National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Faculty of Electricity

Assignment : Introduction to Wattmeter

0884076677

The Purpose of Lesson

After we learned this lesson, we will be know : 1. Definitions and Forms Power and Energy 2. Definitions Wattmeter and Watt hour meter 3. Real component and Symbol of Wattmeter 4. Types of Wattmeter 5. Circuit of Analog Wattmeter

6. Wattmeter connection with single phase loads to measure for power

7. How to find the Wattmeter reading 8. Two-Wattmeter connection with three phase loads to measure for power 9. Three-Wattmeter connection with three phase loads to measure for power

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1. Power and Energy

What is Power ? - Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W). = = = = What is Energy ? - Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).

= =

Note: The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours (Wh), where 1 Wh = 3,600 J
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2. Wattmeter and Watt-hours meter

What is Wattmeter ? - The Wattmeter is an instrument which measures

the average electric power in watt (or the supply

rate of electrical energy). Wattmeter What is Watt-hours meter ? - Watt-hour meter is an instrument which measures electrical energy in watt hours (electricity meter

or energy analyzer).
Watt-hours meter
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3. Real Component and Symbol Wattmeter

Real Component Symbol

Wattmeter

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4. Types of Wattmeter
How many are there types of Wattmeter ? - There are two types of Wattmeter, they are Analog Wattmeter and Digital Wattmeter. Analog Wattmeter Digital Wattmeter

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5. Circuit of Analog Wattmeter

The device consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil known as the potential coil (or voltage coil). The current coils is connected in series with the circuit (loads), while the potential coil is connected in parallel with the source. The potential coil carries a needle that moves over a scale to indicate the measurement. A current flowing through the current coil generates an electromagnetic field around the coil. The deflection of the needle is proportional to both the current and the voltage, thus conforming to the equation W=VA.

For DC, P = VI For AC, = Here, represents the power factor which shows that the power transmitted may be less than the apparent power obtained by multiplying the readings of a voltmeter and ammeter in the same circuit.
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6. Wattmeter connection with single phase loads

= + = 2 ; = + = 2

Load

The wattmeter measures the average power given by : = 1 = = 2

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7. How to find the Wattmeter reading

Before we learn how to find the Wattmeter reading, we must be know what is the Complex Power ? . Complex power (in VA) is the product of the rms voltage phasor and the complex conjugate of the rms current phasor. As a complex quantity, its real part is real power P and its imaginary part is reactive power Q.
=

= + = 2 + 2

; = = : Real Power ; = = : Reactive Power

Which power does the Wattmeter read ? The Wattmeter reads is the Real Power.

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Practice
find the Wattmeter reading in this circuit. The current through the circuit is : 12030 = 9 12 4 2 + 9 + 12 = 13.079 + 1.301 The voltage loads is the voltage source,

So the complex power is :

= = 12030 13.079 1.301

= 1437.269 + 649.53 The Wattmeter reads is : = = 1437.269

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Exercise
find the Wattmeter reading in this circuit.

Answer : P = Re(S) = 432.7 W

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8. Three Wattmeter connection with three phase loads

Three-wattmeter method for measuring three-phase power :

the sum of the wattmeter readings gives the total average power = 1 + 2 + 3

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9. Two Wattmeter connection with three phase loads

Two-wattmeter method for measuring three-phase power :

the sum of the wattmeter readings gives the total average power = 1 + 2

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Reference

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattmeter - http://metrology.tkk.fi/courses/S-108.4010/2006/Power_and_Energy.ppt

- http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities
/Afghan_Capacity_Building_Program_Aug_09/Metering_Systems_and_Mana gement_Sep_2010/Presentations/English/Measurement_of_power_150910.pdf - Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 4th ed - C. Alexander, M. Sadiku (McGraw-Hill, 2009) WW.

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