29 Novembra 2007, Rakian

BIOGAS FOR FARMING, ENERGY CONVERSION AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

Kestutis NAVICKAS
Department of Agroenergetics Lithuanian University of Agriculture

Rakian, 2007

INSPIRATIONS FOR BIOGAS

Political - Kyoto protocol, EU and national legislations Environmental reduction of organic and biological pollution Veterinary treatment of animal by-products not intended for human consumption Energy replacement of fossils to local resources Recovery production of new products from wastes Agricultural waste treatment, fertilizers Social labor market and regional development
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Development of biogas industry in Germany

3500 3000

P. Weiland, 2007

3500 2800 2400 2000

Number of plants

2500 2000
1600 1800

1500
1050

1000
617

850 450

500 0

186 100 120 139 159

274

370

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

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2006

Process design
Technology flows and elements
Substrate collection and holding pretreatment - separation, cutting, mixing, sanitation loading and removal digestate storage and utilization Process mixing heating Biogas collection and holding conversion
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AD Process scheme

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British Biogen

Process parameters
Temperature Psychrophilic (10oC - 25oC) Mesophilic (25oC - 45oC) Thermophilic (55oC - 60oC)

Hydraulic retention time HRT (the average time the substrate remain in a digester) HRT = Vl / Sd (Vl liquid volume, Sd daily flow) Cattle manure - 12 18 days Pig manure - 10 15 days

Organic loading rate OLR (organic material fed daily per m3 of digester volume) Cattle manure - 2.5 3.5 kg VS/ m3 day Pig manure - 3.0 3.5 kg VS/ m3 day
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Process indicators

SUBSTRATE Composition (TS, VS, Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates) pH level (about 7.0) Rate of C:N Biogas yield potential (m3/kg substrate or m3/kg TS) BIOGAS Biogas rate (m3/m3 of digester volume per day) Biogas composition and energy potential
OTHER Energy efficiency or biogas utilization factors BOD and COD in feed and removal or VS in feed and removal Pay back
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Biogas yields from different biomass

Maize Grasses Mangel

200 110 75

Used fats Fatty wastes Vegetable oil Sewage waste Distilary waste Dairy waste Fruit and vegetables

400 350 80 80 55 35 35 30 25 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

800

Poultry manure Cattle manure Pig manure

800

Biogas yield, m3/t

Rakian, 2007

Biomass for biogas

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Influence on biogas production of the industrial substrate

Substrate, t
350 manure 300 250 200 6 150 100 50 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

12 industrial waste biogas per week 10 8

4 2 0 Weeks
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Biogas, 103 . m3

Composition of Biogas
Component CH4 Dimension % Content 55 - 80

CO2 H2S NH3 Humidity Caloric value Caloric value

% mg/m3 mg/m3 MJ/m3 kWh/m3

Rakian, 2007

15 - 45 0 - 5000 0 - 450 Saturated 20 - 25 5,5 8,0

Biogas use
BIOGAS

Separation of sulphur, dust and moisture

Upgrading

Conversion

Compression

Boiler

Cogenerator

Fuel cell

Storage

Heat

Electricity

Heat

Electricity

Heat

Liquid fuel

Rakian, 2007

Cogeneration
ler oo c id qu 6,6 % i L 2 r ole o sc ga t en flu f E

Heat exchanger of liquid cooler 10,3% 3.5% Effluent gas 25.8% 35,4% Heat exchanger of effluent gas 21.9% 0.6% Losses 8.8% 0.3%

Biomass energy potential 100%

Thermal energy 61.7

Gas engine

Effluent gas 36,1%

Losses of heat transmission 2,9% Mechanical energy 35,4 % Power generator Heat energy 57.3 % Electrical energy 33,9 %

2.9%

1.5%

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Pig Farm Biogas Plant, Lithuania

60 m3 pig manure / day + Industrial wastes: ~ 3 t / day Digester: 3 x 300 m3 horizontal steel digesters Biogas production: 1200 - 2500 m3/d Co-generation: 1 x 75 kW and 1 x 110 kW 2 x 300 kW gas burners
Rakian, 2007

Pig Farm Biogas Plant, Lithuania 2

90 m3 pig manure / day + Industrial wastes: ~ 10 t / day 1 x 2000 m3 vertical steel digester Biogas production: 3000 - 3500 m3/d Co-generation: 4 x 150 kWel
Rakian, 2007

Laboratory

Rakian, 2007

Potential problems of anaerobic digestion

Waste management create traffic movements for waste collecting and digestate transporting to the land. Accidents of waste transporters can cause pollution of environment. The potential noise can be given from deliveries, pumps, compressors, mixers etc. There may also be some risk of fire and explosion, although no greater than with systems using natural gas Employers of people working in biogas plants must assess the risk from exposure of the gases, pathogens in the feedstocks and to control that risk Transportation of animal by-products creates some risks for health and risk of animal disease transmission between farms.

Rakian, 2007

Benefits for environment

Mitigation atmospheric methane concentrations reduces impacts on global climate change Treatment of wastes reduces water, pollution, odors and destroys pathogens air

Application of digestate fulfils the phosphorus requirements of the crops and completes the nitrogen requirements from mineral fertiliser.

Displacement emissions

of

fossil
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fuels

reduces

CO2

Farming benefits
Diversification of farming activities;
Reliable energy production and utilisation; Additional earnings from waste treatment, production of energy and fertilisers, selling of green certificates;

Improvement of the mechanical and nutrition properties of manure;

Rakian, 2007

Thank you for attention!

Kestutis NAVICKAS
Department of Agroenergetics Lithuanian University of Agriculture Studentu 11, LT-53361, Akademija, Kaunas distr. LITHUANIA
E-mail Kestutis.Navickas@lzuu.lt Tel. + 370 68 78 68 26 Fax. + 370 37 75 22 71
Rakian, 2007