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Composite Structures 79 (2007) 562570 www.elsevier.

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Analysis of bolted joints in composite laminates: Strains and bearing stiness predictions
Marie-Laure Dano *, Elhassania Kamal, Guy Gendron
Laval, Que bec, QC, Canada G1K 7P4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universite Available online 3 April 2006

Abstract A review of the investigations conducted on mechanically fastened joints is presented. A nite-element model is developed to predict the response of pin-loaded composite plates. The model takes into account contact at the pinhole interface, progressive damage, large deformation theory, and a nonlinear shear stressstrain relationship. To predict progressive ply failure, four dierent analyses combining Hashin and the maximum stress failure criteria, and dierent associated degradation rules are conducted. The objectives of the study are to determine the inuence of the failure criteria and the associated degradation rules on the predictions of the strains around the hole and the bearing stiness. Predictions are compared with experimental results. It appears that agreement between the two depends on an appropriate selection of the failure criterion and the degradation rule. Better agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions is observed with the maximum stress criterion. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Composites; Bolted joints; Finite element analyses; Progressive damage model; Local strains; Bearing stiness

1. Introduction In structural applications such as in aircraft, spacecraft and civil engineering structures, composite components are often fastened to other structural members by bolted joints [1,2]. Since bolted joints require holes to be drilled in the structure, large stress concentration tends to develop around the hole, which can severely reduce the overall strength of the structure. Bolted joints being very often the critical part of the structure, it is therefore important to design them safely. To exploit the full potential of composite materials in structural elements, appropriate methods for stress and failure predictions must be developed. Several numerical models have already been proposed to predict bearing failure of composite plates [315]. Most of them are reviewed in details by Camanho and Matthews [16]. Generally, the

Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 418 656 2242; fax: +1 418 656 7415. E-mail address: mldano@gmc.ulaval.ca (M.-L. Dano).

proposed models use a progressive damage analysis implemented in a nite-element code. The following procedure is usually adopted: (1) perform a stress analysis, (2) apply a set of failure criteria to check for failure at each integration point, (3) if failure has occurred, degrade the material properties. This procedure must be repeated for increasing load levels until properties have been degraded at so many integration points that the joint fails. In practice, nite-element programs often stop before the failure load is reached due to large deformations, which result in excessive element distortions. The way the stress analysis is performed, the choice of the failure criteria and the properties degradation rules vary from authors to authors. To perform the stress analysis, two-dimensional linear or nonlinear nite element models are mainly used. The pin load is usually simulated either by applying a radial boundary condition to the nodes located around the plate hole [3], or a cosinusoidal radial stress on the loaded side of the hole [4]. Although simple, these procedures are not always accurate since the actual interaction between the pin and the hole is a true contact problem. Therefore, a

0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.02.024

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more realistic method to introduce the pin load is to model the pin as a rigid surface and to dene masterslave contact surfaces between the pin circumference and the nodes around the hole. With this approach, both friction and pin clearance can be taken into account. Only few investigators have adopted this approach [57]. More recently, three-dimensional nite-element models have been proposed [810]. Although 3D models require much more eorts to develop than their 2D counterparts, 3D models oer the potential to predict more accurately failure of bolted joints by taking into account, for example, clamping pressure and delamination eects. Once stresses have been computed, the second step is to check for damage using failure criteria. So far, several sets of failure criteria have been proposed in the literature to predict damage in composites. Chang and Chang [17] used the YamadaSun [18] failure criterion to predict matrix cracking, bre-matrix shear-out and bre breakage, and Hashin failure criterion [19] for bre compressive failure. Lessard and Shokrieh [3] chose Hashin failure criterion to predict matrix failure, bre-matrix shearing and bre failure modes. Kim et al. [6] also selected Hashin failure criterion but did not consider bre-matrix shearing. Other investigators used either maximum stress [11], TsaiWu [12], or Hill [13] criteria to predict failure. Dano et al. [7] studied the inuence of the failure criterion on the prediction of the bearing response of composite plates with dierent stacking sequences. They observed that using the maximum stress criterion for bre failure leads to more realistic predictions than using Hashin criterion. This nding was latter veried by Tserpes et al. [9]. Finally, the last step is to degrade the elastic stiness properties when failure is detected at the integration points. Among the various degradation rules that have been proposed in the literature, two sets of degradation rules are commonly used [14,17,20]. Chang and Chang [14,17] developed a two-dimensional progressive damage model for notched laminated plates subjected to tensile loading and pin-loaded laminates. When matrix cracking failure occurs it is assumed that the transverse modulus E2 and Poissons ratio m21 were reduced to zero. In the case of the bre-matrix shear-out or bre breakage, both E2 and m21 were reduced to zero whereas longitudinal modulus E1 and shear modulus G12 of the failed zone degenerate according a Weibull distribution. Tan [20] developed a two-dimensional progressive damage model for laminates with an unloaded hole subjected to tensile loading. The stiness degradation is represented by factors reducing the material properties. It is assumed that the stiness reduction associated with damage due to compressive load is dierent from the stiness reduction associated with damage due to the tensile loads. The foundation of this concept has been discussed in Tans earlier papers [21,22]. A parametric study shows that the eects of the stiness degradation factors on the ultimate strength of a laminate appear to be very signicant. Tans degradation

theory, was later extended by Camanho and Matthews [8], for a three-dimensional model. Although the model is three-dimensional, no consideration of delamination failure is made. In spite of the progress made on progressive damage modelling of composite laminates containing pin-bolt loaded holes, the problem is far from being fully understood. Basic aspects such as failure criteria and material property degradation rules are still open for further research. A few models [7,9,15] presented so far have compared the inuence of failure criteria and material property degradation. However, the authors [9,15] often compare only the loadbolt displacement relationship predicted by the model with experimental results. Therefore, there is a lack of detailed experimental validation of numerical nite element models used to calculate stress and strain distributions around the hole. Thus, it would be interesting to validate nite-element predictions on both global and local scales by comparing not only the loadbolt displacement relationship but also the strain distribution around the hole with experimental data. The objective of this study is to investigate the eect of failure criteria and material property degradation rules on the behaviour of pinned-joint in graphite/epoxy composite laminates. Two sets of failure criteria and degradation rules were adopted in this work to examine their inuence on the predicted loadbolt displacement curves and the strains around the hole. The results were compared with experimental data from Girard et al. [23,24]. 2. Problem statement Consider a laminated composite plate of length L and width W with a hole diameter D, as shown in Fig. 1. The hole is at a distance e from the free edge of the plate. The thickness of the plate, H, is equal to 4.65 mm and the values of L, W, D and e are equal to 205 mm, 95 mm, 16 mm and 80 mm. A rigid pin with a 15.8 mm diameter is placed at the centre of the hole and a tensile load P is applied at one edge of the plate. It has been observed experimentally that mechanically fastened joints under tensile loads generally fail in three basic macroscopic failure modes, namely net-tension, shear-out and bearing, depending on the laminate lay-up and the joint geometry. To analyze the pinned-joint probe

y D x L
Fig. 1. Specimen conguration.

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lem, it is desired to develop a progressive damage model following the three important steps: stress analysis, failure criteria evaluation, and property degradation. A description of the model will be given in the following section of this paper. Note that more details about the model can be found in [7]. 3. Numerical study 3.1. Finite-element modelling The deformation behaviour of the pin-loaded joint is predicted using a two-dimensional nite element model developed in the commercial software ABAQUS [25]. Since the behaviour of balanced symmetric laminate is studied and the geometry of the problem is symmetric with respect to the yz plane, only half the plate is modelled, as shown in Fig. 2. Symmetry boundary conditions are applied. The nodes on the vertical centreline are restrained to move along the vertical direction (ux = 0) only. The load (P/2) is applied to a single node of the upper edge (right end in Fig. 1). A multi-point constraint forces every node on this edge to have the same vertical displacement. To simulate the contact between the bolt and the laminate, the pin circumference is modelled as a rigid surface and the hole edge as a deformable surface. Contact pairs are then dened between the two surfaces. Since in ABAQUS, shell elements cannot be used to simulate in-plane contact problems, the composite plate is modelled using four nodescontinuum plane stress elements (CPS4).

3.2. Progressive failure analysis The analysis takes into account large deformation theory, progressive damage and the nonlinear shear behaviour of the composite. In this section, the implementation in the model of the nonlinear shear stressstrain behaviour is discussed and dierent failure criteria and degradation rules used in the analyses are presented. 3.2.1. Nonlinear shear behaviour The nonlinear shear behaviour of the composite is assumed to be of the form [26]   1 c12 1 s12 as3 12 ; Go 12 where Go 12 , s12, c12 are, respectively, the initial shear modulus, shear stress, shear strain, and a is a constant parameter which is determined experimentally. To be implemented in a nite-element program, Eq. (1) has to be expressed in a dierent form [27]. After several algebraic manipulations, it can be rewritten as, s12
i1

G12 c12

i1

1 d Go 12 c12 ;

i1

where i is the increment number and d, the damage parameter, is given by d 3aG o 12 s12 2as12 =c12 1 3aG o 12 s12
i 2 i 2 i 3 i

At the beginning of the analysis, the damage parameter is zero and the shear modulus G12 is equal to Go 12 . As the load increases, the shear modulus is decreased linearly with respect to the damage parameter. 3.2.2. Failure criteria As discussed in the introduction, several sets of failure criteria have been proposed in the literature to predict failure of composite joints. Two sets of failure criteria in combination with two sets of material property degradation rules were adopted in this paper for the failure analysis. The objective was to study the inuence of the two failure criteria and material properties degradation rules on the predicted hole elongation and local strains around the hole. The rst set of failure criteria called mixed criteria, combines Hashin criterion and the maximum stress criterion. This set is actually identical to Hashin criteria with the dierence of replacing the Hashin-type bre tensile criterion by the maximum stress criterion. Table 1 species
Table 1 Mixed criteria Failure mode Matrix tensile failure (r2 P 0) Matrix compression failure (r2 6 0) Fibre tensile failure (r1 P 0) Failure criteria  2 4 2s2 =Go r2 12 3as12 12 P1 2 o Y 3aS 4  t 2 2S2 =G12 o 4 2 s = G 3 as r2 12 12 12 2S 2 4 P 1 Y =Go 12 3aS  c r1 P1 X  t r1 Xc P 1

Fig. 2. Geometry of the nite-element model.

Fibre compression failure (r1 6 0)

M.-L. Dano et al. / Composite Structures 79 (2007) 562570 Table 2 Maximum stress criteria Failure mode Matrix tensile failure (r2 P 0) Matrix compression failure (r2 6 0) Fibre tensile failure (r1 P 0) Fibre compression failure (r1 6 0) Failure criteria   r2 P1 Y t  r2 P1 Y  c r1 P1 X  t r1 Xc P 1
Start Initial properties values Load Pi Geometric non linear analysis

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the criterion selected for each failure mode. The second set of failure criteria is simply the maximum stress criteria (see Table 2). 3.2.3. Property degradation rules As discussed in the introduction, two sets of property degradation rules have been mainly used in the literature. The rst one, introduced by Chang and Chang [17], sets most of the material properties of the failed ply to zero for all damage modes. The second set was proposed by Tan [20] and his co-workers [21,22]. A brief description of these two sets is presented in Table 3. Throughout the paper the two sets are referred to by the names Chang and Tan, respectively. 3.3. Numerical implementation The progressive damage models were implemented in ABAQUS by using a separate subroutine called userdened-eld [25]. This subroutine gives the ability to choose failure criteria and degradation rules according to the specic case studied. Details of the program are described by the ow chart shown in Fig. 3. At the beginning of the analysis, the material properties are all equal to their initial values and the load is increased gradually. For each load increment, several iterations are necessary before the analysis converges to an equilibrium state. At the end of each increment, strains, stresses, and failure criteria are computed. If failure does not occur, the applied load is increased and the program returns to the initial step. If failure occurs, materials properties of the failed plies are reduced according to the selected properties degradation rule. The load is then increased and the procedure is repeated until the program stops due to excessive element distortion or the total load P/2 has been applied.
Table 3 Material properties degradation rules Failure mode Properties degradation rules Chang [17] Matrix tensile failure (r2 P 0) Matrix compression failure (r2 6 0) Fibre tensile failure (r1 P 0) Fibre compression failure (r1 6 0) Ed 2 md 12 Gd 12 0 Tan [20]
d Ed 2 0:2E2 , G12 0:2G12 d Ed 2 0:4E2 , G12 0:4G12

Check for convergence Yes Stress computation

No

Final failure

Stop

Check for failure No Load incrementation Pi = Pi-1+P

Yes

Properties degradation

Fig. 3. Progressive damage model algorithm.

4. Finite-element analyses By combining the dierent sets of failure criteria and material properties degradation rules, four analyses were carried out (see Table 4). Three dierent symmetric layups were chosen for the study: cross-ply [(0/90)4]s, angleply [(+45/45)4]s and quasi-isotropic [(0/45/90)2]s. The geometry of the specimens is shown in Fig. 1. The material properties used in the analysis are presented in Table 5. The predictions of the four analyses are compared with experimental results obtained previously by Girard et al. [23].

Table 4 Description of the analyses performed Analysis A1 A2 A3 A4 Failure criteria Mixed Mixed Maximum stress Maximum stress Material properties degradation rules Chang Tan Chang Tan

Table 5 Mechanical properties of the pin-loaded plate E1 E2 G12 m12 Xt Xc Yt Yc S (GPa) (GPa) (GPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) 161 8.26 4.42 0.32 2052 977 38.8 200 59.2

d d Ed 2 m12 G12 0 d Ed 1 m12 0 d Ed 1 m12 0

Ed 1 0:07E1 Ed 1 0:14E1

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4.1. Prediction of the bearing stiness The four analyses indicated in Table 4 were performed to study the eect of the failure criteria and the property degradation rules. The predictions of failure strength and bearing stiness were compared with experimental results [23]. The model predictions are summarized in Fig. 4 which represents curves of the bearing stress versus the hole elongation, for the three dierent lay-ups. The bearing stress was dened as the load divided by the hole diameter and the thickness of the laminate rb = P/(D * H). The hole elongation is obtained by dividing the displacement of the specimen beside the hole by the hole diameter. The hole elongation represented on the experimental curve was evaluated by averaging the displacement recorded by two extensometers clamped on each side of the specimen as illustrated in Fig. 5a. Note that because of the way the

500

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400

A4 A3 A2

[(0/90)4]s
A1

300

A1
200

A2 A3 A4

100

Exp. [23]

0 0 0.05 0.1 0.1 5

Hole elongation (%)


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[(+45/-45)4]s
A2

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Hole elongation (%)


500

extensometers were attached to the specimen and the xture, the displacements between two referenced points, one placed on the side of the composite plate at the pin level and one placed on the steel xture were measured. Therefore, the measured displacement includes the hole elongation as well as the bolt and xture deformations. Several interesting results can be observed from Fig. 4. First, for the three lay-ups, the slope of the curves is almost the same for the four analyses. Therefore, bearing stiness prediction is only slightly aected by the failure criteria and the material property degradation rules. Secondly, for all analyses, the numerical predictions are much stier than the experimental results. This dierence is thought to be caused by the fact that the displacement measured experimentally includes the hole deformation as well as the bolt and the xture deformations which are not taken into account in the model. This issue has already been raised and discussed in details by Vangrimde and Boukhili [28] who showed that the total deformation of the bolt and the xture could account for up to 10% of the total displacement. The third remark concerns the strength prediction. Considering rst analyses A1 and A3 which both use Changs degradation rule but dierent failure criteria, one can note that using the maximum stress criteria (A3) allows reaching a higher strength than using the mixed criteria (A1). Comparing A2 and A4, which both use Tans degradation rule combined with dierent failure criteria, one can observed again that damage is predicted at an earlier stage with the mixed failure criteria. These results verify that the contribution of the shear stress in the failure criteria leads to more conservative predictions. To examine the eect of the degradation rules on the strength prediction, analyses A1 and A3 have to be compared to A2 and A4, respectively. The comparison shows that the strength of the laminate is sensitive to the value of the degradation factors. Tans degradation rule (analyses A2 and A4) allows the analysis to reach a higher strength and to avoid numerical problems. The reason is that the application of these rules imposes a lower rate of stiness degradation for the elements than Changs degradation rules. The stress value corresponding to the rst signicant slope change (analysis A2) agrees well with the experiment results for the three lay-ups. 4.2. Prediction of the laminate stiness and local strains around the pin

Bearing stress (MPa)

A4

[(0/45/90)2]s
A2

Bearing stress (MPa)

400

300

A3 A1

200

100

0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15

Hole elongation (%)


Fig. 4. Hole elongation curves.

Next, the strains predicted by the four analyses of Table 4 are compared with experimental results. As explained in [23] and described in Fig. 5b, the strain distribution in the vicinity of the hole and at the centre of the specimen was determined experimentally using several strain gauges on both sides of the laminates. One pair of back-to-back strain gauges was placed at the centre, on the lower half of the specimen, to measure the stiness of the composite laminate. Four pairs of back-to-back strain gauges were placed

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Fig. 5. Experimental set-up [23]: (a) Bolt displacement measurement and (b) strain gauges location.

on the left and right side of the hole to detect bending in the joint and two pairs of back-to-back strain gauges were placed in the bearing zone. The gauges placed just beside the hole are called inner gauges whereas the gauges placed further around the hole are called outer gauges. Gauges from which measurements are plotted are shown in black in Figs. 79. 4.2.1. Laminate stiness The model predictions are summarized in Fig. 6 which represents the bearing stress versus the strain at the centre of the laminate for the three dierent lay-ups. The curves show a perfectly linear behaviour for the three lay-ups. In this case, the behaviour is not sensitive to the selected failure criteria and material property degradation rules because no damage occurred at the centre of the specimen. Very good correlation with experimental results is observed. 4.2.2. Strains on the lateral sides of the hole The bearing stress versus local strain curves obtained from both inner and outer transversal surface gauges are shown in Fig. 7. In the gure, the curves with the highest slope correspond to the outer strain gauges. In the case

of the outer gauges, good agreement between the four analyses and experiments is observed. The behaviour is not sensitive to the failure criteria. Things are however dierent for the strains measured by the inner set of strain gauges. For the [(0/90)4]s lay-up, analyses A3 and A4 (maximum stress failure criteria) give very similar results. The stress strain curves are linear and on top of each other. The curves obtained from analyses A1 and A2 (mixed failure criteria) are identical to A3 and A4 up to approximately 180 MPa. Beyond this value, failure is detected and the curves become irregular. Comparing with the experimental results, it is quite obvious that predictions from A3 and A4 are much closer than predictions from A1 and A2. For the [(+45/45)4]s lay-up, the curves obtained from the four analyses exhibit a slightly nonlinear behaviour. This is induced by the assumption that the shear stress versus shear strain relationship is nonlinear. Beyond 170 MPa, analyses A1 and A2 detect failure and the slope of the curves decreases. Comparing with the experimental results, one can note again that analyses A3 and A4 predict better the experimental strains than analyses A1 and A2. Finally for the [(0/45/90)2]s lay-up, the four analyses predict similar stressstrain curves which compares well with the experimental results.

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Bearing stress (MPa)

A1 80 A2 A3 60 A4 40 Exp. [23]

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A2 A4 A3 A1
400

A3

A4 A2

[(0/90) 4]s
A2 A4 A3

Stress (MPa)

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A1

A1 100 A3 Exp. [23 ]

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20

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500

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Strain ( )
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Strain ()
A3, A4

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[(+45/-45)4]s
A3, A4 A2

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Bearing stress (MPa)

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Strain ( )

Fig. 6. The stress versus strain curves at the centre of the laminate.

Fig. 7. Stress versus local strain curves inner and outer transversal gauges.

From the results of Fig. 7, it appears that analyses A3 and A4 which use the maximum stress criteria for all failure modes are able to predict much more accurately the strains on the lateral sides of the joint. Unfortunately, the results do not allow assessing which analysis between A3 and A4 is the most accurate. For the [0/45/90]s laminate, analysis A3 predicts a bearing strength much closer than A4. However, for the [0/90]s and the [45]s laminates, both analyses overpredict the bearing strength. Additional experimental data would be necessary to draw a denitive conclusion regarding the degradation rule set choice. 4.2.3. Strains in the bearing zone Figs. 8 and 9 present the strains predicted by the analyses ahead of the pin for the three lay-ups. The stressstrain curves obtained from the outer bearing zone are presented in Fig. 8. From the gure, it appears clearly that analyses A3 and A4 predict closely the experimental results for the three lay-ups. As observed in the previous gure, analyses

A1 and A2 do not agree well with the experimental results past a certain bearing stress value because damage is detected prematurely. Finally, Fig. 9 presents the stressstrain curves obtained from the inner bearing zone for the three lay-ups. For the [(0/90)4]s laminate, strain measurements turned out to be unsatisfactory. A large discrepancy could be observed between the strains obtained from the two back-to-back strain gauges. It is thought that the bolt was not loading the hole uniformly through the specimen thickness. Therefore, the average value represented in the graphic cannot be compared with the predictions. For the [(+45/45)4]s and the [(0/45/90)2]s laminates, it appears that the four analyses predict a stier stressstrain behaviour. The discrepancy may be explained by some experimental errors (gauge location and alignment) which, given the very high stress concentration near the hole, could lead to signicant dierences in the measured strains. Also, along the hole

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Bearing stress (MPa)

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A2
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Fig. 8. Stress versus local strain curves outer longitudinal gauges.

Fig. 9. Stress versus local strain curves inner longitudinal gauges.

edge, the presence of interlaminar stresses may have an inuence on the strains very close to the hole. However, these interlaminar stresses were not accounted in the model. It would be very interesting to investigate if a three-dimensional model is able to capture better the strain behaviour of the joint just ahead of the pin where the compressive stresses are the highest. This work is currently being conducted and will be presented in a forthcoming paper. 5. Conclusions A two-dimensional nite-element progressive failure model of pin-loaded composite plates was developed to investigate the eects of failure criteria and material properties degradation rules on the bearing behaviour. A total of four analyses using a combination of dierent failure criteria and degradation rules were performed. By comparing the predictions of the dierent analyses with experimental

results, the accuracy of each analysis was assessed and the eects on the predictions of the failure criteria and the material properties degradation rules were studied. From the theoretical and experimental results presented, it can be concluded that: The predicted hole elongation was smaller than the one measured. This is probably due to the fact that the model did not account for the bolt and the xture deformations. The bearing strength is sensitive to the value of the degradation factors selected for the degradation rules. Using Tans degradation rule allows the analysis to reach a higher strength and to avoid numerical problems. Damage is detected prematurely when the shear stress term is included in the failure criteria. Comparisons with experimental results show that using the maximum stress criterion for all failure mode leads to more accurate predictions.

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M.-L. Dano et al. / Composite Structures 79 (2007) 562570 [12] Soni SR. Failure analysis of composite laminated with a fastener hole. In: Kedward KT, editor. Joining of composite materials. ASTM STP 749. American Society for Testing and Materials; 1981. p. 14564. [13] Tsujimoto Y, Wilson D. Elasto-plastic failure analysis of composite bolted joints. J Compos Mater 1986;20:23652. [14] Chang FK, Chang KY. Post-failure analysis of bolted composite joints in tension or shear out mode failure. J Compos Mater 1987;21: 80933. [15] Icten BM, Karakuzu R. Progressive failure analysis of pin-loaded carbon-epoxy woven composite plates. Compos Sci Technol 2002;62:125971. [16] Camanho PP, Matthews FL. Stress analysis and Strength prediction of mechanically fastened joints in FRP: a review. Compos: Pt A 1997;28A:52947. [17] Chang FK, Chang KY. A progressive damage model for laminated composites containing stress concentrations. J Compos Mater 1987;21:83455. [18] Yamada SE, Sun CT. Analysis of laminate strength and its distribution. J Compos Mater 1978;12:27584. [19] Hashin Z. Failure criteria for unidirectional bre composites. J Appl Mech 1980;47:32934. [20] Tan SC. A progressive failure model for composite laminates containing openings. J Compos Mater 1991;25:55677. [21] Tan SC, Perez J. Progressive failure of laminated composites with a hole under compressive loading. J Reinf Plast Compos 1993;18: 25578. [22] Tan SC, Nuismer RJ. A theory of progressive matrix in composite laminates. J Compos Mater 1989;23:102947. [23] Girard C, Dano M-L, Gendron G, Picard A. Bearing behaviour of mechanically fastened joints in composite laminates Part I: Strength and local strains. Mech Adv Mater Struct 2003;10(1):121. [24] Girard C, Dano ML, Gendron G, Picard A. Bearing behaviour of mechanically fastened joints in composite laminates Part II: Failure mechanisms. Mech Adv Mater Struct 2003;10(1):2342. [25] ABAQUS/Standard version 6.2, users manual. Hibbit, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc., Rhode Island, USA; 2003. [26] Hahn HT, Tsai SW. Nonlinear elastic behavior of unidirectional composite laminates. J Compos Mater 1973;7:10218. [27] ABAQUS/Standard version 6.2, example problem manual. Hibbit, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc., Rhode Island, USA; 1998. p. I:3.2.25.1 14. [28] Vangrimde B, Boukhili R. Analysis of the bearing response test for polymer matrix composite laminates: bearing stiness measurement and simulation. Compos Struct 2002;56(4):35974.

Correlation was generally very good between the strains predicted using the maximum stress criteria and the strains measured around the hole. However, the strain measured right beside the hole in the bearing zone could not be predicted well. In the bearing zone close to the hole edge, the stress concentration is very high and interlaminar stresses must be present. Using a 3D model would probably result in more accurate predictions.

References
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