Introduction to Harvard style of referencing

The basic guide offered below can easily be supplemented by on-line support systems. These can be found on the web-sites of most of the major universities. Make sure you use a British institution such as http://library.open.ac.uk/help/howto/citeref/. Do not use the numeric, MLA or MHRA systems of referencing, they are all good systems, but the College of Art only acknowledges the Harvard system, therefore you would not receive any support in the use of alternative referencing systems and more importantly you would not get any marks for using an alternative system. Essentially, the Harvard System is composed of two related parts:

1.
Bibliography or References (arranged alphabetically)
This is the part where the full details of your references should be included. The College of Art prefers you to put titles in italics. (Some systems put titles in bold others underline titles) When using the system, remember to be consistent. See the following examples for different types of sources: a) Book with single author: Authors second name, Initials., (Year) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher Dormer, P. (1990) The Meaning of Modern Design, London: Thames and Hudson. Mirzoeff, N (2002) Visual Culture Reader, London: Routledge b) Book with more than one author: Smith, P. and Mason, D. (1995) What is Art? London: Blacks. c) Edited texts (books): Frascina, F. and Harris, J. (eds) (1992) Art in Modern Culture, London: Open University. d) Article in journal: Bennett, D. (1989) Consuming Popular Culture, Design No. 45, Autumn, pp 7-25. e) References in other sources: Jones, B. (1998) The Process of Craft In: Smith, A. ed. Concepts of Art and Design, London, Falmer Press. f) Group or organisation authorship: British Museum (1999) Museums and Spectatorship, London, British Museum. g) Citing references by the same author in the same year denote by using (a) and (b) in both the text and bibliography.
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Films: The Blood of a Poet (1931) Directed by Jean Cocteau, Paris. (Plus any other information you may have on the film type etc.) Other sources: When you find yourself with some information that is not normally referenced, be it letter, phone call or conversation, provide as much detail as possible and note the nature of the communication: It is often useful to have a copy of the source available in your appendix. Use a format such as the one below. Barker, G., (2010) Communication Theories. (Lecture notes) (Public Lecture, 2 June 2010) or Barker, G (2010) Discussion on citation and referencing. (Letter) (Personal communication, 5 June 2010).

Online sources: The Web and electronic databases are becoming more important as sources of information. They will need to be clearly referenced in your bibliography. The examples below are not exhaustive and if you have an online source that is not listed use a site such as the Open Universitys Guide to citing sources. This can be found at <: http://library.open.ac.uk/help/howto/citeref/>. However it is important to remember that this area of referencing is constantly evolving and you may find contradictions. The most important issue is that you put a reference in, include the URL and the date accessed.

Journal article on the WWW Author Year, 'Article title', Journal Title, volume, issue, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>. Example: Griffith, AI 1995, 'Coordinating family and school: mothering for schooling', Education Policy Analysis Archives, vol. 3, no. 1, http://olam.ed.asu.edu/epaa/ (Accessed 10 April 2010). Databases Example: Images of Advertising in the 1930s. Available at: http://www.lcad/database, LCAD Database (Accessed 12 June 2005). Newspaper articles Newspaper article in electronic database Example: Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal's fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives', The Washington Post, 25 February, p. A03, Electric Library Australasia, (accessed, 2. 3. 2010) Newspaper article on the WWW Example: Cleary, P & Lewis, S 2001, 'It's the end of a long boom', The Australian Financial Review, 8 March, http://afr.com/australia/2001/03/08/FFXIM9PU0KC.html, (Accessed 2. 4. 2010)

Electronic mail Discussion list message

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Author <Author's details - usually an e-mail address> Year of posting, 'Subject/title of posting', description of posting, discussion list Owner, <URL>, accessed. Example: Wilson, D <wilsond@rocketscience.com.au> 2003, 'Using the Web to your advantage', discussion group, National Computer Network, NETTRAIN@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu (accessed 3. 5. 2010) Personal email In-text references to emails are dealt with in the same way as in-text references to other types of personal communication and in general, it is not necessary to provide further details. If there are occasions where readers will be keen to pursue the subject, the email address can be provided in the reference list. Please note: Particular care needs to be taken if you are quoting from these as they may include personal e-mail addresses and be from a restricted source. Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted. Example: Beighton, J., beighton@beighton.com, 2010. Contextual Studies Developments. [E-mail] Message to R Miles (r.miles@lca.ac.uk). Sent Monday 7 June 2010, 08:13. World Wide Web Web document Example: Anderson, J (Minister for Transport and Regional Services) 2000, CASA approves avgas contamination test, media release, 23 January, Department of Transport and Regional Services,Canberra, http://www.dotrs.gov.au/media/anders/archive/2000/jan_00/al6_2000.htm (Accessed 10 April 2010). Web document (no author) Example: Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational leadership by Columbia University 1993-2000 (initial workshop draft) 1994, draft workshop report, Institute for Learning technologies,Columbia University, http://ariel.adgrp.com/~ghb/trips/940717_ICT/policy/ILT/EdPlan.html (Accessed 10 April 2010). Web document (no publication date) Example: Sherman, C. The invisible web, Free Pint Limited, UK, http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/080600.htm#feature (Accessed 10 April 2010). Web site Example: The Bodyshop. 2010. Values and Campaigns [Online] (Updated 16 Jan 2010) Available at: http://www.thebodyshop.co.uk/en/gb/values-campaigns/ (Accessed 10 April 2010). N.B. the URL should be underlined The title of a web page is normally the main heading on the page. Online images Example: The lunar interior 1999, PlanetScapes, US, http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg (Accessed 10 April 2010)
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Electronic books Example: Gould, SJ 2000, 'More things in Heaven and Earth', in H Rose & S Rose (eds.), Alas, poor Darwin: arguments against evolutionary psychology , Harmony Books, New York, http://ezproxy.usq.edu.au/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/unisouthernqld/Doc?id=10015543 (Accessed 10 April 2010). CD-ROMs, films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs The bibliographic details are the same for CD-Roms, films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs Example: Australia through time 1994, CD-ROM, Random ROM in assoc. with the ABC, Sydney. For more information on the Harvard referencing system look under Harvard in the College Library study skills section or visit http://library.open.ac.uk/help/howto/citeref/

2.
Citing references in the main body of the text, like this: (Mirzoeff, 2000, p15). This gives the
basic information about your source. There may be different stresses in your writing so you will need to adapt your style of referencing according to what you are trying to say and whether you are quoting directly, or paraphrasing. (It is very important to paraphrase rather than quote whenever you can, as this demonstrates your understanding of the text, quotations should only be used when there is no other way of expressing what is said). i) As Mirzoeff puts it From our fin de siecle perspective, the information age seems much less optimistic (2002, p15). According to Mirzoeff (2002), there can be negative assumptions made about the information age. This view contradicts the view that the information age seems less optimistic (Mirzoeff, 2002, p15).

ii)

iii)

Or when paraphrasing, in this case paraphrasing two authors: iv) It has been noted by a number of cultural theorists that debates around multiculturalism are interdisciplinary (Said, 1978; McLeod, 2000).

If you are paraphrasing but wish to be more specific when you are referring to someones work, you can add page numbers (see example iii). Otherwise authors names and the date are enough. References to web sites and other online sources should provide the stem and date in the text and the full address and the date the site was accessed in the bibliography. How to cite online references within your dissertation text (In text citation) Web site
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For websites found on the world wide web the required elements for a reference are: In text citation. 25% of women now look specifically for make-up products that have not been tested on animals. (The Bodyshop, 2010) Reference as it would appear in your bibliography The Bodyshop. 2010. Values and Campaigns [Online] (Updated 16 Jan 2010) Available at: http://www.thebodyshop.co.uk/en/gb/values-campaigns/[Accessed 10 April 2010].

N.B. the URL should be underlined The title of a web page is normally the main heading on the page. It is good practice to keep a copy of the front page of any website you use. Web addresses can be given directly in the text using angle brackets (< >) to isolate them from any sentence punctuation. Example: Details are available from the college's Web site <http://www.leeds-art.ac.uk>. Web document (author known) To cite a document from a Web site within the text of an assignment, reference the editor or compiler and the date on which the document was created or last revised. Examples: Klintworth (2000) International Narcotics Control Board (1999) Web document (no author) To cite a document from a Web site within the text of an assignment, where the author is unknown, give the title of the document followed by the date of creation or most recent revision. Example: Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational leadership by Columbia University 1993-2000(initial workshop draft) (1994). CD-ROMs, films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programmes In-text references should contain the title (in italics) and date. Examples: Australia through time (1994) Helpful Hints

You must specify the date on which you accessed the item, since Web documents can change or disappear at any time. If a Web document includes both a date of creation and a date it was last updated, use only the date it was last updated. If you find a document on the Web which is a series of linked pages, use the information from the main or "home" page. If you have trouble identifying the title, look at the top of the Web page above FILE on your browser. The date a Web document was created is usually listed right at the bottom of the document.

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