ME 362

Drag

Page 1 of 3

Drag (D):
wdA psdA dD

D = Dp + D f = ps cos dA + w sin dA where D Dp Df ps w dA = = = = = = total drag pressure drag (dominant for flow over a road vehicle) friction drag (dominant for flow over an airplane) surface pressure wall shear stress element surface area

Drag Coefficient (CD):

CD = D 1 U 2 A 2

where A is the frontal area of the object

Note: A dA

Pressure Coefficient (Cp):

Cp = p s p 1 2 U 2

ME 362

Drag

Page 2 of 3

Flow Over a Circular Cylinder:

Dp =
2

p s cos dA = ( p s p ) cos dA (Note:

Dp 1 U 2 A 2

cos dA = )

C D! p =

ps

dA = adb

where "D!p a b dA A

= = = = =

pressure drag coefficient c#linder radius c#linder width (into the page) adb (ad = arc length) 2ab (frontal area)

Solution Procedure:
Step 1: $ind stream function or potential function b# superposition of elementar# flows
=uniform +doublet or

= uniform +doublet

Step 2: $ind surface velocit# %!s at c#linder surface (r = a)

V! s =V V r ! s =V r
r =a r =a

=
r =a

1 r

1 r

=
r =a

r =a

(Note:

=
r =a

Step : $ind surface pressure ps from &ernoulli e'uation

ps + 1 1 2 V2!s = p + U 2 2

Step !: $ind pressure coefficient "p or pressure drag coefficient "D!p

Cp = p s p 1 2 U 2 Dp = 1 U 2 A 2

C D! p

where D p =

p s cos dA = ( p s p ) cos dA

ME 362

Drag

Page 3 of 3

"#a$ple:

)he stream function for potential flow past a circular c#linder (radius = a and width = b) with circulation is given as:
= U sin (r
a2 r ) K ln r a

)he tangential velocit# at the c#linder surface (r = a) is then calculated as:

v (r = a) = 2U sin +
K

K a

a) $or U a =1 ! show that two stagnation points (at which v = ) appear on the surface at angles = * and 1+ , b) Assume that on the front surface ( -. . )! the velocit# is given b# the potential flow theor# with U a =1 from which the surface pressure ps is computed b# &ernoulli/s e'uation, 0n the rear surface ( . 21 )! the pressure is assumed e'ual to its value at = 21 to model the overall effect due to flow separation, "ompute the pressure drag coefficient "D!p! where
C D! p = Dp 1 2 U ( 2ab) 2
sin n +1 n +1
K

and

Dp =

( p

p ) cos (adb)

Note that sin n cosd =