1. INTRODUCTION 1.

2 Wireless LAN (WLAN)

Wireless LANs provide all the functionality of wired LANs, but without the physical constraints of the wire itself. A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a flexible data communication system implemented as an extension to or as an alternative for, a wired LAN within a building, campus or any small area (the limits of the si e of this area depend on the wireless technology used). Wireless LANs combine data connectivity with user mobility, and, through simplified configuration, enable movable LANs. Wireless LANs use electromagnetic airwaves (radio and infrared) to communicate information from one point to another without relying on any physical connection. !adio waves are often referred to as radio carriers because they simply perform the function of delivering energy to a remote receiver. "he data being transmitted is superimposed on the radio carrier so that it can be accurately extracted at the receiving end. "his is generally referred to as modulation of the carrier by the information being transmitted. #nce data is superimposed (modulated) onto the radio carrier, the radio signal occupies more than a single fre$uency, since the fre$uency or bit rate of the modulating information adds to the carrier.

4. HOW WLAN WORKS "he %&&& '().** standard represents the state of the art in wireless LANs. "his standard support+s ,irect -e$uencing -pread -pectrum

(,---), .re$uency /opping -pread -pectrum (./--) and %nfrared technology. %n wireless LANs the user+s or clients access the data or information from the server through the Access 0oint. "his access point is wor1ing as a bridge between &thernet LAN and wireless LAN. "he media between client and access point is space. "he data is to be transferred in the form of 2icrowaves or -pread -pectrum or %nfrared techni$ue. %n all this the transmitters and receivers handle the data transfer between client and server.

Basic Wireless LAN Con i!"ra#ion

Wireless Local Area Networ1 is similar to the LAN networ1, but each node not on the WLAN using wireless devices to connect to the networ1 ith. node in the WLAN using the same fre$uency channel and --%, that shows the identity of the wireless devices. 3nli1e cable networ1s, wireless networ1s have two modes that can be used4 infrastructure and Ad5/oc. 6onfiguration infrastructure is the communication between each 06 via a WLAN access point or LAN on. Ad5/oc communication is direct communication between each computer using wireless devices. "he use of these two modes depending on the need to share data or other needs with the wired networ1. A. Ad5/oc 2ode Ad5/oc networ1 mode WLAN is a very simple, because the ad5hoc does not re$uire access point for the host can interact with each other. &ach host has a wireless

transmitter and receiver to communicate directly with each other as shown in .igure *. ,isadvantages of this mode are the computer cannot communicate with computers on the networ1 using a cable. %n addition, the range in this mode is limited to the distance between the two computers. 8. %nfrastructure 2ode %f the computer on a wireless networ1 to access a wired networ1 or shared printer for example, the wireless networ1 must use the infrastructure mode. %n access point mode functioning infrastructure to serve the main communication on wireless networ1s. Access point transmits data to a 06 with a certain range in an area. "he addition and location of access point settings can expand the reach of the WLAN. a. 6omponent5WLAN 6omponents "here is four main components in WLAN, namely4 *. Access 0oint, a device that became the central connections of the user (the user) to the %-0, or from branch offices to head$uarters if the networ1 is owned by a company. Access50oint functions convert radio fre$uency signals (!.) into digital signals that will be distributed via cable, or channeled to other WLAN devices to be converted bac1 into radio fre$uency signals. ). Wireless LAN %nterface, is the e$uipment installed in the 2obile 9 ,es1top 06, developed e$uipment that mass is in the form of 0626%A (0ersonal 6omputer 2emory 6ard %nternational Association) card, a 06% card or via 3-8 port (3niversal -erial 8us). 7. 2obile 9 ,es1top 06s, is access to a user device, mobile 06s in general have been installed while the 0626%A port of a des1top 06 must be added the wireless adapter through the 06% (0eripheral 6omponent %nterconnect) card or a 3-8 (3niversal -erial 8us). :. &xternal antenna (optional) is used to strengthen the transmit power. "his antenna can be assembled by the user. &xample4 antenna cans. !elatively Access50oint device is able to accommodate several hundreds of users simultaneously. -ome vendors recommend only a do en to about :( of the user for an Access 0oint. Although his theory can accommodate this device a lot but it will happen declining performance due to !. signal itself and the power Access 0oint operating system. Logic components of the Access 0oint are the &--%, (&xtended -ervice -et %dentification) which is the %&&& '().** standard. 3sers must connect the wireless adapter to the Access 0oint with a particular &--%, so that data transfer can occur. &--%, become standard authentication in wireless communications. %n terms of

security of some specific vendors to ma1e certain authentication 1ey for authentication of the client process to the Access 0oint.

Wireless LAN Arc$i#ec#"re

A typical Wireless LAN (WLAN) architecture re$uired a transmitter9receiver (transceiver) device, called an access point (A0), connects to the wired networ1 from a fixed location using standard &thernet cable. "he A0 can relay data between the wireless devices (such as computers or 0,A) and wired devices on the networ1. At a minimum, the access point receives, buffers, and transmits data between the WLAN and the wired networ1 infrastructure. A single access point can support a small group of users and can function within a range of less than one hundred to several hundred feet. Within the range of the A0s, the wireless end user has a full networ1 connection with the benefit of mobility. &nd users access the WLAN through wireless adapters, which are implemented as 06 cards in noteboo1 computers, or use 06% adapters in des1top computers, or fully integrated devices within mobile devices. WLAN adapters provide an interface between the client networ1 software and the airwaves (via an antenna). 3sers need very little new information to ta1e advantage of wireless LANs. 3ser applications wor1 the same as they do on wired LANs and the mobile stations moves from one A0 to another A0 within a networ1 automatically according to the signal strength. A Wireless LANis a communication system implemented to lin1 two or more devices or computers without using wires. 3sing radio waves, WLAN transmit and receive data over the air, minimi ing the need for wired connections. "hus, WLAN gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the networ1.

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"he benefits of wireless LANs include4

Convenience4 "he wireless nature of such networ1s allows users to access networ1 resources from nearly any convenient location within their primary networ1ing environment (home or office).

With the increasing saturation of laptop5style computers, this is particularly relevant. > %nstallation speed and simplicity ? No cable to pull. ? &liminates current architecture obstacles. ? .ew transmitters9receivers for multiple for users. > %nstallation flexibility ? "he networ1 goes where wires cannot. ? Not constrained by expensive walls. ? &asy to add more computers and devices.

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2obility is a significant advantage of WLANs. 3ser can access shared resources without loo1ing for a place to plug in, anywhere in the organi ation. A wireless networ1 allows users to be truly mobile as long as the mobile terminal is under the networ1 coverage area.

Cos#( A wireless networ1 may cost less than a traditional networ1 because it re$uires .ewer pieces of physical hardware to set up. All that is re$uired for a wireless networ1 is a wireless router and a wireless adapter installed in each computer that is going to 6onnect to the router. 2any new computers come with wireless adapters built in.

Ins#alla#ion S)ee*+ Si,)lici#' an* -le.i&ili#'

%nstallation of a WLAN system can be fast and easy and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings. .urthermore, wireless LAN enables networ1s to be set up where wires might be impossible to install.

Scala&ili#'

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Wireless networ1s can be designed to be extremely simple or complex. Wireless networ1s can support large numbers of nodes and large physical areas by adding access points to extend coverage.

Disa*/an#a!es o Wireless LAN

Sec"ri#' "he ma@or disadvantage to wireless computing is security. !adio waves can easily 0enetrate walls and buildings and the signals may be passively retrieved with out 8eing noticed. "his allows hac1ers to easily penetrate your networ1 causing large Amounts of damage. &ven if your wireless signals are encrypted, if you are sending ,ata to a wired networ1, the signal must be temporarily unencrypted leaving it Aulnerable to hac1ers and other unfriendly parties.
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Range4 "he typical range of a common'().**g networ1 with standard e$uipment is on the order of tens of meters. While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a larger structure. "o obtain additional range, repeaters or additional access points will have to be purchased. 6osts for these items can add up $uic1ly. #ther technologies are in the development phase, however, which feature increased range, hoping to render this disadvantage irrelevant.

Li,i#e* ran!e( Wireless LANs can transmit up to *, (( feet without losing connection. "he rule of Wireless transmission is higher the data rate, the shorter the range.
Speed4 "he speed on most wireless networ1s (typically *5*('2bit9s) is reasonably slow compared to the slowest common wired networ1s (*(( 2bit9s up to several Bbit9s). "here are also performance issues caused by "60 and its built5in avoidance. .or most users, however, this observation is irrelevant since the speed bottlenec1 is not in the wireless routing but rather in the outside networ1 connectivity itself. .or example, the maximum A,- throughput (usually ' 2bit9s or less) offered by telecommunications companies to general5 purpose customers is already far slower than the slowest wireless networ1 to which it is typically connected. "hat is today, in most environmentsC a wireless networ1 running at its slowest speed is still faster than the internet connection serving it in the first place. /owever, in speciali ed environments, the throughput of a wired networ1 might be necessary. Newer standards such as '().**n readdressing this limitation and will support pea1 throughputs in the range of *((5)(( 2bit9s.

S)ee*( Wireless devices are almost always slower than the same networ1 using a wired 6onfiguration (about : to < megabits per second). Hi!$ )o0er cons",)#ion( A ma@or problem with wireless computing is power management. 6urrently batteries %n mobile computing devices have limited amounts of energy, which can be $uic1ly &xpended in the effort of sending wireless signals. "he farther your device is from the ,estination of your message, the more power it re$uires to send the message. A 6ommonly used solution to this problem is to operate the devices in power saving 2odes. "his however eliminates the ability of the user to obtain real5time data.

1. A22LICATIONS O- WIR3L3SS LAN( /ere is the brief description about the various industries and wor1 environments, which can benefit from deploying form wireless LAN solutions. WLAN solutions are permitting into wide range of industries such as health care, education, warehousing and office environment, more and more customers for WLANs are recogni ing the benefits offered. *. /ealthcare4 /ealth care institutions exist to help people get well and stay well but this critical mission is often happened by all the paperwor1 for admissions to patient records from billing to insurance report the time spent to 1eep them is not. "he WLAN technology can help healthcare professional such as4 Eeep patient records current and accessible. 2aintain networ1 connectivity for mobile, roaming staff.

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 Lin1 departmental wired LANs in separate buildings to central facilities. ). &ducation4 "oday there is more to delivering education than face5 to face contact the internet, distance learning, and computer based training allow instructors, students, and resources to be located across a continent. WLAN can help educators and administrators meet a variety of educations such as4 Low5cost campus area networ1s for access to local and %nternet services. .lexible, temporary LANs located $uic1ly. Networ1 access to roaming students. *. #ffice4 &arlier days, wor1ing in an office meant that every day you wor1ed in the same location at the same des1 with the same computer. When you wor1ed at the other end of the building you left behind everything, today the picture is fading, and the picture that+s coming into focus feature flexible office configurations and a mobile wor1force. With WLAN people can done their wor1 done and ma1e office infrastructure more efficient such as4

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 !eliable connectivity for individual wor1ers and whole wor1groups to networ1ed applications and data from any office location. -ales and service persons spend almost all their time out of the office it is possible to connect the m officers. 4. CONCLUSION( We conclude that wireless LAN is more flexible and it is low cost than wired Lan.we can access the data from any where in the globe with out connect to the other clients or servers. Nowadays it is not used by the most of people, but in the coming future it is sure that this WLAN will occupy entire globe.

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"hebenefits of wireless LANs include4

Convenience: The wireless nature of suchnetworks allowsusers to access network resources from nearly any convenient locationwithin their primary networking environment (home or office). With theincreasing saturation of laptop-style computers, this is particularlyrelevant. Mobility: With the emergence of publicwireless networks,users can access the internet even outside their normal workenvironment. ost chain coffee shops, for e!ample, offer theircustomers a wireless connection to the internet at little or no cost. Productivity: "sers connected to awireless network canmaintain a nearly constant affiliation with their desired network asthey move from place to place. #or a business, this implies that anemployee can potentially be more productive as his or her work can beaccomplished from any convenient location. Deployment: $nitial setup of aninfrastructure-based wireless network re%uires little more than asingle access point.Wired networks, on the other hand, have the additional cost andcomple!ity of actual physical cables being run to numerous locations(which can even be impossible for hard-to-reach locations within abuilding). Expandability: Wireless networks canserve asuddenlyincreased number of clients with the e!isting e%uipment. $n awired network, additional clients would re%uire additional wiring. Cost: Wireless networking hardware modestincrease from wired counterparts. is atworst a This potentially

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increased cost isalmost always more than outweighed by the savings in cost and laborassociated to running physical cables.

Disadvantages of Wireless LAN

Wireless&'( )esource
FpF pGHHI styleGHfont5family4 AerdanaC margin5left4 :(pxC text5align4 @ustifyCHIWirelessLAN technology, while replete with the conveniences andadvantages described above, has its share of downfalls. .or a givennetwor1ing situation, wireless LANs may not be desirable for a numberof reasons. 2ost of these have to do with the inherent limitations ofthe technology.

Security: Wireless &'( transceivers aredesigned to servecomputers throughout a structure with uninterrupted service using radiofre%uencies. *ecause of space and cost, the antennas typically presenton wireless networking cards in the end computers are generallyrelatively poor. $n order to properly receive signals using suchlimited antennas throughout even a modest area, the wireless &'(transceiver utili+es a fairly considerable amount of power. What thismeans is that not only can the wireless packets be intercepted by anearby adversary,s poorly-e%uipped computer, but more importantly, auser willing to spend a small amount of money on a good %uality antennacan pick up packets at a remarkable distanceperhaps hundreds of timesthe radius as the typical user. $n fact, there are even computer usersdedicated to locating and sometimes even hacking into wirelessnetworks, known as wardrivers..n a wired network, any adversary would first have to overcome thephysical limitation of tapping into the actual wires, but this is notan issue with wireless packets. To combat this consideration, wirelessnetworks users usually choose to utili+e various encryptiontechnologies available such as Wi-#i /rotected 'ccess(W/'). 0ome of the more older encryption methods, such as W1/ are knownto have weaknesses that a dedicated adversary can compromise. (Seemain article: Wireless security.)2324-2325 Ran e: The typical range of a common627.55g network withstandard e%uipment is on the order of tens of meters. While sufficientfor a typical home, it will be insufficient in a larger structure. Toobtain additional range, repeatersor

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additional access points will have to be purchased. 8osts for theseitems can add up %uickly. .ther technologies are in the developmentphase, however, which feature increased range, hoping to render thisdisadvantage irrelevant. (0ee Wi '9)

Reliability: &ike any radio fre%uencytransmission, wireless networking signals are sub:ect to a wide varietyof interference,as well as comple! propagation effects (such as multipath,or especially in this case )ician fading) that arebeyond the control of the network administrator. $n the case of typicalnetworks, modulation is achieved bycomplicated forms of phase-shift keying(/0;) or %uadrature amplitudemodulation (<' ), making interference and propagation effectsall the more disturbing. 's a result, important network resources suchas servers are rarelyconnected wirelessly. Speed: The speed on most wirelessnetworks (typically 5526 bit=s) is reasonably slow compared to the slowest common wirednetworks (522 bit=s up to several >bit=s). There are also performanceissues caused by T8/ and itsbuilt-in congestion avoidance.#or most users, however, this observation is irrelevant since the speedbottleneck is not in the wireless routing but rather in the outsidenetwork connectivity itself. #or e!ample, the ma!imum '?0&throughput (usually 6 bit=s or less) offered by telecommunicationscompanies to general-purpose customers is already far slower than theslowest wireless network to which it is typically connected. That is tosay, in most environments, a wireless network running at its slowestspeed is still faster than the internet connection serving it in thefirst place. @owever, in speciali+ed environments, the throughput of awired network might be necessary. (ewer standards such as 627.55n areaddressing this limitation and will support peak throughputs in therange of 522-722 bit=s.

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T$e A*/an#a!es an* Disa*/an#a!es o Usin! a Wireless LAN an* i#s 2rac#ical Uses > > Bene i#s o Wireless LAN 2ro*"c#i/i#'+ con/enience+ an* cos# a*/an#a!es ? ? ? ? ? > Ins#alla#ion s)ee* an* si,)lici#'. Ins#alla#ion le.i&ili#'. Re*"ce* cos#6o 6o0ners$i). %o&ili#'. Scala&ili#'.

Ins#alla#ion s)ee* an* si,)lici#' ? ? ? No ca&le #o )"ll. 3li,ina#es c"rren# arc$i#ec#"re o&s#acles. -e0 #rans,i##ers5recei/ers or ,"l#i)le or "sers.

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Ins#alla#ion le.i&ili#' ? ? ? T$e ne#0or7 !oes 0$ere 0ires canno#. No# cons#raine* &' e.)ensi/e 0alls. 3as' #o a** ,ore co,)"#ers an* *e/ices.

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Re*"ce* cos#6o 6o0ners$i) ? ? ? %o&ile *e/ices are less e.)ensi/e #$an co,)"#er 0or7s#a#ions. Can =R"n 3rran*s> an* s#a' in #o"c$. No nee* #o &"il* 0irin! close#s.

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%o&ili#' ? ? ? ? Access #o real6#i,e in or,a#ion. S"))or#s )ro*"c#i/i#'. 2ro/i*es ser/ice o))or#"ni#ies. 2ro,o#es le.i&ili#'.

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Scala&ili#' ? ? ? ? S)ans a /arie#' o #o)olo!ies. Con i!"ra#ions are easil' c$an!e*. Wor7s o/er !rea# *is#ances. 3 ec#i/e or 0i*e ran!e o "ser co,,"ni#ies. > > S,all n",&er o "sers 0i#$ local nee*s. -"ll in ras#r"c#"re ne#0or7s roa,in! o/er a &roa* area.

Disa*/an#a!e o Wireless LAN > Cos# ? ? > Wireless ne#0or7 car*s cos# 4 #i,es ,ore #$an 0ire* ne#0or7 car*s. T$e access )oin#s are ,ore e.)ensi/e #$an $"&s an* 0ires.

Si!nal Blee* O/er ? Access )oin#s )ic7 ") #$e si!nals o a*?acen# access )oin#s or o/er)o0er #$eir si!nal.

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S"sce)#i&le #o 0ea#$er an* solar ac#i/i#'. Cons#raine* &' &"il*in!s+ #rees+ #errain.

Less Ca)aci#' ? ? Slo0er &an*0i*#$. Li,i# #o $o0 ,"c$ *a#a a carrier 0a/e can #rans,i# 0i#$o"# los# )ac7e#s i,)ac#in! )er or,ance.

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$##)(55000.ln.e*".$75i#sc5ne#0or750irel ess5arc Wireless LAN Arc$i#ec#"re

A typical Wireless LAN (WLAN) architecture re$uired a transmitter9receiver (transceiver) device, called an access point (A0), connects to the wired networ1 from a fixed location using standard &thernet cable. "he A0 can relay data between the wireless devices (such as computers or 0,A) and wired devices on the networ1. At a minimum, the access point receives, buffers, and transmits data between the WLAN and the wired networ1 infrastructure. A single access point can support a small group of users and can function within a range of less than one hundred to several hundred

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feet. Within the range of the A0s, the wireless end user has a full networ1 connection with the benefit of mobility. &nd users access the WLAN through wireless adapters, which are implemented as 06 cards in noteboo1 computers, or use 06% adapters in des1top computers, or fully integrated devices within mobile devices. WLAN adapters provide an interface between the client networ1 software and the airwaves (via an antenna). 3sers need very little new information to ta1e advantage of wireless LANs. 3ser applications wor1 the same as they do on wired LANs and the mobile stations moves from one A0 to another A0 within a networ1 automatically according to the signal strength. A Wireless LANis a communication system implemented to lin1 two or more devices or computers without using wires. 3sing radio waves, WLAN transmit and receive data over the air, minimi ing the need for wired connections. "hus, WLAN gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the networ1.

/ome I Architecture Library I "echnology Architecture I Wireless LAN 0attern

Descri)#ion
Wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN communication technology in which radio, microwave or infrared lin1s replace the physical media (i.e., wires and cables). "he %&&& '().**x series of standards address WLAN standards. .our of the '().**x standards address the physical layer, and, currently only two of them prevail in todayJs mar1et4 '().**b (Wi.i) and '().**g, offering up to **2bps and ;:2bps, respectively.
WLANs are primarily used in conference rooms and other common areas to provide access to networ1 resources without the need to be at a specific des1 WLANs are also used in temporary locations to connect users to the networ1 As wireless devices become more prevalent, this pattern will become ubi$uitousC however, will not displace wired LAN patterns Aendor5specific extensions should be avoided to ease interoperability and management, as well as to prevent additional security problems

"he diagram shows how a wireless wor1station or device connects to a wireless Access 0oint (A0). "he wireless A0s are connected to a switch or router, which may connect to an %6 LAN or directly to N%/net. N%/net is also connected to the %nternet through a wireless ,2K.

Dia!ra,
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Bene i#s
-upports multiple vendor client cards and access points "he WLAN solution is scalable, can be centrally managed, meets security re$uirements, and adheres to N%/ wireless policy 3sers must load and initiate A0N client software in order to establish connectivity securely As shown in the logical design patterns, this approach addresses different classes of users

Li,i#a#ions
!e$uires using a proprietary A0N to address security Addresses Wi.i access through N%6 cardsC does not address integrated wireless devices such as 8lac1berries or !.%, readers !apidly evolving technology and standards will re$uire N%/ to revisit and update this pattern fre$uently so that N%/ can obtain the newest security, capacity and functionality capabilities

Basic Wireless LAN Con i!"ra#ion

0osted by syico L *)4774(( 02 L Networ1ing, "ips and "ric1 L * comments M

Wireless Local Area Networ1 is similar to the LAN networ1, but each node not on the WLAN using wireless devices to connect to the networ1 ith. node in the WLAN using the same fre$uency channel and --%, that shows the identity of the wireless devices. 3nli1e cable networ1s, wireless networ1s have two modes that can be used4 infastru1tur and Ad5/oc. 6onfiguration infrastructure is the communication between each 06 via a WLAN access point or LAN on. Ad5/oc communication is direct communication between each computer using
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wireless devices. "he use of these two modes depending on the need to share data or other needs with the wired networ1. A. Ad5/oc 2ode Ad5/oc networ1 mode WLAN is a very simple, because the ad5hoc does not re$uire access point for the host can interact with each other. &ach host has a wireless transmitter and receiver to communicate directly with each other as shown in .igure *. ,isadvantages of this mode is the computer cannot communicate with computers on the networ1 using a cable. %n addition, the range in this mode is limited to the distance between the two computer. 8. %nfrastructure 2ode %f the computer on a wireless networ1 to access a wired networ1 or shared printer for example, the wireless networ1 must use the infrastructure mode. %n access point mode functioning infrastructure to serve the main communication on wireless networ1s. Access point transmits data to a 06 with a certain range in an area. "he addition and location of access point settings can expand the reach of the WLAN. a. 6omponent5WLAN 6omponents "here are four main components in WLAN, namely4 *. Access 0oint, a device that became the central connections of the user (the user) to the %-0, or from branch offices to head$uarters if the networ1 is owned by a company. Access50oint functions convert radio fre$uency signals (!.) into digital signals that will be distributed via cable, or channeled to other WLAN devices to be converted bac1 into radio fre$uency signals. ). Wireless LAN %nterface, is the e$uipment installed in the 2obile 9 ,es1top 06, developed e$uipment that mass is in the form of 0626%A (0ersonal 6omputer 2emory 6ard %nternational Association) card, a 06% card or via 3-8 port (3niversal -erial 8us). 7. 2obile 9 ,es1top 06s, is access to a user device, mobile 06s in general have been installed while the 0626%A port of a des1top 06 must be added the wireless adapter through the 06% (0eripheral 6omponent %nterconnect) card or a 3-8 (3niversal -erial 8us). :. &xternal antenna (optional) is used to strengthen the transmit power. "his antenna can be assembled by the user. &xample4 antenna cans. !elatively Access50oint device is able to accommodate several hundreds of users simultaneously. -ome vendors recommend only a do en to about :( of the user for an Access 0oint. Although his theory can accommodate this device a lot but it will

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happen declining performance due to !. signal itself and the power Access 0oint operating system. Logic components of the Access 0oint are the &--%, (&xtended -ervice -et %dentification) which is the %&&& '().** standard. 3sers must connect the wireless adapter to the Access 0oint with a particular &--%, so that data transfer can occur. &--%, become standard authentication in wireless communications. %n terms of security of some specific vendors to ma1e certain authentication 1ey for authentication of the client process to the Access 0oint.

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