Automobile Engineering: Automobile Engineering Introduction Definition: Definition The automobile is a self propelled vehicle that travels on land

William H Crouse. An automobile is a wheeled vehicle carrying its motive power unit Kirpal Sing . An automobile , auto car , motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers , which also carries its own engine or motor. History: History The automobile has been around for more than 100 years. The first car was built by Joseph Cugnot in 1769. It was powered by a steam engine and was very slow. Richard Trevithick improved the steam engines design by making them smaller and lighter . In 1801 he put one on wheels. It was the 1 st horseless carriage that could transport passengers. Jean Joseph tienne Lenoir was the first to build the one cylinder engine, internal-combustion engine, was later patent. Nikolaus August Otto built the first four cylinder engine. History: History Karl Benz, known as one of the founders of Mercedes-Benz, is the first to build an automobile powered by an internal combustion engine in 1885. In 1886 Gottlieb Daimler designed the first four wheeled automobile. They also created the first vslanted engine. After 1886 ,Benz also invented accelerator for speed regulation, battery ignition system,spark plug, clutch, gear shift, and the radiator for cooling the engine. With these improvements , he started with production of the automobile , the first in the world , in the year 1888. However in the year 1893 that the first for wheeled automobile was introduced by him. PowerPoint Presentation: First four and two wheelers History: History Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach with Benzs manufacturing firm in 1926 to create Daimler -Benz. The joint company makes cars today under the Mercedes-Benz nameplate, and Daimler Chrysler . Large scale production line manufacturing automobiles was started by Ransom Eli olds in 1902 and the concept was vastly expanded by Henry ford. Henry Ford, a famous car company founder, designed the worlds biggest car manufacturer, manufacturing over 15 million Model Ts by 1927 History: History Hybrid cars have also been around since the 1900s. In the 1900s Ford made more steam and electric cars than it did gasoline. The first hybrid commercial truck was built in 1910, and as the gasoline engine was refined interest in hybrids died down. As problems with environment and gas process continue, Hybrids are now a hot commodity in the market place and are now the new wave of future cars Present: Present Today , the automobile industry is one of the biggest in the world. In recent years tremendous changes have taken place in the automobile industry. Two powerful forces have been at work The challenge of foreign automotive manufacturers Federal laws made by the Government covering , Automotive air pollution. Automotive safety. Automotive fuel economy . Present: Present These two forces have caused the manufacturers to develop new generations of Light weight vehicles Fuel efficient vehicles. This is an ongoing revolutionary process. Each year , automotive manufacturers bring out new models that improve on fuel efficiency and performance with less air pollution The competition among manufacturers has resulted in many innovations that are bring widely adopted . New innovations: New innovations A few of these innovations include Antilock braking system(ABS) Traction - control system(TCS) Four wheel steering Four wheel drive (4WD) All wheel drive(AWD) Electronically controlled and active suspension system Supplemental restraint system(air bags) Sequential port fuel injection Super charging and turbo charging Variable engine valve timing and lift And a host of other innovations Design- Manufacturing - Automobile: Design- Manufacturing - Automobile Engineering design and manufacturing skill have made the modern motor car simple to operate and economical to maintain To achieve utmost simplicity of operation , and thus ensure greatest utility, engineers have made many design improvements and have added devices from time to time. E.g. electric self starter Automotive oil pressure and engine temperature gauges synchromesh transmission Automatic gear shifting mechanism Design- Manufacturing - Automobile: Design- Manufacturing - Automobile Manufacturing skill , combined with improved designs , has affected great savings so that economical transportation has been become available to many millions. At the same time improvements in manufacturing methods have made it possible to use better material and closer tolerances so that car life has been tremendously increased

Components of a four wheeler Automobile: Components of a four wheeler Automobile About 1500 separate parts are put together to make an automobile . These parts are grouped into several systems. Each system is made up of two or more parts that work together to perform a specific job. The automotive vehicles are produced in large variety of sizes and shapes . All have the same basic parts and systems. PowerPoint Presentation: ANATOMY OF AN AUTOMOBILE (FOUR WHEEL DRIVE) STEERING TYRE TYRE PROPELLOR BRAKE BRAKE SHAFT FRONT TRANSFER CASE - 4WD DIFFERENTIAL 4WD ENGINE GEAR BOX DIFFERENTIAL PROPELLOR CLUTCH SHAFT REAR SUSPENSION BRAKE BRAKE TYRE TYRE WHEEL BASE Major components: Major components The major components of an automobile are . An engine (power plant) A power train (transmission system) A suspension system a steering system A braking system An electrical system A body An engine: An engine Power plant provides the motive power for all the various functions which the vehicle or any part of it may be called upon to perform The power plant generally consists of an I.C engine -spark ignition-compression ignition. Gas turbines has also been used successfully Electric motors powered by batteries have also been used. Combination of an I.C engine and electric motors have also been successfully employed in hybrid vehicles Solar energy powered systems have also been tried Most promising future power plant is the one based on fuel cells An I.C Engine: An I.C Engine The following sub systems support the I.C. engine for continuous running. Fuel system Ignition system Lubricating and Cooling system Exhaust system electrical and electronic system Fuel System: Fuel System Supplies fuel to the engine Consists of Storage tank, Piping work, and , An arrangement for mixing with air and spraying into the engine cylinder. In conventional petrol engines a carburetor is used for mixing the fuel with air Present , electronic fuel injection (EFI) is used to spray fuel air mixture An electronic control module (ECM) control the functions of EFI Ignition System: Ignition System Function is to supply high voltage surge at the desired instant and of adequate strength to produce a spark in the engine. Earlier electro mechanical system were used . Now days in modern engines electronic systems are used. Lubrication System: Lubrication System The lubrication system keeps all moving parts inside the engine coated with layers of oil. This reduces wear on the parts It also allows the parts to move freely with little power lost in making them move Relatively less viscous lubricating oils are used in engines Where as heavier oils and greases are used in the transmission and wheel bearings. Cooling System: Cooling System The cooling system removes just enough heat so the engine runs smoothly at the proper temperature . It may be of water cooling or oil cooling . A water pump circulates coolant between the engine and the radiator Cooler outside air flows through the radiator and picks up and carries away the excess heat . A thermostat helps the coolant at the proper temperature A fan helps keep air moving through the radiator Exhaust System: Exhaust System Exhaust system used to vent exhaust gases with least back pressure. It also reduce the engine noise with help of muffler. Now a days converters are also fitted in the exhaust pipe to reduce the harmful constituents in the exhaust gases Electrical System : Electrical System It consists of storage battery , charging system and starting system . The battery supplies electricity for starting the engine ,providing energy for spark , and for all electrical devices in the vehicle . The charging system consists of mainly an alternator and is used to continually charge the battery. The starting system consists of starting motor and is used to start the engine Power Train or Transmission system: Power Train or Transmission system The power train carries power from the engine to the drive wheels. Major power trains parts may include. Clutch Transmission or transaxle Transfer case Driveshaft, and differential An automobile (or automotive) is a vehicle that is capable of propelling itself. Since seventeenth century, several attempts have been made to design and construct a practically operative automobile.

Today, automobiles play an unimaginable role in the social, economic and industrial growth of any country.

After the introduction of internal combustion engines, the Automobile industry has seen a tremendous growth. This article contains the following sections:

1. 2.

Introduction to Automobiles Classification of Automobiles 1. Based on purpose 2. Based on capacity 3. Based on fuel source 4. Based on type of transmission 5. Based on number of wheels 6. Based on side of drive

Classification of automobiles:
Automobiles can be classified into several types based on several criteria. A brief classification of automobiles is listed below:

1. Based on purpose:
1. 2. Passenger vehicles These automobiles carry passengers e.g: Buses, Passenger trains, cars Goods vehicles These vehicles are used for transportation of goods from one place to another. e.g: Goods lorry, goods carrier Heavy Motor Vehicle (HMV) Large and bulky motor vehicles e.g: Large trucks, buses Light Motor Vehicle (LMV) Small motor vehicles e.g: Cars, Jeeps Medium Vehicle Relatively medium sized vehicles e.g: Small trucks, mini buses Petrol engine vehicles Automobiles powered by petrol engine e.g: scooters, cars, mopeds, motorcycles Diesel engine vehicles Automotives powered by diesel engine e.g: Trucks, Buses Gas vehicles Vehicles that use gas turbine as power source e.g: Turbine powered cars Solar vehicles Vehicles significantly powered by solar power e.g: Solar powered cars Hydrogen vehicles Vehicles that have hydrogen as a power source e.g: Honda FCX Clarity Electric vehicles Automobiles that use electricity as a power source e.g: Electric cars, electric buses Steam Engine Vehicles Automotives powered by steam engine e.g: Steamboat, steam locomotive, steam wagon Hybrid Vehicles Vehicles that use two or more distinct power sources e.g: Hybrid buses, hybrid cars like Toyota Prius, Honda Insight Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Automobile that uses both Internal Combustion Engine and Electric Power Source to propel itself e.g: Jaguar C-X75 Automatic transmission vehicles Automobiles that are capable of changing gear ratios automatically as they move e.g: Automatic Transmission Cars Conventional transmission vehicles Automotives whose gear ratios have to be changed manually Semi-automatic transmission vehicles Vehicles that facilitate manual gear changing with clutch pedal Two wheeler Automobiles having two wheels e.g: Scooters, motorcycles Three wheeler Automotive having three wheels e.g: Tricycles, Auto rikshaws, Tempos Four wheeler Vehicle having four wheels e.g: Car, Jeep Six wheeler Automobile having six wheels used for heavy transportation e.g: Large trucks, large buses Left hand drive automobile Vehicle in which steering wheel is fitted on the left hand side e.g: Automobiles found in USA, Russia Right hand drive automobile - Vehicle in which steering wheel is fitted on the right hand side e.g: Automobiles found in India, Australia

2. Based on capacity:
1. 2. 3.

3. Based on fuel source:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

4. Based on type of transmission:

1. 2. 3.

5. Based on number of wheels:

1. 2. 3. 4.

6. Based on the side of drive:

1. 2.