GeometricModelling

Learningobjectives
Tounderstandthefunctionsandrequirementsof geometricmodellinginmanufacturing Tostudythedifferenttypesofgeometric modellingtechniques Torecognizethedifferenttypesgeometric entitiesanditsmathematicalrepresentations

GeometricModelling
Geometric modelling is the representation of physical objects on computers , allowing both interactive and automatic analysis of design, and the expression of design in a form suitable for manufacturing.

FunctionsofGeometricModelling
DesignAnalysis Evaluationofareasandvolumes Evaluationofinertiaproperties Interferencecheckingandassemblies Analysisoftolerancebuildupinassemblies Analysisofkinematics machines,robotics AutomaticmeshgenerationforFEA

FunctionsofGeometricModelling
Drafting Automaticplanarcrosssectioning Automatichiddenlineandsurfaceremoval Automaticproductionofshadedimages Automaticdimensioning Automaticcreationofexplodedviewsfor technicalillustrations

FunctionsofGeometricModelling
Manufacturing Partsclassification Processplanning Numericalcontroldatagenerationand verification Robotprogramgeneration

FunctionsofGeometricModelling
ProductionEngineering Billofmaterials Materialrequirement Manufacturingresourcerequirement Scheduling InspectionandQualityControl Programgenerationforinspectionmachines Comparisonofproducedpartwithdesign

RequirementsofGeometricModelling

GeometricModels

WireframeModelling
Advantages Simpleinconstruction Lesscomputertimeandmemory ForsimpleNCtoolpathgenerationand interferencedetection Limitations Lackofvisualcoherence CantbeusedforFEA

SurfaceModelling
Advantages Lessambiguous Supporthiddenlineandsurfaceremoval algorithms Utilizedformasspropertycalculations, creationofFEmeshes,NCtoolpath generationandcheckinginterferences betweenmatingparts Limitations Highercomputertimeandmemory Dontspecifythetopologyofobjects

SolidModelling
Advantages Representscomplete,validandunambiguous objects Containsbothgeometricalandtopological information Utilizedformasspropertycalculations,FEA, NCtoolpathgenerationandverification, processplanningandcheckinginterferences betweenmatingparts. Limitations Highercomputertimeandmemory

Wireframe Modelling
Awireframerepresentationisa3Dlinedrawing ofanobjectshowingonlytheedgeswithoutany sidesurfaceinbetween. Theimageoftheobject,asthenameapplieshas theappearanceofaframeconstructedfromthin wiresrepresentingtheedgesandprojectedlines andcurves.

Wireframe Modelling
A computer representation of a wireframe structure consists essentially of two types of information: The first is termed metric or geometric data which relate to the 3D coordinate positions of the wireframe node points in space. The second is concerned with the connectivity or topological data, which relate pairs of points together as edges.

ClassificationofWireframeEntities
Curveentitiesaredividedintotwocategories. 1. Analyticalcurves Points, lines, arcs, fillets, chamfers, and conics (ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas) 2. Synthetic curves Includes various types of spline; Hermite cubic spline, Bezier and Bspline

CurveRepresentationMethods
The mathematical representation of a curve can be classified as: 1. Nonparametric Explicit Implicit

2. Parametric

NonparametricRepresentation
Explicitnonparametricequationis: y=c1+ c2 x+c3 x2 +c4x3 Uniquesinglevalueofthedependentvariablefor eachvalueoftheindependentvariable. Implicitnonparametricequationis: (x xc)2 +(y yc)2 =r2 Nodistinctionismadebetweenthedependentand theindependentvariables.

ParametricRepresentation
In parametric representation, each point on a curve is expressed as a function of a parameter u. The parameter acts as a local coordinate for points on the curve. For 3D Curve

P(u ) [ x

z ] [ x(u )
T

y (u ) z (u )]

umin u umax

Type 1.Explicit 2.Implicit

Form

Example

Description Line Circle

Line 3.Parametric ; Circle

ParametricRepresentationofAnalyticCurves
1.LINE Vectorform

PP 1 u(P 2 P 1)
Scalarform

0 u 1

x x1 u ( x2 x1 ) y y1 u ( y2 y1 ) z z1 u ( z 2 z1 )
TheaboveequationdefinesalineboundedbytheendpointsP1 andP2 whose associatedparametricvalueare0and1

0 u 1

ParametricRepresentationofAnalyticCurves
2.CIRCLE

Thebasicparametricequationofacirclecanbewrittenas

x xc R cos u y yc R sin u z zc 0 u 2

ParametricRepresentationofAnalyticCurves
2.CIRCULARARCS Circulararcsareconsideredaspecialcaseofcircles.A circulararcparametricequationisgivenas

x xc R cos u y yc R sin u z zc
Whereus andue arethestartingandendinganglesof thearcrespectively

u s u ue

1. Determine the parametric representation of line segment between the position vectors P1 [1 1] and P2 [4 5]. What are the slope and tangent vector for this line?
Aparametricrepresentationis P(u)=P1+(P2P1)u=[11]+([45][11])u P(u)=[11]+[34]u Parametricrepresentationofxandycomponentsare x(u)=x1+(x2x1)u=1+(41)u=1+3u y(u)=y1+(y2y1)u=1+(51)u=1+4u TangentvectorisobtainedbydifferentiatingP(u) P(u)=[x(u)Y(u)]=[34](or) 3i+4jwherei,j areunitvectorsinthex,y directions Slope(dy/dx)=y/x=4/3