I.

Corporal Punishment and Psychosocial

person's lack of concern with other people's opinions can seem liberating to others who might feel trapped inside the roles of society. Activities suggested by someone with a behavior disorder that at first seem to be daring and fun may soon become dangerous or give no thought to the well-being of others, however. People with antisocial personalities are also more likely to abuse alcohol and drugs. Antisocial behavior often includes hostility and aggression, which may take the form of verbal or physical abuse. Some people may angrily refuse to follow the rules of a situation, or actively defy the authority of a parent, teacher, or employer. Both children and adults may lie and steal to get what they want or simply to hurt others. Recognizing Antisocial Behavior in Children Children conduct show following or adolescents will more or of with the in

Is

arrogant

and

overly

confident. Likes to set fires. Is cruel to animals.

Aggression and their Effects on Emotion and Behavior Mood Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior Aggression is any form of behavior by one person which is intended to cause pain, suffering, or damage to another person. Aggression includes many types of behaviors. usually Although only most of people think

Treatment Antisocial behavior in adults is not easily treated by psychotherapy or medication, and it can be difficult to motivate adults to change. Children exhibiting signs of a conduct disorder can often be treated, however, behavior help especially is identified and if the early.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy can children adolescents reasoning, change their moral

aggression in terms of physical attacks, verbal behavior meant to cause psychological harm is alsoaggression. Physical

learn empathy, and deal with frustration in positive ways. The longer antisocial behavior is allowed to continue, the more difficult it is to treat. Anxiety Disorder Social phobia Social phobia is a persistent and irrational fear of situations that may involve scrutiny or judgment by others, such as parties and other social events. Causes People with social phobias fear and avoid situations in which they may be judged by others. It may begin in adolescence and may have to do with overprotective parents or limited social opportunities. Males and females are affected equally with this disorder. People with social phobia are at high risk for alcohol or other drug dependence, because they may come to rely on drinks or drugs to relax in social situations. Symptoms People conscious with in social everyday phobia social become very anxious and selfsituations. They have an intense,

aggression includes behaviors like hitting another person or firing a gun. Verbal aggression includes behaviors like screaming at someone in anger or using an obscene gesture. Antisocial behavior can generally be characterized as an overall lack of adherence to the social mores and standards that allow members of a society to co-exist peaceably. Many people who display this type of behavior may seem charming, but often cause harm to others and show little remorse for their actions.

disorder signs

typically

three

consistently

their personality traits: Behaves impulsively, thoughtlessly jeopardizing the safety of himself and others. Is manipulative, and lies or cons his way through situations. Does law. Borrows money with no intention of repaying it. Steals. Is overly aggressive, often picking fights. Is willing to hurt others emotionally or physically without showing remorse. not follow rules, and enjoys breaking the

Antisocial behavior can be part of a larger conduct disorder, or personality antisocial and is disorder, personality seen in such as disorder, more

men

commonly than women. Characteristics A person who displays antisocial behavior might appear to be charismatic and outgoing at first, but this can hide the fact that such people tend to be extremely selfish and self-centered. The

persistent, and chronic fear of being watched and judged by others, and of doing things that will embarrass them. They can worry for days or weeks before a dreaded situation. This fear may become so severe that it interferes with work, school, and other ordinary activities, and can make it hard to make and keep friends. Although many people with social phobia realize that their fears about being with people are excessive or unreasonable, they are unable to overcome them on their own. Social phobia can be limited to one situation (such as talking to people, eating or drinking, or writing on a blackboard in front of others). Or, it may be so broad (such as in generalized social phobia) experiences almost Physical that everyone symptoms Blushing Difficulty talking Nausea Profuse sweating Trembling the anxiety other that person around than often

Using public restrooms anxiety stage child is a

but will return later. There is also a normal desire to test their independence. To get over separation anxiety, children must: Feel safe in their home environment Trust people other than their parents Trust that their parents will return Even after children mastered have this successfully

Separation anxiety Separation developmental which primary mother). Causes, factors As infants develop, various they experience emotions, incidence, and risk the during

experiences (usually the

anxiety when separated from the caregiver

usually in a predictable order. Before 8 months, infants are so new to the world that they have little knowledge and of what may is be ordinary what

developmental stage, separation anxiety may return during periods of stress. Most some anxiety situations, children degree when from will of in their experience separation unfamiliar when parents. When children are in situations (such as hospitals) stress and (such are as experiencing

dangerous, so new situations or experiences seem usual, and not frightening. In normal development, during this early period the infant feels or are becomes familiar with the home environment, comfortable other known and when parents caretakers

especially

separated

illness or pain), they seek the safety, comfort, and protection of their these parents. situations, When the parents children cannot be with their children in experience distress. This is why it is important to stay with your child as much as is possible during any medical procedures. Your presence can actually reduce the amount of pain the child experiences, as anxiety of any kind makes pain worse. Symptoms Excessive separated Nightmares Reluctance because separation of to go fear to of school or other places distress from when the

family members. occur with social phobia include:

present. After this time, lack of familiarity often produces fear because on. From 8 - 14 months, children often become frightened when they meet new people or visit new places. They recognize their parents When as familiar and from safe. their separated the infant recognizes that something unusual is going

Social phobia is different from shyness. Shy people are able to participate function relationships. Some of the most common fears of people include: Attending Eating, parties drinking, and and other social occasions writing in public Meeting new people Speaking in public with social phobia in in social functions. and Social phobia affects the ability to work

parents, particularly when away from home, they feel threatened and unsafe. Separation anxiety is a normal developmental stage. It helped keep our ancestors alive and helps children learn how to master their environment. It usually ends when the child is around 2 years old. At this age, toddlers begin to understand that parents may be out of sight now,

primary caregiver

Reluctance to go to sleep without the primary physical caregiver nearby

Causes children:

of

Panic

attacks

in

Chest pain/ distress Hot chills flashes or sudden

Repeated complaints Worry harm

Unrecognized condition.

medical

Tingling in fingers or toes Fear, fright, or anxiety Fear that you may die

about losing or coming to the

Medicine induced panic attack (if the child is on medications)

Children suffering from anxiety disorders tend to manifest certain personality can watch characteristics, out for you these

primary caregiver Panic Attacks In Children

Genetic

factors

(family

history of panic attacks) Childhood trauma Bullying at school Injury surgery) Illness Issues and misperceptions about puberty Other stress factors: Interpersonal conflict or loss Family issues Sibling rivalry Divorce of parents Use if stimulants, such as caffeine, decongestants; Increased pressure for performance at school Increased pressure to be brighter, smarter and better without any practical skills training sexuality during (eg, accidents,

Panic attacks in children are

often missed or overlooked because most children lack the skills to understand panic attacks or they may feel fearful about communicating their panic attack experiences. It is estimated that 12% ( about 1 in 8 ) of all 9th-graders have experienced at least one panic attack. These children are at an increased risk of developing panic attacks when they become adults, roughly about 20% to of these children grow up develop

characteristics and see if your child exhibits any of them: Unreasonably sadness, or anger, physical

outbursts which may even include violence Excessive sleep or decreased sleep Many mood swings, Decreased appetite Avoidance of school

Diets For Kids Diet and nutrition for kids is a challenge. Most children are bombarded with persuasive and attractive advertising from a very young sugar or age. salt Most and are foods often advertised tend to be high in sponsored by colorful cartoon characters.

some form anxiety attacks.

The symptoms of panic attacks in children are similar to those in adults, the symptoms

Children need to be given a choice and must be allowed to eat little and often. Fats There is no need for children to eat low-fat products. Fats are a necessary component of anyones diet. The issue with fat is that of moderation due to the higher calorie content of fats. Some of the more important fats required in childhood development are Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats. Sources of omega-3 are tuna, salmon, sesame seeds, nuts,

include: Difficulty in breathing Rapid heartbeat Feelings of nervousness Trembling/ extremely nervous Heart palpitation, Terror that is almost paralyzing Dizziness, lightheadedness, feeling of nausea Choking sensation or feeling and racing

sardines. (Note that nuts are not suitable for very young children due to a choking risk.

Sources almonds. Protein

of

omega-6

are

He poor

works grades

hard (Cs

on or

nature. A person with a diagnosis of sexual masochism is sometimes called a masochist. The Diagnostic and Statistical

Avocado, sunflower seeds, corn,

homework, but still gets below). He is easily distracted, loses his focus when doing homework and has difficulty homework. He works hard but is in all subjects, much completing

Protein is essential but needs to be moderated in children so as not Eggs, to overload the kidneys. include; beef, Good protein sources milk, cheese, yogurts, chicken,

Manual of Mental Disorders ,

also known as the DSM , is used by mental health professionals to diagnose specific mental disorders. In the 2000 edition of this manual (the Fourth Edition Text one Revision of also known as .

unflavored

turkey,

lamb, fish, and even some grains such as oats and millet. Carbohydrates There and Many candies, foods. Good crackers, carbohydrate whole grain choices cereals, include; Fruits, vegetables, bread, unsweetened muesli. School Problems Many one children time or have problems These with schoolwork or homework at another. problems usually do not last long because what caused them to happen in the first place gets better (for example, a child adjusts to his new school or new teacher, or a child recovers from a stressful family situation). On the other hand, school problems may continue and be a sign that your child has a learning disability or some other problem that needs special attention and additional help. Signs of school problems These "red flags" may mean your child is having significant problems at school that need special attention: it is never should children any make need up to the their reduce carbohydrates in children biggest portion of their diets. receive carbohydrates from sugary juices, processed breakfast foods, and many other snack

better in some subjects than in others. He "forgets" to bring homework home. He doesn't seem to care about schoolwork. He complains of being bored all day at school. Causes of school problems There are many causes of school problems. Vision or hearing problems may make it hard for a child to read, to hear the teacher or to do schoolwork. Simply spending too much time with sports, hobbies or extracurricular activities may leave a child too tired or with not enough time to do her homework properly. Other issues, such as chronic illness, anxiety, child's specific attention depression schoolwork. learning problem, or family a or problems can also interfere with a Finally, as disability

DSM-IV-TR ) sexual masochism is

several are paraphilias intense Paraphilias and

recurrent sexually arousing urges, fantasies, or behaviors. Description In addition to the sexual pleasure or excitement derived from receiving pain and humiliation, an individual with sexual masochism often experiences or significant distress in impairment

functioning due to masochistic behaviors or fantasies. With regard to actual masochistic behavior, the person may be receiving the pain, suffering, or humiliation have a at the hands of of another person. This partner may diagnosis sexual sadism but this is not necessarily the case. Such behavior involving a partner is sometimes referred to as sadomasochism. Masochistic acts include being physically restrained through the use of handcuffs, cages, chains, and ropes. Other include spanking, beating, cutting, acts to and sexual receiving whipping, electrical rape, and Psychological fantasies masochism related

briefly

described below, may make it difficult for a child to learn. Sexual Problems Sexual masochism Definition The essential feature of sexual masochism sexual resulting suffering, is the or feeling of arousal from or excitement pain, The

punishment or pain by means of paddling, burning, shocks, mutilation. also be involved.

receiving humiliation.

pain, suffering, or humiliation is real and not imagined and can be physical or psychological in

humiliation and degradation can

Masochistic

behavior

can

also

are finally acted upon, a person is in a state of considerable distress and/or arousal. In the case of sexual behavior masochism, becomes masochistic associated

Many of these problems are not serious. It is important to know how to help your sick baby, and to know the warning signs for more serious problems. Trust your intuition - if you are worried about your baby, call your health care provider right away. III. Parenting a Toddler

occur in the context of a roleplaying fantasy. For example, a sadist can play the role of teacher or master and a masochist can play the role of student or slave. The person with sexual masochism may also be inflicting the pain or suffering on himself or herself. This can be done through self-mutilation, cutting, or burning. The masochistic acts experienced or fantasized by the person sometimes reflect a sexual or psychological submission on the part of the masochist. These acts can range from relatively safe behaviors to very physically and psychologically behavior. The DSM lists one particularly dangerous and deadly form of sexual masochism People experience called with sexual hypoxyphilia. hypoxyphilia dangerous

with and inextricably linked to sexual behavior. There is also a belief that masochistic individuals truly want to be in the dominating role. This causes others. Another theory suggests that people seek out sadomasochistic behavior as a means of escape. They get to act out fantasies and become people. new and different them to become conflicted and thus submissive to

Common Behavioral Problems Bedwetting Overview Bedwetting, or nocturnal enuresis, refers to the unintentional passage of urine during sleep. Enuresis is the medical term for wetting, whether in the clothing during the day or in bed at night. Another name for enuresis is urinary incontinence. For infants and young children, urination is involuntary. Wetting is normal for them. Most children achieve some degree of bladder control Daytime achieved by 4 years is while of age. control first usually nighttime

Symptoms
Individuals with sexual masochism experience sexual excitement from physically or psychologically receiving pain, suffering, and/or humiliation. humiliation They at the may hands be of receiving the pain, suffering, or another person, who may or may not be a sadist, or they may be administering the pain, suffering, or humiliation themselves. They experience distressed or impaired functioning because of the masochistic behaviors, urges, and fantasies. This distress or impairment functioning can in impact social,

arousal by being deprived of oxygen. The deprivation can be caused by chest compression, noose, plastic bag, mask, or other means and can be administered by another person or be selfinflicted. Causes and symptoms

control comes later. The age at which bladder control is expected varies considerably. Some parents expect dryness at a very early age, while others not until much later. Such a time line the Factors may reflect the and the culture and attitudes of parents that a affect caregivers. age at which wetting is considered o The gender: Bedwetting boys. is more common in problem child's include the following:

Causes
There is no universally accepted cause or theory explaining the origin of sexual masochism, or sadomasochism that attempt to in general. However, there are some theories explain the presence of sexual paraphilias in general. One theory is based on learning theory that paraphilias originate because inappropriate sexual fantasies are suppressed. Because they are not acted upon initially, the urge to carry out the fantasies increases and when they

occupational, or other contexts. II. Problems It is hard when your baby is sick. Common babies health problems colds, in include coughs, Parenting an Infant

Common Infant and Newborn

fevers, and vomiting. Babies also commonly have skin problems, like diaper rash or cradle cap.

The maturity

child's If your child's thumb becomes red and chapped from sucking, try applying a moisturiser while he's sleeping. If you apply it while he's awake, it may just end up in his mouth.

sucking occurs and divert his attention by offering an alternative. Temper Tantrums Temper tantrums in toddlers can range in severity from mild crying and rolling around on the floor, to and severe screaming, kicking, vomiting, jumping up and down, sometimes think aggressive that these to of behavior. "Researchers childrens sort of emotional explosions are part of normal efforts establish a sense of autonomy - a declaration from independence mom and

development and o The child's overall physical emotional and health

-- chronic illness and/or emotional and abuse predispose bedwetting. Thumb Sucking Why it happens Toddlers because suck it's their thumbs and physical may to

Let it go. Nagging or punishing your child won't help, because he doesn't usually realise when he's sucking away. Besides, pressuring him to stop may just make him want to do it even more. And techniques like putting a plaster on his thumb will seem like unjust punishment, especially since he indulges in the habit for comfort and security. Try to be patient. Children usually give up thumb-sucking when they've found other ways to calm and comfort themselves. For example, while a toddler who's hungry may suck his thumb, an older child (age three or four) might simply ask you for a snack instead.

comforting

calming. Your toddler probably practised this habit while he was still in the womb and perfected it as a baby. Now he may turn to his thumb when he's tired,

dad," says the PBS parent article "Early Learning: Focus on Birth to Five, Tips for Raising Your Baby and Preschooler." What Are Some Common Reasons for Temper Tantrums in Toddlers? Toddlers may be tired from lack of sleep. Children may be hungry. There could be too many changes in your surrounding environment, such as a divorce or the addition of a new baby in the household. Toddlers dont know how to verbally communicate the fact that they are angry or disappointed and may resort to temper tantrums as a way of expressing their emotions. Some children may use temper means Children become independent more and tantrums of may as a getting want to

scared, bored, sick or trying to adjust to challenges like starting preschool or going on a long car ride. He may also use his thumb to fall asleep at bedtime and to lull himself back to sleep when he wakes up in the middle of the night. What to do about it Don't worry. Most children can safely suck their thumb without damaging the alignment of their teeth or jaw until their permanent teeth begin to appear around age six. Also, not all thumbsucking is equally damaging. Children who rest their thumb passively in their mouth are less likely to have problems than children who suck aggressively. Watch your child and, if he sucks vigorously, you may want to begin curbing his habit earlier, say at age four.

Pre-empt the thumb-sucking with other activities. If you can identify times and places when your child is particularly likely to suck his thumb while watching television, for example you could try giving him a substitute, such as a squishy toy to squeeze or puppets to play with. If he tends to suck his thumb when he's tired, work more naps into his schedule. Or if he turns to it when he's frustrated, help him put his feelings into words. The key is to notice when and where

attention from you. more have to opportunities

make decisions.

Toddlers

may

be

the midst of your childs temper tantrum, he is learning how to manage his emotions from you. Dont bribe your child to get him to stop throwing the tantrum. This will only encourage him to throw temper often. How Can Parents Prevent Temper Tantrums in Toddlers? There is no foolproof method for avoiding temper tantrums in toddlers but there are ways that you can prevent a few. Avoid placing your child in stressful situations. Remove them from any stimulants trigger outbursts. Distract your child if you see the onset of a temper tantrum. Make sure that your child gets the proper amount of sleep. Make sure that you have nutritious foods readily available for them to eat when they get hungry. Try to avoid in child to huge your the make disruptions Give your that may emotional tantrums more

are

result

of

underlying you should -Toddler

frustrated because they cant accomplish a task that may be too difficult for them. Temper tantrums in children can be a result of discomfort. Children you might give throw them temper tantrums because wont something that they want, such as a ball or a piece of candy. How Should Parents Handle Temper Tantrums in Toddlers? Whether your children experience frequent or sporadic outbursts, there are things that you can do to effectively manage emotional outbursts in children. In the article " Temper Tantrums and Childhood," the American Academy of Pediatrics says, "You should never punish your child for temper tantrums. He may start to keep his anger inside, or which You frustration can be should

emotional Accident

issues,

contact his doctor immediately. Prevention (over 1 year old) 1. All outside play near the street or driveway should be strictly supervised. Be especially backing driveway. 2. Other concerning poisoning, burn measures car safety, drowning as all careful out of when the

prevention, sunburn and prevention, before, mentioned 3.

apply to this age group. Take extra care to provide protection for your child from animal bites. Even trusted pets can produce significant bite wounds in young children. If your child animal, website. 4. Speech and hearing should be things of which you take notice. If your child has a poor response to noise or voice, has slow language or speech development, let us know this at the time of an examination. Please see the section on growth and 5. development for normal time tables. Heavy modern television sets are very prone to tip over and injure children, even killing some children. Parents need to anchor large TVs so that the TV doesn't tip over and injure the child. is bitten consult by an the

section on bites on this

unhealthy."

always remain calm and find ways to soothe your child acknowledging feelings. If your child has a temper tantrum because he is upset that you denied him something, you can simply ignore it. No matter how frustrated you become, avoid losing control. You should never resort to physical Most punishment or yelling as a means to control a temper tantrum. Even in the while fact

toddlers daily routine. opportunity

that you understand his

simple choices. You can let him decide whether he wants bologna or ham on his sandwich. Both choices are acceptable to you and your child gets to opportunity to feel will independent. temper tantrums dissipate by the time children reach the age of four. If you feel that your child's temper tantrums

IV.

Parenting Preschooler

as possible in advance of their first day. Most schools will offer an introductory day, or session, where children go along and see how things work, meet their teacher, find out which room theyll be based in and get a general feel for what school might be like. You can also take them along in your own time to see the school, either by walking past or driving past, so they at least know where theyre going and where door is. Explaining What the Day Will Be Like Many children of this age find it quite hard to grasp that theyll be at school all day, rather than just a few hours or half a day, as with pre-school. Some children are also under the notion that once the first day is over, they wont have to go again for a while. To try and avoid any confusion and help your child understand what school will be like, when theyll have to go and what each day will typically be like, its a good idea to have a good chat to them about it. You may need to do this on several occasions, for them to fully or partially grasp the idea. You might find that reading books about starting school may help the information sink in a bit more. There are both good fictional stories, where characters go to school for the first time, or some non-fiction books available for that age group to help them get to grips with starting school.

Sex

education:

Talking

to

toddlers and preschoolers about sex Sex education often begins with a child's curiosity about his or her body. Here's how to set the stage for sex education and how to answer your child's

Preparing Children for School If your children are approaching the age of five and will soon be starting school, then here are some useful tips on preparing them for the educational transition. Its a big step for children to start school for the first time and its no wonder that many youngsters are nervous or anxious about the prospect. Parents, too, get a bit on edge about it and want the transition their from pre-school settle in, to feel infant school to go well, so that children comfortable and have a happy time. The happier they are being at school, the more likely they are to do well, concentrate in lessons and boost their learning and early education knowledge. Sometimes the transition goes smoothly and you wonder what on earth you were worried about. It can help if your child has attended pre-school sessions at an infant or primary school, where theyll later start school properly aged five, as theyll at least be familiar with the environment. Or if theyve got an older sibling who already goes to the school theyre attending, then theyll have hopefully heard positive things about it already or know where the school is from having been to collect them from school with you. Familiarising Your Child With the School However, if your child hasnt got into your school of choice or is a firstborn and youve had no previous contact with the school, then its a good idea to help familiarise them with it as much

questions. Sex education is a topic many parents would prefer to avoid. And if you have a young child, you might think you're off the hook at least for a while. But that's not necessarily true. Sex education can begin anytime. Let your child set the pace with his or her questions. Early exploration As children learn to walk and talk, they also begin to learn about their bodies. Open the door to sex education by teaching your child the proper names for his or her sex organs, perhaps during bath time. If your child points to a body part, simply tell him or her what it is. This is also a good time to talk about which parts of the body are private. When your child asks questions about his or her body or yours don't giggle, laugh or get embarrassed. Take the questions at face value. Offer direct, ageappropriate responses. she will ask. Expect self-stimulation Many toddlers express their natural sexual curiosity through self-stimulation. Boys may pull at their penises, and girls may rub their genitals. Teach your child that masturbation is a normal but private activity. If your child starts masturbating in public, try to distract him or her. If your child wants to know more, he or

If that fails, take your child aside for a reminder about the importance of privacy. Sometimes, masturbation can frequent indicate a

How are babies born? For some kids, it might be enough to say, "Doctors and nurses help babies who are ready to be born." If your child wants more details, you might say, "Usually a mom pushes the baby out of her vagina."

are very close in age and of the same gender, or where one child is intellectually gifted.[2] Causes According to Kyla Boyse from the University of Michigan, each child in a family competes to define who they are as individuals and want to show that from may their feel they are siblings. they are separate Children

problem in a child's life. Perhaps he or she feels anxious or isn't receiving enough attention at home. It can even be a sign of sexual abuse. Teach your child that no one is allowed to touch the private parts of his or her body you're without permission. about If concerned your

Why doesn't everyone have a penis? Try a simple explanation, such as, "Boys and girls bodies are made differently." Why do you have hair down often You there? works might Simplicity here, say, too. "Our

getting unequal amounts of their parents attention, discipline, and responsiveness. Children fight more in families where there is no understanding that fighting is not an acceptable way to resolve conflicts, and no alternative ways of handling such conflicts. Stress in the parents and childrens lives can create more conflict and increase sibling rivalry. Prevention Parents can reduce the opportunity for rivalry by refusing to compare or typecast their children,[11] teaching the children positive ways to get attention from each other and from the parent, planning fun family activities together, and making sure each child has enough time and space of their own.[3] They can also give attention, each child individual encourage

child's behavior, consult his or her doctor. Curiosity about others By age 3 or 4, children often realize that boys and girls have different genitals. As natural curiosity kicks in, you may find your child playing "doctor" or examining removed another from child's sex organs. Such exploration is far adult sexual activity, and it's harmless when only young children are involved. As a family matter, however, you may want to set limits on such exploration. Everyday moments are key Sex education isn't a single tell-all discussion. advantage Instead, of take everyday

bodies change as we get older." If your child wants more details, add, "Boys grow hair near their penises, and girls grow hair near their vaginas." As your child matures and asks more-detailed questions, you can provide more-detailed responses. Answer specific questions using correct you're the terminology. uncomfortable, for open, Even if forge honest

ahead. Remember, you're setting stage discussions in the years to come. Common Behavioral Problems Sibling siblings. Siblings generally spend more time together during childhood than they do with parents. The sibling bond is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, birth order, personality, and people and experiences outside the family.[1] According to child psychologist HO Sylvia Rimm, sibling rivalry is particularly intense when children rivalry is a type of competition or animosity among

opportunities to discuss sex. If there's a pregnancy in the family, for example, tell your child that babies grow in a special place inside the mother. If your child wants more details on how the baby got there or how the baby will be born, offer them. Consider these examples: How inside do a babies get mommy's

teamwork, refuse to hold up one child as a role model for the others, and avoid favoritism.[12] However, according to Sylvia Rimm, although sibling rivalry can be reduced it is unlikely to be entirely eliminated. In moderate doses, rivalry may be a healthy indication that each child is assertive enough to express his or her differences with other siblings.[2] Weihe[13] criteria suggests should be that used four to

tummy? You might say, "A mom and a dad make a baby by holding each other in a special way."

determine behavior is

if rivalry

questionable or sibling

chosen

hobbies,

riding

and

outside of the school environment, underachieving in the school is still considered a problem since school grades, particularly those in high school, can either open or close doors to possibilities in the future. Also Known As: Working below potential Attention deficit disorder ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, hyperactivity

sailing. In fact her interest in sailing only came about when we bought a Mirror dinghy for her younger sister in an attempt to give her a boost. Middle Daughter had inherited my fear of the water and hated the hobby! Eldest Daughter excelled. Middle Daughter was a born entertainer, and although bright and intelligent, lacked the zeal to compete with her older sister. The result was that she felt she was under constant attack from her teachers, who urged her to be 'more like your sister'. V. Parenting a Schooler

abuse. First, one must determine if the questionable behavior is age appropriate: e.g., children use different conflict-resolution tactics during stages. various Second, developmental one must

determine if the behavior is an isolated incident or part of an enduring pattern: abuse is, by definition, a long-term pattern rather than occasional disagreements. Third, one must determine if there is an "aspect of victimization" to the behavior: rivalry others, tends to be incidentis specific, reciprocal and obvious to while abuse characterized by secrecy and an imbalance of power. Fourth, one must determine the goal of the questionable behavior: the goal of abuse tends to be embarrassment or domination of the victim. middle child complex is perhaps the most frequently noted and quoted. There is a consensus, which meets with my experience, that the middle child may feel insecure, that they feel they have to fight to receive attention from parents and others, and feel out of place because they are being ignored. I would certainly children agree are that often middle

impulsivity, or a combination. For these problems to be diagnosed as ADHD, they must be out of the normal range for a child's age and development. Causes, factors ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood. It affects about 3 - 5% of school aged children. ADHD is diagnosed much more often in boys than in girls. ADHD may run in families, but it is not clear exactly what causes it. Whatever the cause may be, it seems to be set in motion early in life as the brain is developing. Imaging studies suggest that the brains of children with ADHD are different from those of other children. Depression, lack of sleep, learning disabilities, behavior tic disorders, may and be problems incidence, and risk

Common Behavioral Problems Underachievement occurs when a child's performance is below what is expected based on the child's ability. For example, a child who scores in the 90th percentile range on standardized tests can be expected to excel in school, to be earning A's and perhaps some B's. A child with high potential who earns less than B's is said to be underachieving. Some experts suggest that gifted children who are working below their potential in school are not necessarily underachievers. They may be excelling in areas outside of school. For example, these children may be composing music, creating and working in community assistance programs, or tutoring underprivileged children. However, even though some gifted children may be highly motivated to work and excel

compared unfavourably with the eldest child in a family. This was borne out in my own daughters' experience. The eldest, who even as a toddler played 'little mum', much to her younger sister's displeasure, displayed many of the traits listed for first-borns. Although fun-loving at play, she was studious and competitive both at school and with her

confused with, or appear with, ADHD. Every child suspected of having ADHD should be carefully examined by a doctor to rule out possible other conditions or reasons for the behavior. Most children with ADHD also have at least or one other developmental behavioral

problem. They may also have a

psychiatric Symptoms

problem,

such

as

2.

Leaves remaining expected

seat seated

when is

depression or bipolar disorder. The symptoms of ADHD fall into three groups: Some primarily type. the Lack of attention 4. 5. behavior with the may type ADHD have are a less 2. 3. (inattentiveness) Hyperactivity Impulsive (impulsivity) children have Others inattentive inattentive 1. 3.

Runs about or climbs in inappropriate situations Has quietly Is often "on the go," acts as if "driven by a motor," talks excessively difficulty playing

Impulsivity symptoms: Blurts out answers before questions completed Has turn Interrupts or intrudes on others (butts into conversations or games) difficulty awaiting have been

combination of types. Those with disruptive and are more likely to not be diagnosed with ADHD. Inattentive symptoms 1. Fails to to give close or attention details

makes careless mistakes in schoolwork 2. Has play 3. 4. Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly Does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace 5. 6. Has difficulty organizing tasks and activities Avoids or dislikes tasks that mental 7. Often require effort loses sustained (such as difficulty keeping attention during tasks or

schoolwork) toys, pencils, assignments,

books, or tools needed for tasks or activities 8. 9. Is easily distracted Is often forgetful in daily activities Hyperactivity symptoms: 1. Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat