Darcyfrictionfactorformulae

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(RedirectedfromSwameeJainequation) Influiddynamics,theDarcyfrictionfactorformulaeareequationsbasedonexperimentaldataandtheoryfortheDarcyfrictionfactor.TheDarcy frictionfactorisadimensionlessquantityusedintheDarcyWeisbachequation,forthedescriptionoffrictionlossesinpipeflowaswellasopenchannelflow. ItisalsoknownastheDarcyWeisbachfrictionfactororMoodyfrictionfactorandisfourtimeslargerthantheFanningfrictionfactor.[1]

Contents
1Flowregime 1.1Laminarflow 1.2Transitionflow 1.3Turbulentflowinsmoothconduits 1.4Turbulentflowinroughconduits 1.5Freesurfaceflow 2Choosingaformula 3Colebrookequation 3.1Compactforms 3.2Solving 3.3Expandedforms 3.4Freesurfaceflow 4ApproximationsoftheColebrookequation 4.1Haalandequation 4.2SwameeJainequation 4.3Serghides'ssolution 4.4GoudarSonnadequation 4.5Brkisolution 4.6Blasiuscorrelations 4.7TableofApproximations 5References 6Furtherreading 7Externallinks

Flowregime
Whichfrictionfactorformulamaybeapplicabledependsuponthetypeofflowthatexists: Laminarflow Transitionbetweenlaminarandturbulentflow Fullyturbulentflowinsmoothconduits Fullyturbulentflowinroughconduits Freesurfaceflow.

Laminarflow
TheDarcyfrictionfactorforlaminarflow(Reynoldsnumberlessthan2100)isgivenbythefollowingformula:

where: istheDarcyfrictionfactor istheReynoldsnumber.

Transitionflow
Transition(neitherfullylaminarnorfullyturbulent)flowoccursintherangeofReynoldsnumbersbetween2300and4000.ThevalueoftheDarcyfriction factormaybesubjecttolargeuncertaintiesinthisflowregime.

Turbulentflowinsmoothconduits
TheBlasiusequationisthemostsimpleequationforsolvingtheDarcyfrictionfactor.BecausetheBlasiusequationhasnotermforpiperoughness,itisvalid onlytosmoothpipes.However,theBlasiusequationissometimesusedinroughpipesbecauseofitssimplicity.TheBlasiusequationisvaliduptotheReynolds number100000.

Turbulentflowinroughconduits
TheDarcyfrictionfactorforfullyturbulentflow(Reynoldsnumbergreaterthan4000)inroughconduitsisgivenbytheColebrookequation.

Freesurfaceflow
ThelastformulaintheColebrookequationsectionofthisarticleisforfreesurfaceflow.Theapproximationselsewhereinthisarticlearenotapplicableforthis typeofflow.

Choosingaformula
BeforechoosingaformulaitisworthknowingthatinthepaperontheMoodychart,Moodystatedtheaccuracyisabout5%forsmoothpipesand10%for roughpipes.Ifmorethanoneformulaisapplicableintheflowregimeunderconsideration,thechoiceofformulamaybeinfluencedbyoneormoreofthe following: Requiredprecision Speedofcomputationrequired Availablecomputationaltechnology: calculator(minimizekeystrokes) spreadsheet(singlecellformula) programming/scriptinglanguage(subroutine).

Colebrookequation
Compactforms
TheColebrookequationisanimplicitequationthatcombinesexperimentalresultsofstudiesofturbulentflowinsmoothandroughpipes.Itwasdevelopedin 1939byC.F.Colebrook.[2]The1937paperbyC.F.ColebrookandC.M.White[3]isoftenerroneouslycitedasthesourceoftheequation.Thisispartly becauseColebrookinafootnote(fromhis1939paper)acknowledgeshisdebttoWhiteforsuggestingthemathematicalmethodbywhichthesmoothandrough pipecorrelationscouldbecombined.TheequationisusedtoiterativelysolvefortheDarcyWeisbachfrictionfactorf.Thisequationisalsoknownasthe ColebrookWhiteequation. ForconduitsthatareflowingcompletelyfulloffluidatReynoldsnumbersgreaterthan4000,itisdefinedas:

or

where: istheDarcyfrictionfactor Roughnessheight, (m,ft) Hydraulicdiameter, (m,ft)Forfluidfilled,circularconduits, =D=insidediameter Hydraulicradius, (m,ft)Forfluidfilled,circularconduits, =D/4=(insidediameter)/4 istheReynoldsnumber.

Solving
TheColebrookequationisusedtobesolvednumericallyduetoitsapparentimplicitnature.Recently,theLambertWfunctionhasbeenemployedtoobtain explicitreformulationoftheColebrookequation.[4]

Expandedforms
Additional,mathematicallyequivalentformsoftheColebrookequationare:

where: 1.7384...=2log(23.7)=2log(7.4) 18.574=2.513.72 and

or

where:

1.1364...=1.7384...2log(2)=2log(7.4)2log(2)=2log(3.7) 9.287=18.574/2=2.513.7. Theadditionalequivalentformsaboveassumethattheconstants3.7and2.51intheformulaatthetopofthissectionareexact.Theconstantsareprobably valueswhichwereroundedbyColebrookduringhiscurvefittingbuttheyareeffectivelytreatedasexactwhencomparing(toseveraldecimalplaces)results fromexplicitformulae(suchasthosefoundelsewhereinthisarticle)tothefrictionfactorcomputedviaColebrook'simplicitequation. Equationssimilartotheadditionalformsabove(withtheconstantsroundedtofewerdecimalplacesorperhapsshiftedslightlytominimizeoverallrounding errors)maybefoundinvariousreferences.Itmaybehelpfultonotethattheyareessentiallythesameequation.

Freesurfaceflow
AnotherformoftheColebrookWhiteequationexistsforfreesurfaces.Suchaconditionmayexistinapipethatisflowingpartiallyfulloffluid.Forfreesurface flow:

ApproximationsoftheColebrookequation
Haalandequation
TheHaalandequationwasproposedbyNorwegianInstituteofTechnologyprofessorHaalandin1984.ItisusedtosolvedirectlyfortheDarcyWeisbach frictionfactorfforafullflowingcircularpipe.ItisanapproximationoftheimplicitColebrookWhiteequation,butthediscrepancyfromexperimentaldatais wellwithintheaccuracyofthedata.ItwasdevelopedbyS.E.Haalandin1983. TheHaalandequationisdefinedas:
[5]

where: istheDarcyfrictionfactor istherelativeroughness istheReynoldsnumber.

SwameeJainequation
TheSwameeJainequationisusedtosolvedirectlyfortheDarcyWeisbachfrictionfactorfforafullflowingcircularpipe.Itisanapproximationoftheimplicit ColebrookWhiteequation.

wherefisafunctionof: Roughnessheight,(m,ft) Pipediameter,D(m,ft) Reynoldsnumber,Re(unitless).

Serghides'ssolution
Serghides'ssolutionisusedtosolvedirectlyfortheDarcyWeisbachfrictionfactorfforafullflowingcircularpipe.Itisanapproximationoftheimplicit ColebrookWhiteequation.ItwasderivedusingSteffensen'smethod.[6] Thesolutioninvolvescalculatingthreeintermediatevaluesandthensubstitutingthosevaluesintoafinalequation.

wherefisafunctionof: Roughnessheight,(m,ft)

Pipediameter,D(m,ft) Reynoldsnumber,Re(unitless). TheequationwasfoundtomatchtheColebrookWhiteequationwithin0.0023%foratestsetwitha70pointmatrixconsistingoftenrelativeroughnessvalues (intherange0.00004to0.05)bysevenReynoldsnumbers(2500to108).

GoudarSonnadequation
GoudarequationisthemostaccurateapproximationtosolvedirectlyfortheDarcyWeisbachfrictionfactorfforafullflowingcircularpipe.Itisan approximationoftheimplicitColebrookWhiteequation.Equationhasthefollowingform[7]

wherefisafunctionof: Roughnessheight,(m,ft) Pipediameter,D(m,ft) Reynoldsnumber,Re(unitless).

Brkisolution
BrkishowsoneapproximationoftheColebrookequationbasedontheLambertWfunction[8]

whereDarcyfrictionfactorfisafunctionof: Roughnessheight,(m,ft) Pipediameter,D(m,ft) Reynoldsnumber,Re(unitless). TheequationwasfoundtomatchtheColebrookWhiteequationwithin3.15%.

Blasiuscorrelations
EarlyapproximationsbyBlasiusaregivenintermsoftheFanningfrictionfactorinthePaulRichardHeinrichBlasiusarticle.

TableofApproximations
Thefollowingtablelistshistoricalapproximationswhere:[9] Re,Reynoldsnumber(unitless) ,Darcyfrictionfactor(dimensionless) ,roughnessoftheinnersurfaceofthepipe(dimensionoflength) D,innerpipediameter isthebase10logarithm. NotethattheChurchillequation(1977)istheonlyonethatreturnsacorrectvalueforfrictionfactorinthelaminarflowregion(Reynoldsnumber<2300).All oftheothersarefortransitionalandturbulentflowonly. TableofColebrookequationapproximations

Equation

Author Moody

Year 1947

Ref

where

Wood

1966

Eck

1973

Jainand Swamee

1976

Churchill

1973

Jain

1976

where

Churchill

1977

Chen

1979

Round

1980

Barr

1981

or

Zigrangand Sylvester

1982

Haaland

1983

or

where

Serghides

1984

Manadilli

1997

Monzon, Romeo,Royo

2002

where:

Goudar, Sonnad

2006

where:

Vatankhah, 2008 Kouchakzadeh

where

Buzzelli

2008

Avci,Kargoz

2009

Evangleids, Papaevangelou, 2010 Tzimopoulos

References
1. ^Manning,FrancisS.Thompson,RichardE.(1991).OilfieldProcessingofPetroleum.Vol.1:NaturalGas.PennWellBooks.ISBN0878143432,420pages.See page293. 2. ^Colebrook,C.F.(February1939)."Turbulentflowinpipes,withparticularreferencetothetransitionregionbetweensmoothandroughpipelaws".Journalofthe InstitutionofCivilEngineers(London). 3. ^Colebrook,C.F.andWhite,C.M.(1937)."ExperimentswithFluidFrictioninRoughenedPipes".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.SeriesA, MathematicalandPhysicalSciences161(906):367381.Bibcode:1937RSPSA.161..367C(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1937RSPSA.161..367C). doi:10.1098/rspa.1937.0150(http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1937.0150). 4. ^More,A.A.(2006)."AnalyticalsolutionsfortheColebrookandWhiteequationandforpressuredropinidealgasflowinpipes".ChemicalEngineeringScience61 (16):55155519.doi:10.1016/j.ces.2006.04.003(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ces.2006.04.003). 5. ^BSMasseyMechanicsofFluids6thEdISBN0412342804 6. ^Serghides,T.K(1984)."Estimatefrictionfactoraccurately".ChemicalEngineeringJournal91(5):6364. 7. ^Goudar,C.T.,Sonnad,J.R.(August2008)."ComparisonoftheiterativeapproximationsoftheColebrookWhiteequation".HydrocarbonProcessingFluidFlow andRotatingEquipmentSpecialReport(August2008):7983.

8. ^Brki,Dejan(2011)."AnExplicitApproximationofColebrooksequationforfluidflowfrictionfactor".PetroleumScienceandTechnology29(15):15961602. doi:10.1080/10916461003620453(http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10916461003620453). 9. ^Beograd,DejanBrki(March2012)."DeterminingFrictionFactorsinTurbulentPipeFlow" (http://www.che.com/processing_and_handling/liquid_gas_and_air_handling/9059.html).ChemicalEngineering:3439.(subscriptionrequired)

Furtherreading
Colebrook,C.F.(February1939)."Turbulentflowinpipes,withparticularreferencetothetransitionregionbetweensmoothandroughpipelaws". JournaloftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers(London).doi:10.1680/ijoti.1939.13150(http://dx.doi.org/10.1680%2Fijoti.1939.13150). ForthesectionwhichincludesthefreesurfaceformoftheequationComputerApplicationsinHydraulicEngineering(5thed.).HaestadPress.2002, p.16. Haaland,SE(1983)."SimpleandExplicitFormulasfortheFrictionFactorinTurbulentFlow".JournalofFluidsEngineering(ASME)105(1):8990. doi:10.1115/1.3240948(http://dx.doi.org/10.1115%2F1.3240948). Swamee,P.K.Jain,A.K.(1976)."Explicitequationsforpipeflowproblems".JournaloftheHydraulicsDivision(ASCE)102(5):657664. Serghides,T.K(1984)."Estimatefrictionfactoraccurately".ChemicalEngineering91(5):6364.Serghides'solutionisalsomentionedhere (http://www.cheresources.com/colebrook2.shtml). Moody,L.F.(1944)."FrictionFactorsforPipeFlow".TransactionsoftheASME66(8):671684. Brki,Dejan(2011)."ReviewofexplicitapproximationstotheColebrookrelationforflowfriction".JournalofPetroleumScienceandEngineering77 (1):3448.doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2011.02.006(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.petrol.2011.02.006). Brki,Dejan(2011)."WsolutionsoftheCWequationforflowfriction".AppliedMathematicsLetters24(8):13791383.doi:10.1016/j.aml.2011.03.014 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aml.2011.03.014).

Externallinks
WebbasedcalculatorofDarcyfrictionfactorsbySerghides'solution.(http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor) Opensourcepipefrictioncalculator.(http://pfcalc.sourceforge.net) Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darcy_friction_factor_formulae&oldid=583887623" Categories: Equationsoffluiddynamics Piping Fluidmechanics Thispagewaslastmodifiedon30November2013at08:44. TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsof UseandPrivacyPolicy. WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.