tra labo!r was needed

Germany

?or$ers moved from poorer 0!ropean co!ntries li$e .!r$ey to >ermany any of the first .!r$ish migrants were from farming comm!nities so they went to agric!lt!ral Eobs in ?est >ermany

.hen they got slightly better paid Eobs in factories and constr!ction any of the Eobs were dirty3 !ns$illed3 low paid and involved wor$ing long !nsociable ho!rs6 any >ermans did not want to do these Eobs

"y 19(9 >erman had 162 million Qg!est wor$ersG which was 761= of the wor$ing pop!lation6 Nearly one third of these were from .!r$ey ost of the .!r$s that arrived were male and aged 40;49 Bsee pyramid page 4( in te:t boo$C

+fter 1973 recr!itment of foreign wor$ers became illegal However3 many .!r$s still arrive to be !nited with their families .!r$s have their own centres in many >erman cities they spea$ their own lang!age and have their own c!lt!re Bfood3 dress and entertainmentC "enefits for .!r$ey 7ed!ced press!re on Eobs and reso!rces eg food &oses people of child bearing age and so these is a decreased birth rate igrants develop new s$ills which they may ta$e bac$ to .!r$ey oney earned in >ermany is sent bac$ to .!r$ey

'roblems for .!r$ey &oses people in wor$ing age gro!p &oses people most li$ely to have some s$ills and ed!cation ainly males leave and families are divided

0lderly people are left behind which increases death rate "enefits for >ermany Fvercomes labo!r shortage ?or$ers prepared to do the Eobs that locals do not want to do ?or$ for long ho!rs for little money ,!lt!ral advantages Beg resta!rantsC #ome highly s$illed wor$ers 'roblems for >ermany '!ts press!re on Eobs &ow 9!ality overcrowded ho!ses 0thnic gro!ps do not tend to integrate 7acial tension &imited s$illed wor$ers arriving &ang!age problems #ometimes health problems

Case study 74: *i"rati n /r m A!"eria t

+rance

#ince world war two France has had migrant wor$ers to reb!ild their co!ntry after ??4 +s France became richer it became more pop!lar with migrants from former colonies li$e +lgeria Ff FranceGs 2( million pop!lation 17= are now +lgerians +dvantages for +lgerians 7ed!ces press!re on Eobs and reso!rces li$e food in +lgeria "irth rate declines in +lgerian as people of reprod!ctive age wor$ing in France igrants learn new s$ills which they can !se on ret!rn to +lgeria oney sent bac$ to co!ntry of origin <isadvantages for +lgerians &oss of people of wor$ing age &oss of the most ed!cated and s$illed people High death rate as many elderly left behind <ependency on money sent home

+dvantages for French BhostsC Fvercomes labo!r shortage +lgerians prepared to do !ns$illed Eob +lgerians prepared to wor$ long ho!rs for less money North +frican resta!rants and other c!lt!re added to France #ome +lgerian migrants are highly s$illed <isadvantages of French BhostsC 8mmigrants !nemployed if the economy gets worse +lgerian migrants may have to live in poor 9!ality overcrowded ho!sing called "idonvilles 7acial tension igrants living in ghettos and not mi:ing with French &imited s$ills

Case study 75: Re/u"ees in R-anda

8n 1990 the 7wandan 'atriotic Front B7'FC3 a rebel gro!p3 composed mostly of .!tsi ref!gees3 invaded northern 7wanda from *ganda6 .he 7wandan ,ivil ?ar was fo!ght between the H!t! regime3 with s!pport from the French spea$ing +frican co!ntries and the 7'F3 with s!pport from *ganda6 H!t! 'ower became an ideology that asserted that the .!tsi intended to enslave H!t!s and th!s m!st be resisted at all costs6 .he H!t! leader Habyarimana was assassinated in +pril 1991 which was the short term ca!se of the mass $illings of .!tsis and pro;peace H!t!s 0:tremist political gro!ps organiAed the massacre6 .hey enco!raged yo!ng H!t!s to carry machetes and they Qrecr!itedG many child soldiers6 7adio broadcasts significantly enco!raged the violence 6 any people co!ld not escape the violence as roads and transport lin$s were bloc$ed6 .he sla!ghter ended when rebel forces of the .!tsi led 7wandese 'atriotic Front B7'FC overthrew the genocidal government6 any ref!gees Bmostly H!t!sC fled from 7wanda to neighboring Iaire BR4 millionC3 .anAania BR1(03000C3 "!r!ndi BR4003000C and *ganda BR103000C6 +n estimated 3003000 people died on ro!te to or in ref!gee camps d!e to starvation and cholera "y late 1997 only 1003000 were tho!ght to be still o!t of 7wanda3 and they were tho!ght to be the remnants of the defeated army and the civilian militias $nown as Interahamwe. 7wanda is a very poor co!ntry with a mar$et economyP over 90 percent of the pop!lation earns its living thro!gh s!bsistence agric!lt!re6 .he principal e:port crops are coffee and tea6 >ross National 'rod!ct per capita is estimated at 5410 per year6 .he massive genocide and war in 1991 res!lted in the destr!ction of m!ch of the co!ntryDs economic infrastr!ct!re3 incl!ding !tilities3 roads3 and hospitals6

Case study 77' +uncti n

/ Piraeus6 Greece

'irae!s is the !rban settlement ne:t to +thens in +ttica6 8t was the port of the ancient city of +thens and was chosen to serve as the modern port when +thens was re;fo!nded in 1(316 'irae!s remains a maEor shipping and ind!strial centre 7easons s!itable as port f!nction8t consists of a roc$y promontory3 containing three nat!ral harbo!rs .he large port on the north;west is an important commercial harbo!r for the eastern editerranean #ea as it is very deep and allows large vessels to shelter there .wo smaller ports Iea and i$rolimano also provide good shelter and are !sed for naval p!rposes6

'irea!s location is able to lin$ +thens with every island in the eastern portion of >reece3 the island of ,rete3 the ,yclades3 the <odecanese3 and m!ch of the northern and the eastern +egean6 .he land was vast when the port was constr!cted so it co!ld be b!ilt with large areas for doc$ing cargo6 !ch of that part of the harbo!r is in s!b!rban <rapetsona and %eratsini6 ,lose to oil refineries at 0lefsina and other ind!strial prod!ction areas 7ail3 b!s3 road and metro lin$s for transporting either passengers or cargo ?or$ers available as the pop!lation of 'irae!s is 1723 0003697 B4001C6 'irae!s now also has commercial3 ed!cational 3 administrative and residential f!nctions too

Case study 79' The *a!!6 Athens G a re"i na! sh ppin" centre
>ood road connections as close to +tti$i Fdos motorway ainline train and b!s connections lin$ with other areas of +thens &arge area of land 2(2000 s9!are metres on the o!ts$irts of the city at aro!ssi so cheaper than in centre 1 floors with more than 400 retail stores3 resta!rants3 cafes and Hillage cinemas #pace for par$ing !ndergro!nd B903000 s9!are metresC ?or$ers come from the local area of aro!ssi and from f!rther afield any shoppers live within an ho!rs drive of the all Bmore than 3 millionC

Case study 7;' Atti#i Od s

The idea began in 1960s to construct a motorway that would constitute the regional ring road of Athens The main objectives at that time were to facilitate traffic circulation in the road network of the Attica basin and to mitigate the environmental problems caused by traffic in the area. asses through residential districts and areas of great historical significance! made implementation of the project a comple" e"ercise. #evertheless! in the mid$1990s %nvolved connections with the suburban railway and the subway &'(T)*+ networks! so that they would become operational before the *lympic ,ames. The construction of tunnels in %mittos! 'etamorfosi! %raklio! -halandri and .rilissia etc. The various flood protection projects constructed from 'esogeia to (lefsina that have secured the whole Attica refecture against floods. Tolls are charged to keep up the maintenance of the road. -ars consumes 60/ less petrol when using Attica Tollway than the petrol it consumes when using the congested urban network &where average speed is only about 00 km1hour+. %t reduces air pollution. *n Attica Tollway air pollution is systematically monitored by 2 stations set up at key locations along the motorway. Also reclaiming 3uarry sites &used for e"cavating material to build Attiki odos+ eg for sports and recreational usage

Case study 7=' Pr b!ems Athens

/ !ivin" in an *EDC city e"

*nemployment appro:imately 10= Bhigher now with crisisC any people with limited s$ills &ow income families have economic press!res #ingle parents families ,rime 7acial tension &ac$ of affordable ho!sing for everyone homelessness Fvercrowding appro:imately 363 million of the total 14 million >ree$s live in +ttica Noise +ir 'oll!tion stays over +thens as mo!ntains s!rro!nd the city ca!sing temperat!re inversion <erelict land

0mpty b!ildings >raffiti .raffic congestion assive waste prod!ction and landfill at +no &iosia is f!ll 0:pensive to maintain services eg health and hospitals &oss of >reenfield sites d!e to !rban sprawl 8llegal immigrants B(;10= of the pop!lation tho!ght to be migrantsC <isr!ptions d!e to stri$e activity 7iots in <ecember 400( and 4011 ,ost of living highB 90= of New @or$C b!t average wage lower in comparison

Case Study 7$' Urban Pr b!ems in Ri 6 8ra@i!

7io was formerly the capital of "raAil !ntil the government decided to locate the capital inland in "rasilia6 +ppro:imately 10 million people live in and aro!nd 7io6 8t is a city of contrasts with rich people living in l!:!ry aro!nd ,opacabana beach and the vast maEority living in poor conditions aro!nd the edge of the city6 'roblems in the city incl!de ho!sing3 crime3 traffic and poll!tion6

HF*#8N> +n estimated 062 million are homeless6 +ppro:imately 1 million live in favelas Binformal shanty settlementsC6 .wo e:amples are orro de +lemao and 7ocinha6 B@F* *#. %NF? .H0#0 N+ 0#MMC +nother million live in poor 9!ality government ho!sing in the periferia6 .he favela ho!sing lac$s basic services li$e r!nning water3 sewerage or electricity6 .he ho!ses are constr!cted from wood3 corr!gated iron3 bro$en bric$s and tiles or other materials fo!nd lying aro!nd6 Favelas are often fo!nd on land that is steep3 by the side of roads3 railways etc and flash floods can destroy s!ch ho!ses and ta$e peoples lives6 +t first the government tried to b!lldoAe s!ch comm!nities b!t now they remain beca!se of the comm!nity spirit3 samba m!sic and football etc6 ,78 0 Favelas are tho!ght to be associated with dr!gs3 violence etc6 .o!rists to 7io are warned not to enter favela areas or ta$e val!ables to beaches etc6 #ome wealthy are moving to new towns to avoid crime6 .7+FF8, +N< 'F&&*.8FN o!ntains aro!nd the city $eep the f!mes in the city and ma$e the vehicles !se a limited n!mber of ro!tes6 .his res!lts in congestion and noise + vast amo!nt of r!bbish is prod!ced and in favelas this is not collected6 +long with open sewerage drains it res!lts in the spread of diseases6 #F&*.8FN# .F .H0#0 '7F"&0 # #0&F H0&' HF*#8N> 7F,8NH+ ost of old temporary wooden ho!ses replaced by bric$ and tile and e:tended to !se every s9!are centimetre of land6 any residents have set !p their own shops and small ind!stries in the informal sector6 >overnment have added electricity3 paving3 lighting3 water pipes b!t the steep hills still restrict6 46 F+H0&+ "+877F '7F/0,. 1990# government chose 16 favelas to improve !sing 420 million e!ros6 7eplaced wood b!ildings with bric$ and gave each ho!se a yard6 ?idened the streets so that the emergency services and waste collectors co!ld get access6 8mproved sanitation3 health facilities and sports facilities6

*sed residents for labo!r to develop their s$ills and in ret!rn residents paid ta:es6 36 N0? .F?N "+77+ <+ .8/*,+ &and o!tside to #o!th of 7io was !ninhabited !ntil motorway was b!ilt in 1970s 7ich moved o!t of 7io to avoid problems of city 8t has 2$m of shops3 schools3 hospitals3 offices3 places of entertainment etc #pacio!s and l!:!ry accommodation in 10;30 floor high rise apartment bloc$s with sec!rity and facilities or detached ho!ses6 "oth ad!lts in each family chose to wor$ in high paid Eobs tp pay for e:pensive life6 Families with own cars b!t also well connected with p!blic transport6 .hese areas have own favelas as ho!se $eepers3 gardeners etc cannot afford accommodation

Case study 7%' Chan"in" ! cati n ir n and stee! industry in Da!es

/ heavy industry: The

8n the 19th cent!ry the iron and steel wor$s were fo!nd in #o!th ?ales Beg 0bbw HaleC on the coalfields as ,oal was b!l$y and needed in large 9!antities so it was cheaper and easier to locate near this inp!t6 ?ater from nearby rivers !sed for power and effl!ent BwasteC 0:ports sent by ro!tes thro!gh valleys so easy &arge n!mbers of !ns$illed wor$ers from s!rro!nding villages li$e 0bbw vale and erthyr .ydfil &ocal mar$ets eg ,ardiff and Newport #mall scale and man!al technology only "y the 1970s 0bbw Hale had only 4 steelwor$s beca!se the advantages no longer e:isted6 .he steelwor$s moved to the coast at 'ort .albot beca!se 8mported coal from far away as +!stralia so port needed 8ron ore imported from North +frica and +merica ,oastal water !sed for cooling 0lectricity from National >rid &arge are of cheap flat land >overnment and 0* incentives to locate there 1 motorway lin$s ?ales to &ondon for o!tp!ts ,omp!ters3 lasers and other technology now !sed

Case study 7<' Hi"h techn ! "y industries: The *9 c rrid r

1 corridor r!ns from ?ales to &ondon passing "ristol and Newb!ry on the way it has a lot of high tech firms li$e microelectronics3 7olls 7oyce and "ritish +erospace beca!se it has 1 motorway to allow inp!ts and o!tp!ts to be transported ainline railway ?ales to &ondon Heathrow airport for international lin$s &arge labo!rforce who have moved o!t of &ondon into new towns and overspill towns Nearby firms to e:change ideas Near "ristol3 "ath3 7eading and &ondon *niversities for e:pertise and research +ttractive environment for wor$ers eg National par$s li$e <artmoor

Case study 9?' Hi"h techn ! "y industries: Cambrid"e Science Par#
.hey ?as b!ilt in 1970 90 high tech firms locate there .he maEority of companies are involved in scientific research and development locate here beca!se of-

&ow cost of land &arge area of land 124 acres 'leasant wor$ing environment as 40 of 124 acres are par$land and landscaped &arge s!pply of e:pert labo!r from nearby ,ambridge !niversity ; 23000 people in total6 &in$s with ,ambridge *niversity for research and development 'ar$ facilities incl!de a ,,.H system3 conference facilities3 resta!rant and bar3 child care n!rsery3 health and fitness centre and s9!ash co!rts6 ,ompanies can share maintenance and s!pport services with other firms 8t is lin$ed by roads3 reg!lar b!s service and cycle ro!tes to the town centre6 Not too far from &ondon #tansted airport for international lin$s 11 motorway lin$ to &ondon for inp!ts and o!tp!ts

Case study 94' Industry in a )IC: *a!aysia 0P(EASE )OTE )ICH)ED(Y I)DUSTRIA(ISI)G COU)TRY1
alaysia first developed heavy ind!stry li$e steel and ship b!ilding Now concentrating on high tech ind!stry li$e microelectronics and biotechnology 8t aims to be a 0<, by 4040 any ind!stries not r!n by government anymore b!t privatised *ses a large wor$force #o little !nemployment that needs to attract wor$ers from 8ndonesia and 'hilippines +ttracting foreign companies too Now b!ilding a new international airport3 new towns3 science par$s and high tech b!ildings li$e 'etronas b!ilding

Case study 95' In/ rma! sect r industry in (EDCS: beach vend r n C pacabana beach6 Ri 6 8ra@i!
>ood "each vendor sells s!nhats3 lotions3 bi$inis3 cold drin$s3 Eewellery and roses for 20 cents6 #elf employed #mall scale &ittle capital BmoneyC involved &abo!r intensive *se cheap reso!rces &ow standards of goods ?or$ irreg!lar wages for !ncertain wages No government assistance as not paying any ta:es 8llegal ?omen and children as wor$ers as0mploys many people 123000 >ives s$ills that many be !sef!l in other careers *ses local materials

Case study 97' *u!ti )ati na! C mpanies in a (EDC 0*)Cs1G Sa Pau! 6 8ra@i!
>erman company Hol$swagen opened factories in #ao 'a!lo in the mid 1960s

"raAilian government enco!rages N,s as they tho!ght that s!pport ind!stries3 Eobs etc wo!ld raise the standard of living For Hol$swagen the benefits were odern factories co!ld be b!ilt cheaply and easily >!aranteed mar$et for H? in "raAil and #o!th +merica ?ages low so prod!ction cost lower ilitary government in braAil so stri$es !nli$ely For "raAil benefits were 2= of e:port earnings from cars #!pport services /obs #$ills 'roblems for "raAil &ea$age money from profits ta$en o!t by H? 8ncrease car !se in braAil has increased cost of oil imports 7!ral;!rban migration for wor$ers has ca!sed problems in #ao 'a!lo ?ages of the wor$ers on the assembly line are too low to s!pport the family ?or$ers sometimes forced to wor$ very long ho!rs