Definitions

ADAPTATION The process of the eye adapting to brightness or colour. APOSTILB (asb) A unit of measurement of the amount of light leaving a surface (i.e. reflected light). The apostilb is not an SI unit and is equivalent to one lumen per square metre. APPARENT COLOUR The subjective hue of a source. BLACK BODY A erfect! emitter and absorber of radiation. BRIGHTNESS The subjective measurement of luminance. CANDELA (c ) "nit of luminous intensity appro#imately equal to one candle po$er. CHRO!A An inde# of colour saturation. %anges from & for neutral grey to '& for strong colours. CHRO!ATIC ADAPTATION The eye adapting to changes in the colour of light sources. COLOUR RENDERING (of a "i#$t so%&ce) The ability of the source to render colours accurately. (ood colour rendering! suggests the source is rendering colours similar to the $ay daylight $ould. COLOUR RENDERING INDE' (CRI) (of a "a()) Is a measure of a lamp)s colour rendering ability. COLOUR TE!PERATURE (of a "i#$t so%&ce) The temperature of a blac* body $hich emits radiation of the same chromaticity as the light source being considered. CORRELATED COLOUR TE!PERATURE (CCT)(of a "i#$t so%&ce) This is used to define the colour appearance of a light source. It is the temperature (+) of a blac* body $hich emits radiation nearest in chromaticity to the light source being considered. e.g. the ,,T of a $hite fluorescent lamp is -.&& +. CYLINDRICAL ILLU!INANCE The mean illuminance on the surface of a small cylinder located at a specific point in a room. The a#is is ta*en to be vertical unless stated other$ise. ("nit /u#) DAYLIGHT *ACTOR The illuminance at a point indoors0 due to daylight0 as a 1 of the hori2ontal illuminance outdoors0 (direct sunlight is e#cluded from both values). DI**USE RE*LECTION %eflected light from a matt surface. DI**USE LIGHTING !Soft! lighting in $hich the luminous flu# comes from many directions0 none of $hich predominates.

DIRECT LIGHTING /ighting in $hich most of the luminous flu# reaches the $or*ing plane directly $ithout reflection from other surfaces. DIRECTIONAL LIGHTING /ighting on a tas* predominantly from one direction. DISABILITY GLARE (lare $hich impairs vision. DISCO!*ORT GLARE (lare $hich causes discomfort. DI+ERSITY The ratio of minimum to ma#imum illuminance (or luminance) over a specified area. (See also uniformity) DO,NLIGHTER 3irect lighting luminaire $hich emits light only $ithin a relatively small angle to the do$n$ard vertical. DO,N,ARD LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO (DLOR) The ratio of do$n$ard light of a luminaire to its total light output. E**ICACY The ratio of lamp luminous flu# divided by the po$er consumed by the lamp. The unit used is lumens per $att (lm45). 5here control gear is ta*en into account the unit becomes lumens per circuit $att.

ENERGY !ANAGE!ENT SYSTE! (E!S) A computerised system for controlling energy use. *LICKER The visible modulation in light output due to the cyclic variation of a.c. *LU' *RACTION RATIO (**R) The ratio of up$ard luminous flu# to do$n$ard luminous flu#. GENERAL LIGHTING /ighting illuminating a $hole area. GLARE 3iscomfort or disability glare occurring $hen parts of the visual field are e#cessively bright. GLARE INDE' A quantification of discomfort glare in an installation. GROUP LA!P REPLACE!ENT The replacement of all lamps usually after a specified period (usually 6 years) in an installation. HUE The attribute of colour that enables an observer to classify it as red0 blue0 etc.0 and e#cludes $hite0 blac* and grey. (the shade of a colour). ILLU!INANCE (E) The level of illumination 7 normally ta*en on the $or*ing plane. "nit8 /u# ILLU!INANCE +ECTOR This is a vector representing the directional flo$ of light. It has both magnitude and direction. ILLU!INATION

The process of lighting. INCANDESCENT LA!P A lamp $hich produces light due to its filament being heated to incandescence by current flo$ing through it. INDIRECT LIGHTING /ighting in $hich most of the luminous flu# reaches the $or*ing plane after reflection from room surfaces. INITIAL ILLU!INANCE Average illuminance in a brand ne$ installation 9m (:aintained illuminance) 9avi ; 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777 :< (:aintenance factor) INITIAL LIGHT OUTPUT The luminous flu# from a ne$ lamp. 5ith discharge lamps this is usually ta*en after '&& hours of operation. INSTALLED PO,ER DENSITY The po$er needed0 per square metre of floor area0 to achieve '&& lu# on a hori2ontal plane $ith general lighting. ISOLU' DIAGRA! A diagram $hich sho$s equal illuminance contours in an installation. LA!P LU!EN !AINTENANCE *ACTOR (LL!*) The proportion of light output of a lamp0 after a specified number of hours operation0 to the initial light output of the lamp. (See maintenance factor) LA!P SUR+I+AL *ACTOR (LS*) The 1 of lamps still operating in an installation after a specified number of hours operation. (See maintenance factor) LIGHT LOSS *ACTOR (LL*) This term has been replaced by maintenance factor in the '==> ,I?S9 (uide. reviously //< and :< differed in that the latter too* no account of the lamp lumen maintenance factor (//:<). In the '==> (uide0 maintenance factor ta*es //:< into account. LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO (LOR) The ratio of the light output of a luminaire to the light output of the lamps $ithout a luminaire. LIGHTING DESIGN LU!ENS This term is no$ obsolete. It $as given as the lumen output of a lamp after 6&&& hours use. It $as used to represent the average light output of a lamp throughout its life. LOAD *ACTOR The ratio of energy consumed by a controlled lighting installation to the energy

$hich $ould have been consumed $ithout controls0 over a period of time. LOCAL LIGHTING - /ighting illuminating a small area. LOCALISED LIGHTING /ighting providing a higher illuminance over a particular area of an interior. LU!EN An SI unit of luminous flu#. (A source of ' candela0 uniform intensity0 emits > lumens) LU!INAIRE This term supersedes the term light fitting. It is the $hole unit enclosing lamps0 control gear0 reflectors0 diffusers etc. LU!INAIRE !AINTENANCE *ACTOR (L!*) The ratio of light output after a specified period of time to initial light output of the luminaire. This ta*es account of dirt and dust reducing the light output of the luminaire. (See maintenance factor) LU!INANCE (L) This is a measure of the objective brightness of a surface or a light source. ?rightness is a subjective term dependent on the person as $ell as other factors. /uminance is an objective measurement performed photometrically. ("@IT8 cd4m6) LU!INOUS *LU' (.) The light emitted by a source or received by a surface ("nit8 /umen) LU!INOUS INTENSITY (I) 3escribes the light output of a source in a given direction. ("nit8 ,andela) LU' - The SI unit of illuminance. ' /u# ; ' lumen per square metre. !AINTAINED ILLU!INANCE (E() The average illuminance on the $or*ing plane at the end of the maintenance period. !AINTENANCE *ACTOR (!*) The ratio of illuminance at the end of the maintenance period to the initial illuminance. :< ; /S< # //:< # /:< # %S:< !A'I!U! ILLU!INANCE (E !a/) The highest illuminance at any point of the $or*ing plane. !ETA!ERIS! The phenomenon $here coloured objects match under one light source but do not match under another. This also refers to sources having the same apparent colour but do not have the same colour rendering properties. !INI!U! ILLU!INANCE (E !in) The lo$est illuminance on the $or*ing plane. !UNSELL SYSTE!

,olour classification of room surfaces ta*ing account of hue0 value and chroma. OPERATING E**ICACY The efficacy of a lighting installation in use ta*ing account of energy saving techniques. Aperating efficacy ; installed efficacy # load factor. RE*LECTANCE %atio of light reflected from a surface to the light received on it. ROO! INDE' This ta*es account of room proportions and height of the luminaire above the $or*ing plane. It is used to determine the "tilisation factor. %.I. ; /#5 7777777777777777 (/ B 5). Cm

$here / ; /ength 5 ; 5idth Cm ; Ceight of luminaire above $or*ing plane. ROO! SUR*ACE !AINTENANCE *ACTOR (RS!*) The proportion of illuminance at the end of the maintenance period to the initial illuminance ta*ing account of the reduction in room reflectances because of dirt and dust. It is separate to /:< and //:<. (See maintenance factor) SCALAR (SPHERICAL) ILLU!INANCE (Es) The average illuminance on a very small sphere at a particular point in a room. SCALLOPING A regular pattern of light and shade on $alls. This is an important factor $hen designing indirect lighting installations. SKY CO!PONENT DAYLIGHT *ACTOR (Dc) The illuminance directly received indoors at a specified point from a s*y of assumed luminanceD it is e#pressed as a 1 of the hori2ontal outdoor illuminance. 3irect sunlight is e#cluded from both values of illuminance. SPACE TO HEIGHT RATIO (SHR) The ratio of8 3istance bet$een luminaire centres0 in a regular square array of luminaires0 divided by their height above the $or*ing plane. SPECULAR RE*LECTION %eflection from a mirror or similar surface $ith no diffuse reflection. SPOT LA!P REPLACE!ENT The replacement of lamps as they fail rather than group lamp replacement after a specified period.

STROBOSCOPIC E**ECT An optical illusion $here moving machinery may loo* stationary0 or operating at a different speed to $hich it actually is. This is caused by the flic*er (modulation of light flu#) of discharge lamps operating on a .& C2 ac cycle. TASK AREA - The area $here an activity ta*es place requiring illumination. TRANS!ITTANCE - The ratio of light transmitted through a substance to the incident light. UNI*IED GLARE RATING (UGR) SYSTE! An internationally agreed numerical rating for discomfort glare proposed by ,ommission Internationale de l)9clairage (,I9 ) but not yet finalised. UNI*OR!ITY %atio of minimum to average illuminance0 normally ta*en on the $or*ing plane. (See also diversity) UPLIGHTER A luminaire used for indirect lighting $hich directs its light onto the ceiling or upper $alls. UP,ARD LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO (ULOR) %atio of up$ard (above hori2ontal) light output to the total light output of lamps. UTILANCE (U) %atio of light reaching $or*ing plane to light output of luminaires. UTILISATION *ACTOR (U*) roportion of light reaching $or*ing plane to light output of lamps. It depends on room inde#0 room reflectances and type of luminaire used. +ECTOR0SCALAR RATIO The ratio of illuminance vector magnitude divided by scalar illuminance. +ISUAL ACUITY The ability to discriminate bet$een objects placed very closely together. An optician measures acuity as the ratio of the distance a person can read a line on a chart to the standard distance $hich a person of normal sight can read the line. (e.g. E4'6 means the person can read at Em $hat the normal sighted person can read from '6 m) +ISUAL *IELD The e#tent of $hat can be seen $hen loo*ing in a certain direction. +ISUAL TASK The visual $or* being performed. ,ORKING PLANE The plane in $hich the visual tas* lies. It is normally ta*en as &.Fm above floor level.