Review Article

Vol 1 no 1
Basics of Domain Particle
Physics
At the beginning to the last century, a
complacent Physics was transformed by the twin
discoveries of Quantum Mechanics and of
Relativity.

As we move into a new millenum, Physics faces

a new challenge: the discovery of Domains, entire
subsets of matter which obey different laws and
different logics.

In this article we review Domain Particle

Physics: exactly what is meant by the term
Domain? How does Domain Physics fit in with
earlier ideas? And if our understanding of Domain
Physics does not yet contradict Quantum
Mechanics and Relativity, can we be confident
that a total synthesis is still within our grasp?

MATTER WITHIN OUR DOMAIN

Physics is the study of Matter. This may seem a

oxymoron: for five millenia at least, Physics has dealt
with ordinary matter - the everyday matter of which the
Earth and our own bodies are composed.

This study has been successful. The bases of matter

have been uncovered - and found to be blindingly
simple. One of the most beautiful and moving
discoveries of the last century was that the truely
fundamental particles which make up ordinary matter
are ranked in a simple and sparse order.

The Standard Model of elementary particles has it

that there are three (and no more than three)
"generations" of fundamental particles.

I II III
up-quark charm-quark top-quark
down-quark strange-quark bottom-quark
electron muon tau
electron-neutrino muon-neutrino tau-neutrino

See for example the explanation of the Standard

Model at the Fermilab site.

Only the first Generation of these fundamental

particles are stable in macroscopic time. The second
and third generations decay to the first.

(For simplicity, the anti-particles are assummed to be

described by the particles: thus "electron" above
subsumes electron and positron, and so on.)

FORCES WITHIN OUR DOMAIN

There are three types of fundamental forces by which

these particles interact:
1. Electromagnetism
2. Weak Nuclear force
3. Strong nuclear force

All particles feel the Weak nuclear force

Quarks and leptons (electrons-muons-taus) feel the
Electromagnetic force
Quarks feel the Strong Nuclear force

These forces are carried by four types of force

carrying particles or Vector bosons

the Z and W bosons carry the Weak force

the gluon carries the Strong force
the photon carries the Electromagnetic force

I II III Z/W photon gluon

charm- top-
up-quark Weak Em Strong
quark quark
down- strange- bottom-
Weak Em Strong
quark quark quark
electron muon tau Weak Em
electron- muon- tau-
Weak
neutrino neutrino neutrino

(This is complicated by the fact that the Weak and

Elecromagnetic forces are different aspects of the same
force. In fact the W boson is electromagnetically
charged and interacts with photons.

Of these force carriers only the photon is massless,

and so only the Electromagnetic force can propagate
over macroscpic distances.

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF MATTER WITHIN

OUR DOMAIN

Matter is always hiererchically structured.

At each level of the hierarchy the energies involved

become weaker, the structures built become physically
larger and more complex.

Within our Domain, the hierarchy goes as follows:

1. Nucleons Up and Down quarks combine to form

 nucleons. There are only two stable nucleons -
neutrons or protons
2. Nuclei Neutrons and protons combine to form
nuclei. There are many thousands of stable
nuclei.
3. Atoms Nuclei and electrons combine to form
atoms.
4. Molecules Atoms combine to form molecules

DARK MATTER

Thus the Standard Model.

But by the turn of the century it was becoming clear

that only a small fraction of the matter in the Universe
was "normal" matter, in the sense we have defined
above.

The Universe appeared to contain enough mass to be

gravitationally closed (that is, ultimately to slow its
expansion to a stop): but the amount of normal matter
within it was much less than 10% and perhaps as little
as 0.5% of the amount required to do this.

This missing, invisible, matter became colloquially

known as Dark Matter

There were many theories about Dark Matter. Some

held that it was merely ordinary matter in condensed
form - dust, gas, "Jupiters" in interstellar space, mini-
black holes. Others though that the mass/energy was
some sort of strain in space, or vacuum energy, the
Cosmological Constant first hypothesised Einstein. Still
others thought it composed of light, fast ("Hot")
particles like neutrinos.

But as the second millenium drew to a close, it

appeared to be clear that the model becoming
dominant was that of Cold Dark Matter combined
with a Cosmological Constant
 It appears that about 60% of the Universe's mass is
contributed by the strange tension of the vacuum
known as the Cosmological Constant: and that between
1% and 5% is ordinary matter.

The rest is Cold, or slow-moving, matter of an

unknown type.

Theories of the nature of Cold Dark Matter abounded.

But the most popular belief was that it was composed
of exotic slow, heavy, stable, particles (such as
monopoles or neutralinos) which did not interact with
ordinary matter. In the absence of direct evidence a
multitude of such theories arose

These theories were very close to the truth.

CONTACT: THE DARKS

Everyone knows that experiments designed to detect

Dark Matter were finally successful. (1)

More than successful: it became apparent that the

Dark Matter was intelligent; or rather that entities
evolved out of the Dark Matter were intelligent, and
willing to enter into communication with us. (2)

Details of the Dark Transmisions remain classified:

but we may remain confident that it is the single most
significant event in the history of the human race. The
Cosmic Silence has been ended: ended by a union, not
of the inhabitants of separate stars, but of entirely
different segments of reality.

We have learned that here is more than one type of

matter: Each separate type of matter makes up a
Domain

THE NATURE OF OTHER DOMAINS

 (much of the information that follows is drawn from
the communication known as Dark Transmission V)

The matter of which the Darks are composed is not

made of quarks and leptons: it consists of other types
of particles, which interact with each other using
different forces.

Our Domain is conventially known as Domain Briah,

(a terminology arbitrarily borrowed from the Kabbalah).

The Domain with which contact was recently made is

termed Yesod, an equally arbitrary borrowing.

We are informed that there are a large but finite

number of other Domains.

The matter in our Domain (Briah) has three

generations and three forces. It is impossble to
investigate Yesodic Physics directly: but we have some
information about it. The matter in Domain Yesod, if
our communication is accurate, appears to have four
generations and two forces.

I II III IIII ? ?
yod-
yod-up yod-charm yod-top Far Close
hate
yod- yod- yod- yod-
Far Close
down strange bottom love
kaf lamed mem nun Far
nn-kaf nn-lamed nn-mem nn-nun Far

All particles in Domain Yesod feel the Far force: but

only yods feel the Close force.

It is certain (if only for theoretical reasons) that there

are a large number of other Domains apart from Briah
and Yesod.
 Each Domain has its own type of matter, its own
generations, its own symmetries, and its own forces.
But so far we know only a very little (indeed, only what
the Yesodic Darks have told us) about the other
Domains apart from Yesod.

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF MATTER WITHIN

THE YESODIC DOMAIN

Yesodic particles build up Yesodic analogs of

molecules, solids, liquids, gasses, plasmas and living
things: but in a different hierarchy from the Briahtic
matter.

Exactly how this works is still a mystery, though it

appears that all four of the Yesodic generations are
stable in macroscopic time.

Unlike the Briahtic Strong force, the Near force does

not saturate. Yods (unlike quarks) can exist alone: and
yods do not combine to form Yesodic "nucleons" and
nuclei. Rather, it seems, it is the heavy yods and the
light Yesodic leptons which combine directly to form
large extended structures like crystals and polymers.

Yesodic "chemistry", having more fundamental types

of matter to combine, is therefore much more complex
than Briahtic chemistry.

INDEPENDENCE OF DOMAINS

Since the matter in each different Domains feels a

different set of fundamental forces, Domains do not
normally interact except gravitationally.

We know that other-Domain matter interacts

gravitationally because it forms the "Dark Matter" which
gravitationally closes our universe.

But we cannot normally see or feel other-Domain

matter because it does not interact electromagnetically
or through the strong force.

It interpenetrates us without any contact.

Eerily, the Earth beneath us, and the air and sky
around us, are full of living things; things that move
through us and through what we see as solid matter
without apparent effect.

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DOMAINS

Since, however, we have come into contact with

another Domain, we must modify this picture.

Some Domains must have forces in common.

In fact, we believe that some types of matter in

Domain Yesod also feels the Electromagnetic force - but
weakly.

This gives us the picture of an entity in Domain Yesod

partially interpenetrating us but feeling solid Briahtic
matter, perhaps, as a sort of internal drag or damping
field.

Information about how this works is sketchy. We

believe now that one generation of the yod particles has
a weak electrical charge.(3) When uncombined, these
particles are unstable; but they decay only slowly, and
they are about as common in Yesod as radioactive
elements are in Briah. By manipulating these particles,
the Yesodic Darks are capable of interacting with
Briahtic matter in a controlled manner.

CONCLUSION: THE JEWEL

 As Physics advances, it seems doomed to move
through cycles.

Each new area of knowledge is simplified to its

essence, but then serves as the springboard for a yet
wider understanding. Complexity gives way to
simplicity, which again blossoms into complexity.

The Universe now appear to us to be a single

multifacetted jewel. We live and work within one facet,
and it is the only facet we can sense.

Our job is to understand the whole jewel. The

perplexities of the last century, when a complete
understanding of Particle Physics seemed always just
beyond our grasp, now seem like the antics of a man
trying to jam a piece from one jigsaw puzzle into
another that was nearly completed.

Of course we failed. Of course we did not see the

whole picture. Supersymmettry, String theory, all tried
to build models of the entire crystal, while being
doomed to stare at its other faces through a prismatic
distortion.

But we have friends now - friends found in the last

place anyone could have expected. And perhaps, with
their help, we can, at last, perceive the jewel that is the
Universe, whole and complete.
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