A C Programming PDF

Welcome to S.T.T.P.
ON
C-PROGRAMMING Day-1 Introduction to
By: S.S.Sadat, Lect Malik Sandal Polytechnic Bijapur
Organised by CCTEK Sub Center Govt.Polytechnic Bijapur
12/10/2013
S.S.Sadat Lect Malik Sandal Polytechnic Bijapur,Mobile No +91 9448179626, E-mail sssadat@secab.org
Introduction to C Programming
12/10/2013 S.S.Sadat Lect Malik Sandal Polytechnic Bijapur,Mobile No +91 9448179626, E-mail sssadat@secab.org 3
Agenda
1.0 Programming Language 2.0 Program Development Steps 3.0 History & Introduction to C 4.0 Basics Environment of C 5.0 Simple C Program 6.0 Characters and Tokens 7.0 Input/output in C
S.S.Sadat Lect Malik Sandal Polytechnic Bijapur,Mobile No +91 9448179626, E-mail sssadat@secab.org 4
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1.0 Programming Language

A programming language is a formal language designed to communicate instructions to computer. A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.
Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behaviour of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.
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Types of Language
Third Generation
Second Generation
First Generation
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First Generation
Machine language Natural language of a particular computer Consists of strings of numbers(1s, 0s) Instruct computer to perform elementary operations one at a time Machine dependant
Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions
The only language the computer can understand is machine language (binary language).
Second Generation
Assembly language English like abbreviations Translators programs called Assemblers to convert assembly language programs to machine language. E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in gross pay LOAD ADD BASEPAY OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
Third Generation
High-level programming languages To speed up programming even further Single statements for accomplishing substantial tasks Translator programs called Compilers to convert highlevel programs into machine language E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in gross pay grossPay = basePay + overtimePay A high level language is an English like language where one instruction typically translates into a series of machine-language instructions.
Fifth Generation
languages used for artificial intelligence and neural networks
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your program into machine language (Translators)

Translators are system software used to convert high-level language program into machine-language code. two ways to do this: Compile the program Interpret the program
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Convert
Compiler : Coverts the entire source program at a time into object code file, and saves it in secondary storage permanently. Interpreter : Each statement of source program is translated into machine code and executed immediately. Translation is repeated for every execution of the source program.
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Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 00000000 00000100 0000000000000000 01011110 00001100 11000010 0000000000000010 11101111 00010110 0000000000000101 11101111 10111110 0000000000001011 11111000 10101101 11011111 0000000000010010 01100010 11011111 0000000000010101 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000010111 11110100 10101101 11011111 0000000000011110 00000011 10100010 11011111 0000000000100001 11101111 00000010 11011111 0000000000100100 01111110 11110100 10101101 11111000 10101110 11000101 0000000000101011 00000110 10100010 11111011 0000000000110001 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000110100 01010000 11010100 0000000000111011 00000100 0000000000111101 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 entry main,^m<r2> sub12 #12,sp jsb C$MAIN_ARGS moveb $CHAR_STRING_CON
pusha1 pusha1 calls pusha1 pusha1 calls mull3 pusha calls clrl ret -8(fp) (r2) #2,SCANF -12(fp) 3(r2) #2,SCANF -8(fp),-12(fp),6(fp) #2,PRINTF r0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
#include<stdio.h> int main(void) { int n1, n2,product; printf(Enter two numbers : ); scanf(%d %d,&n1,&n2); product = n1 * n2; printf(%d,product); return 0; } 12/10/2013
A low level language corresponds closely to machine code so that a single low-level language instruction translates to a single machine language instruction.
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Programming languages and scripting languages

ALGOL Ada AIML Assembly AutoHotkey BASIC Batchfile BCPL C C# C++ COBOL CPL D DarkBASIC dBASE
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FORTRAN FoxPro HDML HTML Java JavaScript JCL LISP Live Script LOGO Pascal Perl PHP Pick Python
Prolog Ruby SGML Smalltalk SQL Tcl True BASIC VHDL Visual Basic Visual FoxPro WML WHTML XML
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2.0 Program Development Steps

1)Statement of Problem a) Working with existing system and using proper questionnaire, the problem should be explained clearly. b) What inputs are available, outputs are required and what is needed for creating workable solution should be understood clearly. 2)Analysis a) The method of solutions to solve the problem can be identified. b) judge that which method gives best results among different methods of solution. 3)Designing a) Algorithms and flow charts will be prepared. b) Keep focus on data, architecture, user interfaces and program components. 4)Implementation The algorithms and flow charts developed in the previous steps are converted into actual programs in the high level languages like C. 4.a)Compilation Translate the program into machine code. This process is called as Compilation. Syntax errors are found quickly at the time of compiling the program. These errors occur due to the usage of wrong syntaxes for the statements. Eg: x=a*y+b There is a syntax error in this statement, since, each and every statement in C language ends with a semicolon (;). 4.b)Execution The next step is Program execution. In this phase, we may encounter two types of errors. Runtime Errors: these errors occur during the execution of the program and terminates the program abnormally. Logical Errors: these errors occur due to incorrect usage of the instructions in the program. These errors are neither detected during compilation or execution nor cause any stoppage to the program execution but produces incorrect result
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Algorithms
Step by step procedure designed to perform an operation, and which (like a map or flowchart) will lead to the sought result if followed correctly. Algorithms have a definite beginning and a definite end, and a finite number of steps. An algorithm produces the same output information as given the same input information, and several short algorithms can be combined to perform complex tasks . The word algorithm comes from the name of a Persian author, Abu Jafar Mohammed ibn Musa al Khowarizmi (c. 825 A.D.), who wrote a textbook on mathematics.
Flow Chart
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows.
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Basic Flowchart shapes
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Loops
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Flow chart symbols

Oval
Parallegram Rectangle Document Diamond Circle
Terminal
Input/output Process Hard copy Decision Connector
Double sided Rectangle Hexagon Trapezoid

Cylinder
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Sub program Iteration Manual Operation
Magnetic Disk Storage

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Area of rectangle
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1. Flowchart for a program to calculate the area of a square
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Sum and average
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3.0 History & Introduction to C

Evolved from two previous languages
BCPL , B
BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) used for writing OS & compilers B used for creating early versions of UNIX OS Both were typeless languages C language evolved from B (Dennis Ritchie Bell labs)
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Introduction to C
C programming language is also a high-level programming language
developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972 from an almost unknown language named B. in 1978 the publication of The C Programming Language by Kernighan & Ritchie
Dennis M. Ritchie
"ANSI C"
In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a committee to provide a modern, comprehensive definition of C. The resulting definition, the ANSI standard, or "ANSI C", was completed late 1988
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first "portable" language

The first major program written in C was the Unix operating system,
Cborn in the Computer Science Research Department of Bell Labs in Murray Hill, S.S.Sadat Lect Malik Sandal Polytechnic
12/10/2013 Bijapur,Mobile No +91 9448179626, E-mail sssadat@secab.org 28
Why use C?
Mainly because it produces code that runs nearly as fast as code written in assembly language. Some examples of the use of C might be:
Operating Systems Language Compilers, Embedded systems Assemblers Text Editors Print Spoolers Device drivers ,Network Drivers Modern Programs Data Bases , graphics and computational geometry Language Interpreters Application programs & Utilities
Bijapur,Mobile No +91 9448179626, E-mail sssadat@secab.org 29
Mainly because of the portability that writing standard C programs can S.S.Sadat Lect Malik Sandal Polytechnic offer
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Development with C
Four stages
Editing: Writing the source code by using some editor Preprocessing or libraries: Already available routines compiling: translates or converts source to object code for a specific platform source code -> object code linking: resolves external references and produces the executable module
Portable programs will run on any machine but.. Note! Program correctness and robustness are most important than program efficiency
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C systems consist of 3 parts

Environment Language C Standard Library
4.0 Basics Environment of C
Development environment has 6 phases

Edit Pre-processor Compile Link Load Execute
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Basics of C Environment
Phase 1
Editor
Disk
Program edited in Editor and stored on disk Preprocessor program processes the code Creates object code and stores on disk Links object code with libraries and stores on disk
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Phase 2 Preprocessor
Disk
Phase 3
Compiler
Disk
Phase 4
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Linker
Disk
Basics of C Environment
Primary memory
Phase 5
Loader
Puts program in memory
Primary memory
Phase 6
CPU
Takes each instruction and executes it storing new data values
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5.0 Simple C Program

/* A first C Program*/ #include <stdio.h> void main() {
printf("Hello World \n");
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Structure of a C program
#include <stdio.h>
Preprocessor directive (header file)
void main (void) { printf(\nHello World\n); }
Program statement
#include <stdio.h> #define VALUE 10 int global_var;
Preprocessor directive Global variable declaration Comments
void main (void) { /* This is the beginning of the program */ int local_var; Local variable declaration local_var = 5; global_var = local_var + VALUE;
Variable definition
printf (Total sum is: %d\n, global_var); // Print out the result }
Simple C Program
Line 1: #include <stdio.h>
As part of compilation, the C compiler runs a program called the C preprocessor. The preprocessor is able to add and remove code from your source file. In this case, the directive #include tells the preprocessor to include code from the file stdio.h. This file contains declarations for functions that the program needs to use. A declaration for the printf function is in this file.
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Preprocessor Directives
The first thing to be checked by the compiler. Starts with #. Tell the compiler about specific options that it needs to be aware of during compilation. There are a few compiler directives. But only 2 of them will be discussed here.
#include <stdio.h>
Tell the compiler to include the file stdio.h during compilation Anything in the header file is considered a part of the program
#define VALUE 10
Tell the compiler to substitute the word VALUE with 10 during compilation
Simple C Program
Line 2: void main()
This statement declares the main function. A C program can contain many functions but must always have one main function. A function is a self-contained module of code that can accomplish some task. Functions are examined later. The "void" specifies the return type of main. In this case, nothing is returned to the operating system.
Simple C Program
Line 3: {
This opening bracket denotes the start of the program.
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Simple C Program
Line 4: printf("Hello World \n");
Printf is a function from a standard C library that is used to print strings to the standard output, normally your screen. The compiler links code from these standard libraries to the code you have written to produce the final executable. The "\n" is a special format modifier that tells the printf to put a line feed at the end of the line. If there were another printf in this program, its string would print on the next line.
Simple C Program
Line 5: }
This closing bracket denotes the end of the program.
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6.0 Characters and Tokens

Characters are the basic building blocks in C program, equivalent to letters in English language Includes every printable character on the standard English language keyboard except .
Character Set of C-Language
Numeric digits: 0 - 9 Lowercase/uppercase letters: a - z and A Z Special Symbols : ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) _ - + = | \ , - * + : ; <>,.?/ White Spaces : space , Horizontal tab, Vertical tab, New Line Form Feed.
Token
The smallest individual units of a C- program are called Tokens A token is a language element that can be used in forming higher level language constructs Equivalent to a word in English language Several types of tokens can be used to build a higher level C language construct such as expressions and statements
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There are 6 kinds of tokens in C:

Reserved words (keywords) Identifiers Constants String literals Boundaries or Separators or Delimiters Operators
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Reserved Words
Key words : have a predefined meaning and these meanings cannot be changed. Have special meaning to the compiler, cannot be used as identifiers in program. Should be typed in lowercase. Example: const, double, int, main, void, while, for, else (etc..)
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Example
Keywords auto
break
double
else
int
long
struct
switch
case
char const
enum
extern float
register
return short
typedef
union unsigned
continue
default do
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for
goto if
signed
sizeof static
void
volatile while
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Primary Data Types
Data Types
int
float
Double
char
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Basic Data Types

basic data types:
int (used to declare numeric program variables of integer type) char (used to declare character variable) double (used to declare floating point variable)
In addition, there are float, void, short, long, etc. Declaration: specifies the type of a variable.
Example: int local_var;
Definition: assigning a value to the declared variable.

Example: local_var = 5;
Constants(Literals)
Fixed values that do not change during execution of a program types of constants: Boolean constants : 0 ( false) and 1 (true)
Integer constants
Positive or negative whole numbers with no fractional part Example:
const int MAX_NUM = 10; const int MIN_NUM = -90;
Floating-point constants
Positive or negative decimal numbers with an integer part, a decimal point and a fractional part Example:
const double VAL = 0.5877e2; (stands for 0.5877 x 102)
Character constants
A character enclosed in a single quotation mark Example:
const char letter = n; const char number = 1; printf(%c, S); Output would be: S
Enumeration
Values are given as a list Example:
enum Language { Malay, English, Arabic };
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String Literals
A sequence of any number of characters surrounded by double quotation marks. Example:
REFORMASI My name is Salman
Example of usage in C program:

printf(My room number is BN-1-012\n);
Output: My room number is BN-1-012
String Constants : Hello world , Have a nice day! Complex Constants : real part + imaginary part * I ex : 12.3 + 3.45 * I
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Identifiers(variables)
Words used to represent certain program entities (program variables, function names, etc). Example:
int my_name;
my_name is an identifier used as a program variable
void CalculateTotal(int value)

CalculateTotal is an identifier used as a function name
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Variables in C
Variables contain values that must be kept during the completion of a program (storage) for future use. In C, a variable MUST be declared before it can be used. Variables can be declared at the start of any block code, but most are found at the start of each function (main inclusive) Local variables are created when the function is called and destroyed on return from that
Constructing variable names

Rules for define identifiers : a) First character must be alphabetic character or under score b) Second character onwards alphabetic character of digit or under score. c) First 63 characters of an identifier are significant. d) Cannot duplicate a key word. e) May not have a space or any other special symbol except under score. f) C language is Case-sensitive.
How to declare a variable?

a declaration begins with the type, followed by the name of the variable: int x; //declares an integer variable x More than one variable can be assignedand a starting value can be given: float x,y=-2.5,tab[20];
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A variable can be declared globally or locally. A globally declared variable can be accessed from all parts of the program. A locally declared variable can only be accessed from inside the function in which the variable is declared.
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Punctuators (separators)
Symbols used to separate different parts of the C program. These punctuators include:
* + ( ) , - , ; : * #
Usage example:
void main (void) { int num = 10; printf (%i, num); }
Delimiters : Language Pattern of c-language uses special kind of symbols : (colon, used for labels) ; (semicolon terminates statement ) ( ) parameter list [ ] ( array declaration and subscript ), { } ( block statement ) # ( hash for preprocessor directive ) , (comma variable separator )
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Operators
Tokens that result in some kind of computation or action when applied to variables or or other elements in an expression. Example of operators:
*+=-/
Usage example:
result = total1 + total2;
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Comments
Explanations or annotations that are included in a program for documentation and clarification purpose. Completely ignored by the compiler during compilation and have no effect on program execution. Starts with /* and ends with */ Some compiler support comments starting with //
statement
A specification of an action to be taken by the computer as the program executes. In the previous example, there are 2 lines following variable declaration and variable definition that terminate with semicolon ;. global_var = local_var + VALUE; printf (Total sum is: %d\n, global_var); Each line is a statement.
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Input/output statement
Used the read the data value scanf(%d %d%d,&a, &b &c); input function Output used to print the result Printf(The sum=%d, sum) ; output function
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Assignment statement
Used to perform arithmetic expression sum=a+b+c; Control statement: used to control statement If(a>b) print(a is big); else print(b is big);
7.0 Input/output in C
C language consists of input and output statement in the form of input functions to read the data to be processed and output function to print the result. A C program consists of one or more functions that contain a group of statements which perform a specific task.
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Basic Functions
A C program must at least have one function: the function main. We can create our own function or use the functions that has been created in the library, in which case we have to include the appropriate header file (example: stdio.h).
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pre-defined in the header file stdio.h

These functions are:
printf() scanf() getchar() & putchar()
In addition to those functions, we will also learn about Format Specifier and Escape Sequence which are used with printf() and scanf().
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printf()
Used to send data to the standard output (usually the monitor) to be printed according to specific format. General format:
printf(control string, variables);
Control string is a combination of text, format specifier and escape sequence. Example:
printf(Thank you); printf (Total sum is: %d\n, global_var);
%d is a format specifier \n is an escape sequence
Conversion Specifiers (Format Specifier)

Code %a %s %c %d %f %e %g %u %o %x %i %p %n %hd %ld %lf %% Format Hexa decimal output in the form of 0xh.hhhhp+d(C99 only) String of characters (until null zero is reached ) Character Decimal integer Floating-point numbers Exponential notation floating-point numbers Use the shorter of %f or %e Unsigned integer Octal integer Hexadecimal integer Signed decimal integer Display a pointer The associated argument must be a pointer to integer, This sepecifier causes the number of characters written in to be stored in that integer. short integer long integer long double Prints a percent sign (%)
Tells the printf() function the format of the output to be printed put. S.S.Sadat Lect Malik Sandal Polytechnic
12/10/2013 Bijapur,Mobile No +91 9448179626, E-mail sssadat@secab.org 68
Conversion Specifiers (Format Specifier)

Code %s %c %d %f %e %lf %% Format String of characters (until null zero is reached ) Character Decimal integer Floating-point numbers Exponential notation floating-point numbers long double Prints a percent sign (%)
Commonly used specifiers

Back Slash ( Escape Sequence) Characters
Code
\b \f \n \r \t \" \' \\ \v \a \? \N \xN
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Meaning
Backspace Form feed New line Carriage return Horizontal tab Double quote Single quote Backslash Vertical tab Alert Question mark Octal constant (N is an octal constant) Hexadecimal constant (N is a hexadecimal constant)
Escape Sequence (commonly used)

\n \t \r \a \\ \ new line tab carriage return alert backslash double quote
Escape sequence is used in the printf() function to do something to the output.
scanf()
Read data from the standard input device (usually keyboard) and store it in a variable. General format:
scanf(Control string, &variable);
The general format is pretty much the same as printf() except that it passes the address of the variable (notice the & sign) instead of the variable itself to the second function argument. Example:
int age; printf(Enter your age: ); scanf(%d, &age);
getchar() and putchar()

getchar() - read a character from standard input putchar() - write a character to standard output Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void) { char my_char; printf(Please type a character: ); my_char = getchar(); printf(\nYou have typed this character: ); putchar(my_char); }
Data Types ( pre defined )

Type Typical Size in Bits char 8 unsigned char 8 signed char 8 int 16 or 32 unsigned int 16 or 32 signed int 16 or 32 short int 16 unsigned short int 16 signed short int 16 long int 32 long long int 64 signed long int 32 unsigned long int 32 unsigned long long int 64 float 32 double 64 long double 80 void -12/10/2013
Minimal Range 127 to 127 0 to 255 127 to 127 32,767 to 32,767 0 to 65,535 Same as int 32,767 to 32,767 0 to 65,535 Same as short int 2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647 (263) to 263 1 (Added by C99) Same as long int 0 to 4,294,967,295 264 1 (Added by C99) 3.4e-38 to 3.4e+38 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308 3.4e-4932 to 1.1e+4932 data type that not return any value
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8.0 Arithmetic in C
C op era tion Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modulus Arithmetic op era tor + * / % Algeb ra ic exp ression f+7 pc bm x/y r mod s C exp ression f p b x r + * / % 7 c m y s
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Precedence order
Highest to lowest
Operator(s) () Operation(s) Parentheses Order of evaluation (precedence) Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses on the same level (i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right. Multiplication,Divi Evaluated second. If there are several, they are sion, Modulus evaluated left to right. Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are Subtraction evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % + or -
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Example
Algebra:
z = pr%q+w/x-y
C:
z = p * r % q + w / x y ;
Precedence: 1
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Example
Algebra:
a(b+c)+ c(d+e)
C:
a * ( b + c ) + c * ( d + e ) ;
1 2
Precedence:
5
Decision Making
Checking falsity or truth of a statement Equality operators have lower precedence than relational operators Relational operators have same precedence Both associate from left to right
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Decision Making
Standard algebraic equality operator or relational operator
Equality Operators
C equality or relational operator == != > < >= <=
Example of C Meaning of C condition condition
= not =
Relational Operators
x == y x != y x > y x < y x >= y x <= y
x is equal to y x is not equal to y x is greater than y x is less than y x is greater than or equal to y x is less than or equal to y
> < >= <=
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Assignment operators
Used to assign the RHS value to LHS variable = a=10; b=5; sum=a+b; += a+=b; is equivalent to a=a+b; -= c-=d: c=c-d; *= p*=d; p=p*d; /= d/=d; d=d/s; %= i%=j; i=i%j;
height = 8; length = 12; width = 10; volume = height * length * width; /* volume is now 960 */
Increment/ decrement operators

++ ++ --++a a++ --a a-prefix increment (++a) postfix increment (a++) prefix decrement(- -a) postfix decrement (a- -)
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main() { int c; c = 5; printf(%d\n, c); printf(%d\n, c++); printf(%d\n\n, c);

c = 5; printf(%d\n, c); printf(%d\n, ++c); printf(%d\n, c);
Increment/ decrement operators

5 5 6
return 0;
5 6 6
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/* prefix operators */
#include<stdio.h> int main() { int a = 7, b = 12, c; c = b * (++a) + 5 * (++a); printf( a = %d, a); printf(\n b = %d,b); printf(\n c = %d,c); } Output: a=9 b = 12 c = 153 ( 12 * 9 + 5 * 9)
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/* prefix and postfix operators */

#include<stdio.h> int main() { int a = 7, b = 12, c; c = b * (a++) + 5 * (++a); printf( a = %d, a); printf(\n b = %d,b); printf(\n c = %d,c); } Output: a=9 b = 12 c = 136 ( 12 * 8 + 5 * 8)
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/* prefix and postfix operators */

#include<stdio.h> int main() { int a = 7, b = 12, c; c = b * (a++) + 5 * (++a); printf( a = %d, a); printf(\n b = %d,b); printf(\n c = %d,c); } Output: a=9 b = 12 c = 136 ( 12 * 8 + 5 * 8)
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A C Programming PDF

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Welcome to S.T.T.P.

Organised by CCTEK Sub Center Govt.Polytechnic Bijapur

1.0 Programming Language

your program into machine language (Translators)

Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Programming languages and scripting languages

2.0 Program Development Steps

Basic Flowchart shapes

Flow chart symbols

Double sided Rectangle Hexagon Trapezoid

Sub program Iteration Manual Operation

Magnetic Disk Storage

1. Flowchart for a program to calculate the area of a square

Sum and average

3.0 History & Introduction to C

first "portable" language

C systems consist of 3 parts

4.0 Basics Environment of C

Development environment has 6 phases

Puts program in memory

Takes each instruction and executes it storing new data values

5.0 Simple C Program

printf("Hello World \n");

Preprocessor directive (header file)

void main (void) { printf(\nHello World\n); }

#include <stdio.h> #define VALUE 10 int global_var;

Preprocessor directive Global variable declaration Comments

This opening bracket denotes the start of the program.

This closing bracket denotes the end of the program.

6.0 Characters and Tokens

Character Set of C-Language

There are 6 kinds of tokens in C:

Primary Data Types

Basic Data Types

Definition: assigning a value to the declared variable.

Example of usage in C program:

void CalculateTotal(int value)

Constructing variable names

How to declare a variable?

pre-defined in the header file stdio.h

Conversion Specifiers (Format Specifier)

Conversion Specifiers (Format Specifier)

Commonly used specifiers

Back Slash ( Escape Sequence) Characters

Escape Sequence (commonly used)

getchar() and putchar()

Data Types ( pre defined )

C equality or relational operator == != > < >= <=

Example of C Meaning of C condition condition

x == y x != y x > y x < y x >= y x <= y

> < >= <=

Increment/ decrement operators

main() { int c; c = 5; printf(%d\n, c); printf(%d\n, c++); printf(%d\n\n, c);

Increment/ decrement operators

/* prefix and postfix operators */

/* prefix and postfix operators */

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